LEG 42A,

Above: Pseudo-velocity time section across the Menorca Rise prepared by the Institut Français du Petrole, using a method which computes acoustic impedance logs from seismic traces. Seismic line 211 runs about 8 km to the north of Leg 42A, Site 372. The acoustic basement (IV) making up the Menorca Rise was sub- jected to tensional tectonics and subsidence in the Oligocene and early Miocene. The thick Miocene sequence (III) deposited during its continued subsidence is unconformably overlain by the Messinian (late Miocene) evaporites (II). These show up as high velocity layers that pinch out from right to left. The evaporite for- mation is itself made up of two parts: a lower very high velocity member, the salt formation of the central Mediterranean basins, which pinches out against the Rise, and unconformable on this an upper evaporite series, which transgresses further to the west. The thick Pliocene to Quaternary sequence above (I) has an un- conformable relationship throughout.

Below: Sediments drilled at Site 372 with thin section and scanning electron microscope illustrations by D. Bernoulli and L. Luginbühl. Inferred sample locations are numbered on the seismic section. Site 372 was located to avoid penetration of the main salt formation. The upper Messinian evaporite member was identified as having been deposited in shallow subaqueous to subaerial conditions, and this is sandwiched between deep water open marine sequences of the Pliocene- Quaternary above and the lower to middle Miocene below.

1. Pliocene nannofossil marls with coarsening upwards laminae (1a) rich in planktonic foraminifera (1b) and resulting from winnowing. The marls constitute an open marine sequence with an abundant and varied microflora (1c). Benthic foraminifers indicate water depths > 1000-1500 meters. 1a: Sample 372-3-2, 120- 140 cm; 1b: 372-3-3, 46-48 cm, SEM x 23; 1c: 372-3-3, 140-142 cm, SEM x 790.

2. Laminated gypsum of the upper evaporite series (2a). Single laminae (2b) comprise a thin fine-grained base of micritic carbonate and gypsum and an inversely graded layer, a mosaic of interlocking gypsum crystals. The gypsum is interpreted as having been deposited in shallow subaqueous conditions within the photic zone. The lamination is due to periodic gypsum precipitation with intermittent current reworking. 2a: Sample 372-8-2, 30-49 cm; 2b: 372-8-2, 31 cm, thin section, nichols 30° crossed, × 20.

3. Gray and white laminated (varved) marl interval (3a) below which is a hiatus of 6 m.y. Gray layers are rich in detrital minerals, reworked foraminifers and py- rite (3b); white layers contain abundant nannofossils but of low diversity (3c). 3a: Sample 372-9-2, 26-47 cm; 3b: 372-9-2, 45-47 cm, thin section × 20, 3c: 372-9-2, 45-47 cm, SEM × 1980.

4. Burrowed nannofossil marlstone (4a) of the thick Burdigalian to Serravallian, open marine sequence drilled below the Messinian evaporites. The marlstones are rich in planktonic foraminifers (4b). Benthic foraminifers indicate Serravallian water depths >1500 meters and depths >900 meters for the Burdigalian at the base of the hole. Large Planolites-type burrows are partly reburrowed by small Chondrites. Burrow types are typical for fine-grained deeper water sediments. Authigenic clinoptilolite (4c) and montmorillonite in Burdigalian sediments are probably derived from volcanic material. 4a: Sample 372-33-4, 8-33 cm; 4b: 372-33-3, 36-40 cm, thin section × 32; 4c: 372-33-3, 36-40 cm, SEM × 1980 (lining of radiolarian mold containing clinoptilolite, coccoliths, and lepispheres of opal-CT). EAST PSEUDO-VELOCITY TIME SECTION I.F.P. SEISMIC LINE 211 760

1b

2a " 'jf^S*^' "'"' Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project

A Project Planned by and Carried Out With the Advice of the JOINT OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS FOR DEEP EARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES)

Volume XLII

covering Leg 42, Part 1, of the cruises of the Drilling Vessel Glomar Challenger Malaga, Spain to Istanbul, Turkey April-May 1975

PARTICIPATING SCIENTISTS

Kenneth J. Hsü, Lucien Montadert, Robert B. Garrison, Frank H. Fabricius, Robert B. Kidd, Carla Müller, Maria Bianca Cita, Germaine Bizon, Ramil C. Wright, Albert J. Erickson, Daniel Bernoulli, Frederic Mélières

SCIENCE EDITORS Robert B. Kidd and Paula J. Worstell

Prepared for the NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION National Ocean Sediment Coring Program Under Contract C-482 By the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Scripps Institution of Prime Contractor for the Project This material is based upon research supported by the National Science Foundation under Contract No. C-482. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations ex- pressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

References to this Volume

It is recommended that reference to whole or part of this volume be made in one of the following forms, as appropriate:

Hsü, K., Montadert, L. et al., 1978. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 42, Part 1: Washington (U.S. Government Printing Office). Kidd, R. B., Bernoulli, D., Garrison, R. E., Fabricius, F. H., and Mélières, F., 1978. Lithologic findings of DSDP Leg 42A, Medi- terranean Sea. In Hsü, K. J., Montadert, L., et al., 1978. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 42, Part 1: Washington (U.S. Government Printing Office), pp. 1079-1094.

Printed: April 1978

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 74-603338

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $35.75 for two part set Stock Number 038-000-00358-0 Foreword

