The Process of Preparing Irish Cello Sonatas (1968-1996) For
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The Process of Preparing Irish Cello Sonatas (1968-1996) for Performance Annette Cleary (BA, KA, M Mus) 2 Volumes Volume I: Text Dissertation submitted to Dublin City University in partial fulfilment of the Doctorate of Music in Performance at the Royal Irish Academy of Music June 2010 Supervisor: Dr. Denise Neary To my father, Vincent Cleary I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of Doctorate of Music in Performance, is entirely my own work, that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge breach any law of copyright, and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. 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Volume I Table of Contents Abbreviations ii Abstract iii Acknowledgements iv Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Cello Sonatas by Irish Composers (1968-1996): A Performer’s Perspective 12 Chapter 2: The Process of Interpretation 62 Chapter 3: Cognitive Aspects of Performance 79 Chapter 4: The Physicality of Performance: Mechanics, Movement and Gesture 117 Chapter 5: Emotion: Mood, Character and Expression 145 Conclusion 188 Appendix A 193 Appendix B 199 Appendix C 201 Appendix D 202 Appendix E 203 Bibliography 204 i Abbreviations AIC Association of Irish Composers AYIC Association of Young Irish Composers BBC British Broadcasting Corporation CMC Contemporary Music Centre IMRO Irish Musical Rights Organisation ISCC International Society of Contemporary Composers MAI Music Association of Ireland RÉ Radio Éireann RÉLO Radio Éireann Light Orchestra RIAM Royal Irish Academy of Music RTÉ Radio Telifis Éireann ii Abstract This dissertation focuses on all the sonatas for cello and piano by Irish composers in the second half of the twentieth century. The sonatas, seven in total, were composed between 1968 and 1996 and show little similarity to each other. For the performer, challenges are presented in preparing these works for performance. Apart from the premiere performance only one of these sonatas was subsequently performed and five of the scores are unpublished. There are almost no readily available recordings which could serve as a guide. Therefore the performer needs to rely on a variety of interpretative skills to create a valid realisation of these sonatas. The interpretative skills required are based on three different approaches: the cognitive, the physical and the intuitive. Solo performers face both technical and musical challenges in the process of preparing a work for public performance. Although a musical interpretation of a particular work may be formed prior to the initial performance, it is only within performance that further knowledge is gained, which then informs subsequent performances. This dissertation discusses the cognitive, the physical and the intuitive aspects of performance preparation within the framework of the cello sonatas, with examples drawn from these works to illustrate performance decisions. A performer’s commentary is included and, where possible, collaboration with the composers is integrated in the discussion. This will provide a resource for those who wish to carry out further research or to perform this repertoire. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Denise Neary and Aisling Drury-Byrne for their much appreciated support and guidance during the preparation of this dissertation and wish to thank the staff of the Royal Irish Academy of Music for their invaluable help. I would especially like to thank Philip Shields and Laoise Doherty in the Royal Irish Academy of Music library for their assistance. To the composers (and their families) who contributed to this research, I wish to extend my gratitude for their helpful insight and support. I would like to thank my parents, Marguerite and Vincent, who supported my sisters and me, with encouragement and delight in all of our musical undertakings and to them I dedicate this work. As much of this work is a culmination of extensive musical training, I would like to use this opportunity to thank my teachers who showed dedication and encouragement at various stages of my musical education – Coral Bognuda, Gerard Shanahan (piano), Ivan Andrews, Michael Flaksman, André Navarra and Eleonore Schoenfeld. To my husband, Niall and my two daughters Sarah and Anne, I extend gratitude for continuous support and encouragement during this project. iv Introduction During the years 1968 to 1996 six Irish composers wrote large-scale works for cello and piano. The concept for this thesis began while researching cello works by Irish composers with a view to performing less-frequently played repertoire. Seven works for cello and piano are examined from a performer’s perspective, specifically from the cellist’s point of view. Composers represented are Brian Beckett, Angel Climent, Tom Cullivan, John Gibson, Joseph Groocock and Kevin O’Connell. The scores of these works, with one exception1, are available from the Contemporary Music Centre, Dublin.2 The works were all composed in Ireland between 1968 and 1996 and represent an important output in two ways. Firstly, it is