For the three and one-half years between From these concepts come major interpre- 1872 and 1876, the H.M.S. CHALLENGER— tations of the results of the drilling as they bear after which D/V GLOMAR CHALLENGER on patterns of sedimentation and physical and is named—undertook the world's first major chemical characteristics of the ancient oceans. oceanographic expedition. It is fitting that our As a result of the success of the Deep Sea century should have its counterpart to that fa- Drilling Project, the National Science Founda- mous ship a century ago whose voyages helped tion extended its contract with the University established oceanography as a science. It is of California to encompass an additional 36 equally fitting that GLOMAR CHALLENGER months of drilling, allowing GLOMAR CHAL- should be plying the same waters one century LENGER to continue operations throughout later seeking answers to new questions con- the oceans of the world in exploring the deep cerning the history of our planet and the life it ocean floors for a period presently extending supports. The fundamental advancement of one full decade. Scientific interest will involve our knowledge of the earth will lead to en- major effort in drilling deeply into the oceanic hanced capabilities to understand its processes crustal igneous rocks to study the processes and and to use its natural resources intelligently. mechanisms leading to the formation of the The Deep Sea Drilling Project is being oceanic crust. undertaken within the context of the National These reports contain the results of ini- Science Foundation^ Ocean Sediment Coring tial studies of the recovered core material and Program. The Foundation is funding the proj- the associated geophysical information. The ect by means of a contract with the University contribution to knowledge has been exceedingly of California, and the Scripps Institution of large and future studies of the core material Oceanography is responsible for its manage- over many years will contribute much more. ment. The University has, in turn, subcon- The importance of the work of the Deep tracted with Global Marine Incorporated for Sea Drilling Project and D/V GLOMAR the services of the drilling ship, GLOMAR CHALLENGER is internationally recognized. CHALLENGER. In response to this recognition, a number of Scientific planning is conducted under the nations are providing partial support. Effective auspices of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions January 1974, the USSR and the Federal Re- for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES). The public of Germany entered into agreements JOIDES consortium has convened advisory with the United States for participation and panels for that purpose, consisting of a large support. Similar arrangements were agreed to number of distinguished scientists from the aca- by Japan in July 1975, the United Kingdom in demic institutions, Government agencies, and September 1975, and France in January 1976. private industry of many countries. Altogether, All people, in their lives, activities, and the project has involved the active interest and industry, should benefit greatly from the project participation of many of the world's best scien- —from the technological advances that are be- tists and technologists. ing made and through the information being The first ocean coring operations for the obtained on natural resources. Deep Sea Drilling Project began on August 11, 1968. During the ensuing years of drilling op- erations in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and Mediterranean Sea, and Antarctic waters, the scientific objectives that had been set forth were successfully accomplished. Primarily, the age of the ocean basins and their processes of de- Richard C. Atkinson velopment were determined. Emphasis was Director placed on broad reconnaissance and on testing the involvement of the mid-oceanic rise systems Washington, D. C. in the development of the ocean basins. October 1976 Recognizing the need in the oceanographic community for scientific planning of a program to obtain deep sedimentary cores from the ocean bottoms, four of the major oceano- graphic institutions that had strong interests and programs in the fields of marine geology and geophysics, formed in May 1964, the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES). This group, Lamont- Doherty Geological Observatory; Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, _j _p University of Miami; the Scripps Institution of JrI*θI3;Cθ Oceanography, University of California at San Diego; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, expressed an interest in undertaking scientific planning and guidance of the sedi- mentary drilling program. It was the purpose of this group to foster programs to investigate the sediments and rocks beneath the deep oceans by drilling and coring. The membership of this original group was later enlarged in 1968 when the University of Washington be- came a member, and again in 1975 when Uni- versity of Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, the Oregon State University School of Oceanog- raphy, the University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography, and Texas A&M Uni- versity Department of Oceanography became members. Through discussions sponsored by the JOIDES organization, with support from the National Science Foundation the Lamont-Doh- erty Geological Observatory operated a drilling program with Dr. J. Lamar Worzel as Principal Investigator. This successful drilling effort early in the summer of 1965, on the Blake Plateau region off Jacksonville, Florida, used the drilling vessel, Caldrill I. With this success in hand, planning began for a more extensive deep sea effort. This re- sulted in the award of a contract by the National Science Foundation to the University of Cali- fornia for an eighteen-month drilling program in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, termed the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Operations at sea began in August 1968.

vn The goal of the Deep Sea Drilling Project Policy (p. xvii) approved by the National Sci- is to gather scientific information that will help ence Foundation. determine the age and processes of develop- The advent of Glomar Challenger, with its ment of the ocean basins. The primary strategy deep-water drilling ability, is exceedingly time- is to drill deep holes into the ocean floor, relying ly. It has come when geophysical investigation largely on technology developed by the petro- of the oceans has matured through 20 to 30 leum industry. years of vigorous growth to the point where Through the efforts of these five principal we have some knowledge about much of the organizations and of the panel members which formerly unknown oceanic areas of our planet. About one million miles of traverses had been were drawn from a large cross section of lead- made which tell us much about the global pat- ing earth scientists and associates, a scientific tern of gravity, magnetic and thermal anomalies, program was developed. and about the composition, thickness and strati- Cores recovered from deep beneath the fication of the sedimentary cover of the deep- ocean floor will provide reference material for sea and continental margin. The coverage with a multitude of future studies in fields such as such data has enabled the site selection panels biostratigraphy, physical stratigraphy, and pa- to pick choice locations for drilling. The knowl- leomagnetism, that will afford a new scope for edge gained from each hole can be extended into the surrounding area. Detailed geophysical studies of the physical and chemical aspects of surveys were made for most of the selected lo- sediment provenance, transportation, deposi- cations prior to drilling. tion, and diagensis. In-hole measurements, as feasible, should provide petrophysical data to The earth sciences have recently matured permit inference of lithology of intervals from from an empirical status to one in which sub- which no cores were recovered. stantial theories and hypotheses about major tectonic processes are flourishing. Theories A report, describing the core materials and about the origin of magnetic fields and magnetic information obtained both at sea and in labora- reversals, about ocean floor spreading and con- tories on shore, is published as soon as possible tinental drift, and about the thermal history of after the completion of each cruise. These re- our planet, have led to specific predictions that ports are a cooperative effort of the scientists could be tested best by an enlightened program participating in the cruise and are intended pri- of sampling of deep-sea and continental margin marily to be a compilation of results which, it sediments and underlying rocks. is hoped, will be the starting point for many future new and exciting research programs. The members of JOIDES and the scien- Preliminary interpretations of the data and ob- tists from all interested organizations who have servations taken at sea, are also included. served on the various advisory panels are proud to have been of service to the Nation and be- Core materials and data collected on the lieve that the information and core materials cruise will be made available to qualified scien- that have been obtained will be of value to stu- tists through the Curator of the Deep Sea dents of earth sciences and all humanity for Drilling Project, following a Sample Distribution many years to come.

vin Deep Sea Drilling Project

MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS OF THE JOINT SENIOR PROJECT PERSONNEL OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS FOR DEEP EARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES):* Mr. Frank C. MacTernan Principal Engineer and Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften and Rohstoffe, Deputy Project Manager Federal Republic of Germany

Dr. David G. Moore Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University Chief Scientist

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Dr. Stan M. White Science, University of Miami Associate Chief Scientist for Science Operations Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California Dr. John L. Usher Associate Chief Scientist for USSR Academy of Sciences Science Services

University of Washington Mr. William R. Riedel Curator Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Mr. Stanley T. Serocki Project Development Engineer OPERATING INSTITUTION: Mr. Valdemar Larson W. A. Nierenberg, Director Operations Manager Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California at San Diego La Jolla, California Mr. William T. Soderstrom Finance Administrator

DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT Mr. Robert Olivas Logistics Officer N. T. Edgar Project Chief Scientist Mr. Robert S. Bower M. N. A. Peterson Contracts Officer Principal Investigator and Project Manager

* Includes member organizations during time of the Ms. Sue Strain cruise. Personnel Officer

IX Participants Aboard GLOMAR CHALLENGER for Leg Forty Two Part I

Dr. Kenneth J. Hsü Ms. Patricia Paluso Co-Chief Scientist Paleontological Preparation Technician Eidg. Technisches Hochschule Deep Sea Drilling Project Geologisches Institut Scripps Institution of Oceanography Sonneggstrasse 5 La Jolla, California 92093 CH-8006 Zurich Switzerland Mr. Leonard Lawrence Lauve Photographer Dr. Lucien Montadert Deep Sea Drilling Project Co-Chief Scientist Scripps Institution of Oceanography Division Géologie La Jolla, California 92093 Institut Français du Pétrole BoitePostale 18 Ms. Catharine Ogle 92502 Rueil-Malmaison Yeoman France Deep Sea Drilling Project Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dr. Robert E. Garrison La Jolla, California 92093 Sedimentologist University of California, Santa Cruz Dr. Carla Müller Division of Natural Sciences Paleontologist/Nannoplankton Santa Cruz, California 95064 Geologisch-Paleontologisches Institut der Johann Wolfgang Dr. Frank H. Fabricius Goethe-Universitat Sedimentologist Senckenberg-A nlage 32-34 Lehrstuhl fur Géologie 6 Frankfurt Technische Universitdt Federal Republic of Germany D-8 München 2 Arcisstrasse 21 Dr. Maria Bianca Cita Federal Republic of Germany Paleontologist/Foraminifera Instituto di Geologia Dr. Robert B. Kidd Universitá degli Studi di Milano Sedimentologist/Editorial Piazzale Gorini 15 Representative 20133 Milano Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Italy Wormley, Godalming GU8 5UB Surrey Dr. Germaine Bizon United Kingdom Paleontologist/Foraminifera Bureau d'Etudes Industrielles et de Mr. William Brennan Cooperation de VInstitut Français Marine Technician du Pétrole Deep Sea Drilling Project 366 Avenue Napoleon Bonaparte Scripps Institution of Oceanography 92500 Rueil-Malmaison La Jolla, California 92093 France

Mr. Stanley C. St. John Dr. Ramil C. Wright Marine Technician Paleontologist/Foraminifera Deep Sea Drilling Project Beloit College Scripps Institution of Oceanography Department of Geology La Jolla, California 92093 Beloit, Wisconsin 53511

XI Dr. Albert J. Erickson Captain Joseph A. Clarke Heat Flow Specialist Captain of the Drilling Vessel Department of Geology Global Marine, Inc. University of Georgia Los A ngeles, California Athens, Georgia 30602 Mr. James Ruddell Drilling Superintendent Dr. Daniel Bernoulli Global Marine, Inc. Sedimentologist Los A ngeles, California Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institüt der Universitàt Basel Mr. Gerald W. Bode 4056-Basel Laboratory Officer Bernoullistrasse 32 Deep Sea Drilling Project Switzerland Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California 92093

Dr. Frederic Mélières Mr. Victor Sotelo Sedimentologist Chemist Laboratoire de Géologie Dynamique Deep Sea Drilling Project Université de Paris VI Scripps Institution of Oceanography 4, Place Jussieu La Jolla, California 92093 75230 Paris Cedex France Mr. Robert Byrne Electronics Technician Mr. M. D. Pennock Deep Sea Drilling Project Cruise Operations Manager Scripps Institution of Oceanography British Petroleum Company Limited La Jolla, California 92093 Britannic House—Moore Lane London EC2Y 9BU Mr. Craig Dootson United Kingdom Marine Technician Deep Sea Drilling Project Scripps Institution of Oceanography Mr. Melvin Fields La Jolla, California 92093 Weatherman NO A A Mr. James Pine National Weather Service Marine Technician East Coast Weather Patrol Deep Sea Drilling Project 439 West York Street Scripps Institution of Oceanography Norfolk, Virginia 23510 La Jolla, California 92093

Deep Sea Drilling Project Publications Staff

Dr. Ansis G. Kaneps Mr. Ray Silk Mr. Fred Laughter Science Editor Production Manager Science Editor Ms. Paula Worstell Ms. Virginia L. Roman Ms. Mary A. Young Science Editor Art Supervisor * Production Coordinator Mr. James Shambach Ms. Jody Spear Ms. Janice E. Bowman Science Editor Production Coordinator Production Coordinator

xu JOIDES Advisory Groups*

Executive Committee Dr. Seiitiro Utida Dr. Manik Talwani Ocean Research Institute Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory University of Tokyo Dr. Warren S. Wooster Dr. Norman D. Watkins Rosensteil School of Marine and University of Rhode Island Atmospheric Science Dr. George P. Woollard Dr. William A. Nierenberg Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dr. Arthur E. Maxwell Planning Committee Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Mr. John I. Ewing Dr. Maurice Rattray Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory University of Washington Dr. William W. Hay Academician Andrie S. Monin Rosenstiel School of Marine and P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology A tmospheric Science Prof. Dr. F. Bender Dr. Joe S. Creager Bundesanstalt fur Bodenforschung University of Washington Dr. Hans Closs ** Mr. William R. Riedel Bundesanstalt für Bodenforschung Scripps Institution of Oceanography Mr. John I. Ewing Dr. James R. Heirtzler Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. Paul M. Fye Dr. Gleb Udintsev Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Dr. Charles J. Merdinger Dr. Hans Closs Scripps Institution of Oceanography Bundesanstalt für Bodenforschung Dr. Gleb Udintsev Dr. N. Terence Edgar (Ex-Officio) P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dr. Melvin N. A. Peterson (Ex-Officio) Dr. George Shor Scripps Institution of Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dr. Helmut Beiersdorf Dr. John V. Byrne Bundenstalt für Geowissenschaften Oregon State University und Rohstoffe Monsieur Jacques Debyser Dr. Arnold Bouma CNEXO Texas A&M University Dr. Richard A. Geyer Dr. William Bryant Texas A&M University Texas A&M University Sir Peter Kent, F.R.S. Dr. C. G. A. Harrison Rosenstiel School of Marine and Natural Environment Research Council Atmospheric Science Dr. John A. Knauss Dr. Dennis E. Hayes University of Rhode Island Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Monsieur Yves La Prairie Dr. James Kennett CNEXO University of Rhode Island Captain T. K. Treadwell Dr. LaVern D. Kulm Texas A&M University Oregon State University Dr. P. R. Twinn Dr. Yves Lancelot Natural Environment Research Council CNEXO * Includes members during time of Leg 36 Dr. Anthony S. Laughton (April-May 1974) Institute of Oceanographic Sciences * * Alternate

Xlll Dr. Xavier Le Pichon Dr. Lucien Montadert CNEXO Institut Francais du Pétrole Dr. Dean A. McManus Dr. Frank H. Fabricius University of Washington Technische Universitat München Dr. Noriyuki Nasu Dr. Hans Closs Ocean Research Institute Bundesanstalt für Bodenforschung Dr. Jean-Guy Schilling Antarctic Advisory Panel University of Rhode Island Dr. Dennis E. Hayes Dr. Tj. H. VanAndel Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Oregon State University Dr. Robert H. Rutford Dr. George P. Woollard University of Nebraska Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Dr. James P. Kennett Atlantic Advisory Panel University of Rhode Island Mr. John I. Ewing Dr. Ian W. D. Dalziel Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Dr. William A. Berggren Dr. David W. Scholl Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution United States Geological Observatory Dr. Dennis E. Hayes Dr. James R. Heirtzler Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. Xavier Le Pichon Centre National pour VExploitation Dr. William G. Melson des Oceans Smithsonian Institution Dr. Kenneth S. Deffeyes Dr. Peter Barker Princeton University University of Birmingham Dr. Anthony S. Laughton Dr. David J. W. Piper Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Dalhousie University Dr. Fabrizio Aumento Prof. A. P. Lisitzin Dalhousie University P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Dr. Enrico Bonatti Dr. A. V. Zhivago Rosenstie! School of Marine and P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Atmospheric Science Advisory Panel on Igneous and Dr. Gleb Udintsev Metamorphic Petrography Dr. Ian D. MacGregor P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology University of California at Davis Dr. Karl Hinz Bundesanstalt für Bodenforschung Dr. Nikolas I. Christensen Dr. Charles D. Hollister University of Washington Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. Leonid Dmitriev Dr. Ulrich von Rad USSR Academy of Sciences Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Dr. Frederick A. Frey Mediterranean Advisory Panel Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dr. Kenneth J. Hsü Dr. Stanley R. Hart Geologisches Institut der E.T.H. Carnegie Institution of Washington Dr. William B. F. Ryan Dr. James R. Heirtzler Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. Enrico Bonatti Dr. William G. Melson Rosenstiel School of Marine and Smithsonian Institution Atmospheric Science Dr. Akiho Miyashiro Dr. David A. Ross State University of New York at Albany Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. H. U. Schmincke Dr. Maria Bianca Cita Ruhr-U niv ersitat Bochum University of Milano Dr. Tracy Valuer (Ex-Officio) Scripps Institution of Oceanography xiv Dr. W. Schreyer Dr. Alan Shaw Ruhr-Universitat Bochum Amoco Production Company Advisory Panel on Sedimentary Petrology Dr. Hans-Joachim Schrader and Physical Properties University of Kiel Dr. George H. Keller Dr. Reinhart Wolf art NO A A Atlantic Oceanographic and Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Meteorological Laboratories Dr. Edwin L. Hamilton Advisory Panel on Organic Geochemistry Naval Undersea Research Center Dr. Keith A. Kvenvolden Dr. Alexander P. Lisitzin NSAS Ames Research Center USSR Academy of Sciences Dr. Earl W. Baker Prof. Dr. G. Muller Northeast Louisiana University Laboratorium für Sedimentforschung, Dr. Ellis E. Bray Heidelberg Mobil Oil Company Dr. Adrian P. Richards Dr. N. A. Eremenko Lehigh University Institute of Geology and Exploration of Dr. Nahum Schneidermann Combustible Mineral Resources Gulf Research and Development Dr. William W. Hay Company Rosenstiel School of Marine and Dr. Tjeerd H. Van Andel A tmospheric Science Oregon State University Dr. Richard D. Mclver Dr. John T. Whetten Esso Production Research Laboratory University of Washington Dr. John M. Hunt Dr. Joe S. Creager Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution University of Washington Dr. J. Gordon Erdman Dr. Harry E. Cook Phillips Petroleum Company United States Geological Survey Dr. Erwin Suess Dr. Alfred G. Fischer Oregon State University Princeton University Dr. A. A. Geodekjan Mr. Henry L. Gill P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory Dr. Dietrich Welte Lehrstuhl für Geologie, Geochemie, und Advisory Panel on Paleontology and Lagerstratten des Erdols und der Kohle Biostratigraphy Rhein-West. Techn. Hochschule Dr. William Berggren Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. C. W. Drooger Advisory Panel on Information Handling University of Utrecht Dr. Melvin A. Rosenfeld Dr. William W. Hay Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Rosenstiel School of Marine and Dr. Daniel W. Appleman Atmospheric Science Smithsonian Institution Dr. Jack G. Barr Dr. Eric G. Kauffman Standard Oil Company of California Smithsonian Institution Dr. James C. Kelley Dr. Valeri Krasheninnikov University of Washington USSR Academy of Sciences Dr. Peter R. Supko Dr. Helen Loeblich Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California at Los Angeles Mr. William R. Riedel Dr. Emile A. Pessagno Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of Texas at Dallas Dr. I. Mikhaltsev Dr. Tsunemasa Saito P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Dr. T. A. Davies (Ex Officio) Dr. Maria G. Petrushevskaya Middlebury College USSR Academy of Sciences

xv Dr. H. Glashoff Industrial Liaison Panel Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoße Mr. W. A. Roberts Professor L. Sitnikov Phillips Petroleum Company Academy of Sciences of the USSR Mr. Fred C. Ackman Esso Exploration Inc. Advisory Panel on Pollution Prevention Mr. Melvin J. Hill and Safety Gulf Oil Corporation Dr. Hollis D. Hedberg Mr. John D. Moody Princeton University Mobil Oil Corporation Mr. John I. Ewing Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Advisory Panel on Ocean Crust Dr. Louis E. Garrison Dr. William G. Melson United States Geological Survey Smithsonian Institution Dr. Manik Talwani Dr. Leonid Dmitriev Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Institute of Geochemistry, USSR Dr. Dennis E. Hayes Dr. Stanley R. Hart Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Carnegie Institution of Washington Mr. Oscar Weser Dr. James R. Heirtzler Scripps Institution of Oceanography Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. John E. Sherborne *** Dr. Ian D. MacGregor Union Oil Company of California Dr. H. Grant Goodell University of California at Davis Dr. Manik Talwani University of Virginia Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Dr. E. L. Winterer Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dr. W. Jason Morgan Princeton University Advisory Panel on Inorganic Geochemistry Dr. Hans Schmincke Dr. Heinrich D. Holland Ruhr-Universitat Bochum Hoffman Laboratory Dr. Werner Schreyer Dr. Wallace S. Broecker Ruhr-Universitdt Bochum Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Dr. John C. Sclater Mr. John I. Ewing Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Dr. Nikolas Christensen Dr. Joris M. Gieskes University of Washington Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dr. Gleb Udintsev P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR Dr. Ian R. Kaplan University of California at Los Angeles Advisory Panel on Ocean Margin (Active) Dr. Frank T. Manheim Dr. Seiya Uyeda University of South Florida Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Dr. Karl K. Turekian Dr. Joe S. Creager Yale University University of Washington Dr. Igor M. Varentsov Dr. I. P. Kosminskaya The USSR Academy of Sciences Institute of the Physics of the Earth, USSR Dr. Gleb N. Baturin Dr. Loren W. Kroenke The USSR Academy of Sciences University of Hawaii Dr. Erwin Suess Dr. Creighton A. Burk Oregon State University Mobile Oil Corporation Dr. K. H. Wedepohl Princeton, New Jersey Geochemisches lnstitüt der Universitat/Gottingen Dr. William J. Ludwig Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory *** Deceased Dr. Gordon Packham University of Sydney xvi Academician A. P. Pieve Advisory Panel on Site Surveying Institute of Geology, USSR Dr. Brian T. R. Lewis Dr. David W. Scholl University of Washington U.S. Geological Survey Dr. Mahlon Ball Dr. Roland Von Huene Rosenstiel School of Marine & A tmospheric Science U.S. Geological Survey Dr. Elizabeth Bunce Advisory Panel on Ocean Margin (Passive) Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dr. Edgar S. Driver Dr. Joseph R. Curray Scripps Institution of Oceanography Gulf Global Exploration Company Dr. A. W. Bally Mr. John Ewing Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Shell Oil Company Dr. Karl Hinz Academician V. V. Beloussov Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Soviet Geophysical Committee Dr. Donald M. Hussong Professor Daniel Bernoulli Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Geoiogisch-Palaontologisches Institüt, Basel Dr. L. Kogan Professor Dr. Hans Closs Southern Branch of the Institute of Oceanology, USSR Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Dr. Isabella Premoli-Silva Mr. John Ewing University of Milano Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Mr. William R. Riedel Dr. K. Hinz Scripps Institution of Oceanography Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Dr. H.-J. Schrader Dr. Lucien Montadert Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institüt Français du Petrole Institüt der Universitat Kiel Mr. David G. Roberts Dr.Tj.H.VanAndel Institute of Oceanographic Sciences Oregon State University Dr. E. Seibold Professor Thomas J. Worsley Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institüt, Universitdt-Kiel University of Washington Dr. Von Stackleberg Dr. I. P. Kosminskaya Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe Institute of the Physics of the Earth, USSR Advisory Panel on Ocean Paleoenvironment Dr. Marcus Langseth Professor Hans M. Bolli Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Technische Hochschule, Zurich Dr. Vince Renard Dr. Thomas A. Davies Centre Oceanologique de Bretagne Scripps Institution of Oceanography Dr. G. Stober Mr. Jacques Debyser Deminex, Dusseldorf CNEXO, Paris Dr. Roland Von Huene Dr. William W. Hay U.S. Geological Survey Rosenstiel School of Marine & A tmospheric Science Dr. Joe S. Watkins Dr. Valeri A. Krasheninnikov University of Texas Geological Institute, USSR Dr. Gleb Udintsev Dr. Alexander Lisitzin P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, USSR Dr. Edward L. Winterer Dr. James Kennett Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of Rhode Island

XVll Deep Sea Drilling Project SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION POLICY

Distribution of Deep Sea Drilling samples for investi- of the study proposed, size and approximate number gation will be undertaken in order to (1) provide of samples required to complete the study, and any supplementary data to support GLOMAR CHAL- particular sampling technique or equipment that LENGER scientists in achieving the scientific objec- might be required. The requests will be reviewed by tives of their particular cruise, and in addition to the Chief Scientist of the Project and the cruise serve as a mechanism for contributions to the Initial co-chief scientists; approval will be given in accor- Reports; (2) provide individual investigators with dance with the scientific requirements of the cruise materials that are stored with samples for reference as determined by the appropriate JODIES Advisory and comparison purposes. Panel(s). If approved, the requested samples will be taken, either by the shipboard party if the work- The National Science Foundation has established a load permits, or by the curatorial staff shortly follow- Sample Distribution Panel to advise on the distribu- ing the return of the cores to the repository. Pro- tion of core materials. This panel is chosen in accor- posals must be of a scope to ensure that samples dance with usual Foundation practices, in a manner can be processed and a contribution completed in that will assure advice in the various disciplines lead- time for publication in the Initial Reports. Except ing to a complete and adequate study of the cores for rare, specific instances involving ephemeral prop- and their contents. Funding for the proposed research erties, sampling will not exceed one-quarter of the must be secured separately by the investigator. It volume of core recovered, with no interval being cannot be provided through the Deep Sea Drilling depleted and one-half of all core being retained as Project. an archive. Shipboard sampling shall not exceed The Deep Sea Drilling Projecfs Curator is respon- approximately 100 igneous samples per investigator; sible for distributing the samples and controlling their in all cases co-chief scientists are requested to keep quality, as well as preserving and conserving core sampling to a minimum. material. He also is responsible for maintaining a The co-chief scientists may elect to have special record of all samples that have been distributed, studies of selected core samples made by other inves- shipboard and subsequent, indicating the recipient, tigators. In this event the names of these investi- and the nature of the proposed investigation. This gators and complete listings of all materials loaned or information is made available to all investigators of distributed must be forwarded, if possible, prior to DSDP materials as well as other interested research- the cruise or, as soon as possible following the cruise, ers on request. to the Chief Scientist through the DSDP Staff Science The distribution of samples is made directly from one Representative for that particular cruise. In such of the two existing repositories, Lamont-Doherty cases, all requirements of the Sample Distribution Geological Observatory and Scripps Institution of Policy shall also apply. Oceanography, by the Curator or his designated If a dispute arises or if a decision cannot be reached representative. in the manner prescribed, the NSF Sample Distribu- tion Panel will conduct the final arbitration. 1. Distribution of Samples for Research Leading to Contributions to Initial Reports Any publication of results other than in the Initial Reports within twelve (12) months of the comple- Any investigator who wishes to contribute a paper to tion of the cruise must be approved and authored a given volume of the Initial Reports may write to by the whole shipboard party and, where appropriate, the Chief Scientist, Deep Sea Drilling Project (A-031) shore-based investigators. After twelve months, indi- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of vidual investigators may submit related papers for California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, open publication provided they have submitted their U.S.A., requesting samples from a forthcoming contributions to the Initial Reports. Investigations cruise. Requests for a specific cruise should be not completed in time for inclusion in the Initial received by the Chief Scientist two months in advance Reports for a specific cruise may not be published in of the departure of the cruise in order to allow time other journals until final publication of that Initial for the review and consideration of all requests and Report for which it was intended. Notice of sub- to establish a suitable shipboard sampling program. mission to other journals and a copy of the article The request should include a statement of the nature should be sent to the DSDP Chief Science Editor. Revised October 1976

xix 2. Distribution of Samples for Research leading to thin layers or important stratigraphic bound- Publication other than in Initial Reports aries will also require Panel review. (2) If investigators wish to study certain A. Researchers intending to request samples for properties which may deteriorate prior to the studies beyond the scope of the Initial Reports normal availability of the samples, they may should first obtain sample request forms from request that the normal waiting period not the Curator, Deep Sea Drilling Project apply. All such requests must be reviewed (A-031), Scripps Institution of Oceanogra- by the curators and approved by the NSF phy, University of California at San Diego, Sample Distribution Panel. La Jolla, California 92093, U.S.A. On the forms the researcher is requested to specify the quantities and intervals of the core C. Samples will not be provided prior to assur- required, make a clear statement of the pro- ance that funding for sample studies either posed research, state time required to com- exists or is not needed. However, neither plete and submit results for publication, formal approval of sample requests nor dis- specify the status of funding and the availa- tribution of samples will be made until the bility of equipment and space foreseen for appropriate time (Item A). If a sample the research. request is dependent, either wholly or in part, on proposed funding, the Curator is prepared In order to ensure that all requests for highly to provide to the organization to whom the desirable but limited samples can be con- funding proposal has been submitted any sidered, approval of requests and distribution information on the availability (or potential of samples will not be made prior to 2 months availability) of samples that it may request. after publication of the Initial Core Descrip- tions (LCD.). ICD's are required to be D. Investigators receiving samples are respon- published within 10 months following each cruise. The only exceptions to this policy sible for: will be for specific instances involving ephem- (1) publishing significant results; however eral properties. Requests for samples can be contributions shall not be submitted for pub- based on the Initial Core Descriptions, copies lication prior to 12 months following the of which are on file at various institutions termination of the appropriate leg; throughout the world. Copies of original core logs and data are kept on open file at DSDP (2) acknowledging, in publications, that and at the Repository at Lamont-Doherty samples were supplied through the assistance Geological Observatory, Palisades, New of the U.S. National Science Foundation and York. Requests for samples from researchers others as appropriate; in industrial laboratories will be handled in (3) submitting five (5) copies (for distri- the same manner as those from academic bution to the Curator's file, the DSDP Reposi- organizations, with the same obligation to tories, the GLOMAR CHALLENGERS publish results promptly. Library, and the National Science Founda- tion) of all reprints of published results to B. (1) The DSDP Curator is authorized to dis- the Curator, Deep Sea Drilling Project tribute samples to 50ml per meter of core. (A-031), Scripps Institution of Oceanogra- Requests for volumes of material in excess of phy, University of California at San Diego, this amount will be referred to the NSF La Jolla, California 92093, U.S.A.; Sample Distribution Panel for review and approval. Experience has shown that most (4) returning, in good condition, the remain- investigations can be accomplished with 10ml ders of samples after termination of research, sized samples or less. All investigators are if requested by the Curator. encouraged to be as judicious as possible with regard to sample size and, especially, fre- E. Cores are made available at repositories for quency within any given core interval. The investigators to examine and to specify exact Curator will not automatically distribute any samples in such instances as may be neces- parts of the cores which appear to be in par- sary for the scientific purposes of the sam- ticularly high demand; requests for such parts pling, subject to the limitations of B (1 and will be referred to the Sample Distribution 2) and D, above, with specific permission of Panel for review. Requests for samples from the Curator or his delegate.

xx F. Shipboard-produced smear slides of sedi- 3. Other Records ments and thin sections of indurated sedi- Magnetics, seismic reflection, downhole logging, and ments, igneous and metamorphic rocks, will bathymetric data collected by the GLOMAR CHAL- be returned to the appropriate repository at LENGER will also be available for distribution at the end of each cruise or at the publication the same time samples become available. of the Initial Reports for that cruise. These smear slides and thin sections will form a Requests for data may be made to: reference collection of the cores stored at each repository and may be viewed at the Associate Chief Scientist, Science Services respective repositories as an aid in the selec- Deep Sea Drilling Project (A-031) tion of core samples. Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California at San Diego La Jolla, California 92093 A charge will be made to recover the expenses in G. The Deep Sea Drilling Project routinely pro- excess of $50.00 in filling individual requests. If cesses by computer most of the quantitative required, estimated charges can be furnished before data presented in the Initial Reports. Space the request is processed. limitations in the Initial Reports preclude the 4. Reference Centers detailed presentation of all such data. How- ever, copies of the computer readout are As a separate and special category, samples will be available for those who wish the data for distributed for the purpose of establishing up to five further analysis or as an aid on selecting reference centers where paleontologic materials will samples. A charge will be made to recover be available for reference and comparison purposes. expenses in excess of $50.00 incurred in The first of these reference centers has been approved filling requests. at Basel, Switzerland.

xxi CONTENTS

Chapter Page Chapter Page

PART I: INTRODUCTION 1 11. SPECIAL MINERALOGICAL STUDIES . . 389 11.1 CLAY MINERALS IN MESSINIAN 1. INTRODUCTION AND EXPLANATORY SEDIMENTS OF THE NOTES MEDITERRANEAN SEA Kenneth J. Hsü, Lucien Montadert, Daniel Bernoulli, Germaine Bizon, Maria Cita, Al Hervé Chamley, Gilbert Dunoyer de Erickson, Frank Fabricius, Robert E. Garri- Segonzac, and Frederic Mélières son, Robert B. Kidd, Frederic Mélières, Carla 11.2 CLAY MINERALOGY IN Müller, and Ramil C. Wright VOLCANOGENIC SEDIMENTS Hervé Chamley and Ghislaine Giroud d'Argoud 11.3 TURBIDITES AT SITE 374: THEIR PART II: SHIPBOARD STUDIES (SITE COMPOSITION, PROVENANCE REPORTS) 27 AND PALEOBATHYMETRIC SIGNIFICANCE 2. SITE 371: SOUTH BALEARIC BASIN ... 29 Jens Müller, Werner Hieke, and Frank The Shipboard Scientific Party Fabricius

3. SITE 372: MENORCA RISE 59 12. HEAVY MINERAL COMPOSITION OF The Shipboard Scientific Party THE MEDITERRANEAN NEOGENE SEDIMENTS, DSDP LEG 42A 401 4. SITE 373: TYRRHENIAN BASIN 151 E. M. Emelyanov, K. M. Shimkus, and Ken- The Shipboard Scientific Party neth J. Hsü

5. SITE 374: MESSINA ABYSSAL PLAIN ... 175 13. STUDIES ON SAPROPELS 421 The Shipboard Scientific Party 13.1 STRATIGRAPHY OF EASTERN 6. SITES 375 AND 376: FLORENCE RISE ... 219 MEDITERRANEAN SAPROPEL The Shipboard Scientific Party SEQUENCES RECOVERED DURING DSDP LEG 42A AND THEIR PALEOENVIRONMENTAL 7. SITE 377: MEDITERRANEAN RIDGE SIGNIFICANCE CLEFT 305 Robert B. Kidd, Maria Bianca Cita, and The Shipboard Scientific Party William B. F. Ryan 8. SITE 378: CRETAN BASIN 321 13.2 SEDIMENTOLOGY AND The Shipboard Scientific Party ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF SAPROPELS Walter Sigl, Hervé Chamley, Frank Fabricius, Ghislaine Giroud d'Argoud, PART III: POST-CRUISE STUDIES 359 and Jens Müller 13.3 ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF Section 1. Sedimentary Petrology, Mineralogy, and SOME NEOGENE CORES FROM Geochemistry of Sediments . 359 SITES 374, 375, 377, AND 378: LEG 42A, EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN 9. X-RAY MINERALOGY STUDIES, LEG SEA 42A, DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT, G. Deroo, J. P. Herbin, and J. Roucaché MEDITERRANEAN SEA 361 Frederic Mélières, Hervé Chamley, Francis 14. STUDIES ON LITHIFICATION AND Coumes, and Pierre Rouge DIAGENESIS 473 14.1 LITHIFICATION OF PELAGIC- 10. DETAILED X-RAY MINERALOGY OF HEMIPELAGIC SEDIMENTS AT CORE 9, SECTIONS 1 AND 2, HOLE 372 DSDP SITE 372: OXYGEN ISOTOPE (BALEARIC RISE), DEEP SEA DRILLING ALTERATION WITH DIAGENESIS PROJECT LEG 42A 385 Judith McKenzie, Daniel Bernoulli, and Frederic Mélières Robert E. Garrison

xxiii Chapter Page Chapter Page

14.2 PHILLTPSITE CEMENTATION IN A 21. PETROLOGY, ISOTOPE GEOCHEM- FORAMINIFERAL SANDSTONE AT ISTRY, AND ORIGIN OF DOLOMITE HOLE 373A AND "THE CASE OF AND LIMESTONE ASSOCIATED WITH THE VIOLATED FORAM" BASALTIC BRECCIA, HOLE 373A, Daniel Bernoulli, Robert E. Garrison, TYRRHENIAN BASIN 541 and Frederic Mélières Daniel Bernoulli, Robert E. Garrison, and Judith McKenzie 15. STABLE ISOTOPES OF OXYGEN AND CARBON IN CARBONATES AND Section 3. Interstitial Water Studies 559 ORGANIC MATERIAL FROM PLEISTOCENE TO UPPER MIOCENE 22. INTERSTITIAL WATER STUDIES, SEDIMENTS AT SITE 374 (DSDP LEG LEG 42A 561 42A) 483 Russell E. McDuff, Joris M. Gieskes, and P. Hahn-Weinheimer, F. Fabricius, J. Müller, James R. Lawrence and W. Sigl Section 4. Studies of Evaporites 569 16. RACEMIZATION OF ISOLEUCINE IN FORAMINIFER TESTS FROM LEG 42A, 23. SEDIMENTARY PETROLOGY AND SITES 372 AND 376 489 STRUCTURES OF MESSINIAN Jeffrey L. Bada, Eugene H. Man, Barry J. Katz, EVAPORITIC SEDIMENTS IN THE and Kenneth J. Hsü MEDITERRANEAN SEA, LEG 42A, DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT 571 Robert E. Garrison, B. Charlotte Schreiber, 17. TRACE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION IN Daniel Bernoulli, Frank H. Fabricius, Robert DSDP SITES 372, 374, 375, AND 376 IN B. Kidd, and Frederic Mélières THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA 493 Francis Coumes and Cyrille Boltenhagen 24. CHEMISTRY OF HALITE AND POTASH SALT CORES, DSDP SITES 374 AND 376, Section 2. Mineralogy, Petrology, Geochemistry LEG 42A, MEDITERRANEAN SEA 613 and Geochronology Studies on Igneous Robert Kuehn and Kenneth J. Hsü Rocks at Site 373 507 25. DOLOMITIZATION IN EARLY PLIOCENE PELAGIC LIMESTONES, SITE 374, 18. AGE AND NATURE OF BASALTS FROM IONIAN ABYSSAL PLAIN 621 THE TYRRHENIAN ABYSSAL PLAIN . .. 509 Daniel Bernoulli and Frederic Mélières F. Barberi, H. Bizouard, G. Capaldi, G. Ferrara, P. Gasparini, F. Innocenti, J. L. Joron, B. Lambert, M. Treuil, and C. Allègre 26. ISOTOPE STUDIES 635 26.1 ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF MESSINIAN SEDIMENTS FROM 19. OCEANIC BASALTS FROM THE THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA AS TYRRHENIAN BASIN, DSDP LEG 42A, INDICATORS OF PALEO- HOLE 373A 515 ENVIRONMENTS AND DIAGENSIS Volker Dietrich, Rolf Emmermann, Harald C. Pierre and J. C. Fontes Puchelt, and Jörg Keller 26.2 STABLE ISOTOPIC INVES- TIGATION OF CARBONATE 20. AGE DETERMINATION ON IGNEOUS SAMPLES RELATED TO THE ROCKS IN HOLE 373A 531 MESSINIAN SALINITY CRISIS 20.1 POTASSIUM-ARGON AGE FROM DSDP LEG 42A, DETERMINATION OF BASALT MEDITERRANEAN SEA SAMPLES FROM LEG 42A, HOLE J. A. McKenzie and T. E. Ricchiuto 373A, CORE 7 26.3 STABLE ISOTOPIC INVESTI- H. Kreuzer, M. Mohr, and I. Wendt GATION OF MESSINIAN SULFATE 20.2 K/AR AGE DETERMINATIONS ON SAMPLES FROM DSDP LEG 42A, BASALT ROCKS FROM HOLE 373A EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA C. Savelli and E. Lipparini T. E. Ricchiuto and J. A. McKenzie

xxiv Chapter Page Chapter Page

27. LUNEBURGITE [Mg, (PO4)>B,O(OH)4 × 36. PALYNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON 6 H.O] IN UPPER MIOCENE SEDIMENTS SAMPLES FROM DSDP LEG 42A ..... 789 OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN Daria Bertolani Marchetti and Carla Accorsi SEA . 661 Jens Müller and Frank Fabricius 37. LATE PLIOCENE AND EARLY PLEISTOCENE SILICOFLAGELLATES 28. STROMATOLITES WITH COCCOID AND AND EBRIDIANS FROM DSDP SITE 378 FILAMENTOUS BLUE-GREEN ALGAE IN THE AEGEAN BASIN, NORTH OF MESSINIAN AGE FROM SITE 374— OF CRETE . 805 IONIAN ABYSSAL PLAIN 665 Herbert Stradner and Alfred Bachmann Stanley M. Awramik 38. FUNGII IN CORE 9, SITE 372, DSDP LEG 42A, MEDITERRANEAN SEA . 817 Section 5. Shipboard and Shore-based H. Franz, M. Cita, J. Neher, and K. J. Hsü Paleontological Studies . . 669 39. TRACE FOSSILS IN LEG 42A CORES . . 821 29. BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF MIOCENE DEEP A. A. Eckdale SEA SEDIMENTS (SITES 372 AND 375), WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE 40. MIOCENE AND PLIOCENE OXYGEN MESSINIAN/PRE-MESSINIAN AND CARBON ISOTOPIC CHANGES AT INTERVAL ... 671 DSDP SITES 372, 374, AND 375. Maria Bianca Cita, Maria Luisa Colalongo, IMPLICATIONS FOR THE Sara d'Onofrio, Silvia Iaccarino, and PRE-MESSINIAN HISTORY OF THE Gianfranco Salvatorini MEDITERRANEAN 829 C. Vergnaud Grazzini 30. MORPHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 41. NEOGENE PALEOBATHYMETRY OF ON THE GENUS GLOBOROTALIA FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN BASED ON SITE 372 687 BENTHIC FORAMINIFERS FROM DSDP Germaine Bizon and Georgette Glaçon LEG 42A 837 Ramil Wright 31. NEOGENE BENTHIC FORAMINIFERS FROM DSDP LEG 42A, 42. REMARKS ON THE DETERMINATION MEDITERRANEAN SEA 709 OF THE PLIOCENE/PLEISTOCENE Ramil Wright BOUNDARY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN 847 32. NEOGENE CALCAREOUS NANNO- Germaine Bizon and Carla Müller FOSSILS FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN —LEG 42A OF THE DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT 727 Section 6. Geophysical Studies 855 Carla Müller 43. DOWN-HOLE TEMPERATURE 33. RADIOLARIA FROM MEDITERRANEAN MEASUREMENTS, DEEP SEA SEDIMENTS, DSDP LEG 42A . . . 753 DRILLING PROJECT, LEG 42A 857 Annika Sanfilippo, J. P. Caulet, and W. R. Albert J. Erickson and Richard P. Von Herzen Riedel 44. PRELIMINARY PALEOMAGNETIC CHRONOLOGY OF CENOZOIC 34. THE LATE MESSINIAN MEDITER- SEDIMENTS FROM DSDP SITES 372, 374, RANEAN BRACKISH TO FRESHWATER AND 376 OF THE MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT, DIATOM FLORAL SEA 873 EVIDENCE 761 Norman Hamilton, Ernest A. Hailwood, and Hans-Joachim Schrader and Rainer Gersonde Robert B. Kidd

35. THE PALEOECOLOGY OF THE 45. ROCK AND PALEOMAGNETISM OF OSTRACODES OF DSDP LEG 42A 777 LEG 42A, HOLE 373A BASALTS 881 Richard H. Benson N. Petersen, U. Bleil, and P. Eisenach

XXV Chapter Page Chapter Page

PART IV: SYNTHESIS ARTICLES 887 54. MESSINIAN EVENT: SEISMIC EVIDENCE 1037 46. GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF SITE 372 ... 889 L. Montadert, J. Letouzey, and A. Mauffret 46.1 GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL SETTING OF DSDP SITE 372 (WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN) PART V: SUMMARY 1051 A. Mauffret, L. Montadert, M. Lavergne, and C. Willm 55. HISTORY OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SALINITY CRISIS 1053 46.2 COMPARISON BETWEEN FORMA- Kenneth J. Hsü, Lucien Montadert, Daniel TIONS DRILLED AT DSDP SITE 372 Bernoulli, Maria Bianca Cita, Albert Erickson, IN THE WESTERN MEDITER- Robert E. Garrison, Robert B. Kidd, Frederic RANEAN AND EXPOSED SERIES Mélières, Carla Müller, and Ramil Wright ON LAND G. Bizon, J. J. Bizon, and B. Biju-Duval 56. LITHOLOGIC FINDINGS OF DSDP LEG 42A, MEDITERRANEAN SEA 1079 47. CORRELATIONS OF THE NEOGENE Robert B. Kidd, Daniel Bernoulli, Robert E. FORMATIONS OF THE FLORENCE RISE Garrison, Frank H. Fabricius, and Frederic AND OF NORTHERN CYPRUS: Mélières PALEOGEOGRAPHIC AND STRUCTURAL IMPLICATIONS 903 57. DSDP LEG 42A BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC Francois Baroz, Daniel Bernoulli, Bernard RANGE CHARTS 1095 Biju-Duval, Germaine Bizon, Jean-Jacques G. Bizon, M. B. Cita, C. Müller, and R. Wright Bizon, and Jean Letouzey 58. SUMMARY OF "PROJECT DSDP 42A" ... 1139 48. COMPARISON OF SITE 374 WITH Kenneth J. Hsü, Lucien Montadert, and Robert CIRCUM-IONIAN LAND SECTIONS: B. Kidd IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MESSINIAN "SALINITY CRISIS" ON THE BASIS PART VI: APPENDICES 1141 OF A "DYNAMIC MODEL" 927 F. H. Fabricius, K. O. Heimann, and K. Braune I. CORE DISCING AND OTHER DRILLING EFFECTS IN DSDP LEG 42A 49. GENESIS OF THE TETHYS AND MEDITERRANEAN SEDIMENT THE MEDITERRANEAN 943 CORES 1143 Kenneth J. Hsü and Daniel Bernoulli Robert B. Kidd

50. STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF II. CARBON-CARBONATE MEASUREMENTS 1151 THE MEDITERRANEAN BASINS 951 Robert B. Kidd Bernard Biju-Duval, Jean Letouzey, and Lucien Montadert III. BULK X-RAY MINERALOGY DATA 1157 51. MIDDLE MIOCENE SALINITY CRISIS F. Mélières AND PALEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE IV. GEOPHYSICAL PROFILING, PARATETHYS (MIDDLE AND DSDP 42A 1171 EASTERN EUROPE) 985 Gerald W. Bode F. Rögl, F. F. Steiniger, and C. Müller V. GRAIN-SIZE DETERMINATIONS, 52. SEDIMENTATION RATES IN NEOGENE LEG 42A 1197 DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS FROM THE Robert B. Kidd MEDITERRANEAN AND GEODYNAMIC IMPLICATIONS OF THEIR CHANGES ... 991 VI. LEG 42A PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Maria Bianca Cita, William B. F. Ryan, and DATA 1199 Robert B. Kidd Albert J. Erickson 53. MESSINIAN PALEOENVIRONMENTS ... 1003 VII. INTERSTITIAL WATER RESULTS, Maria Bianca Cita, Ramil C. Wright, William LEG 42A 1207 B. F. Ryan, and Antonio Longinelli G. W. Bode and V. S. Sotelo

xxvi Chapter Page Chapter Page

VIII. CARBONATE CONTENT, CARBONATE NOTICE MINERALOGY, AND BULK For purposes of manuscript preparation the Mediterranean aspects MINERALOGY OF DSDP LEG 42A of DSDP Leg 42 have been referred to as 42A and those of the SAMPLES 1211 Black Sea as 42B. The volume is thus published in two parts. Jens Müller Please note that the following manuscripts on Mediterranean geology are in Part 2. IX. CARBON AND NITROGEN ANALYSES, Paleontological Investigations, Leg 42, Mediterranean Sea LEG 42A 1221 W. Sigl 1. EXAMINATION OF SOME LEG 42A SAMPLES CONTAINING PTEROPODA INDEX 1225 L. Pastouret 2. DINOFLAGELLATE CYSTS IN DEEP-SEA CORES FROM DSDP SITE 372, EAST MENORCA RISE Domenico Corradini Drilling on Land and Offshore Margins of the Mediterranean Sea 3. SLIM HOLES DRILLED ON THE ALGERIAN SHELF P. F. Burollet, A. Said, and Ph. Trouve 4. CYPRUS EVAPORITES Theodoulos Pantazis 5. THE LATE TERTIARY OF THE COASTAL PLAIN AND CONTINENTAL SHELF OF ISRAEL AND ITS BEARING ON THE HISTORY OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN Gdaliahu Gvirtzman and Binyamin Buchbinder

xxvii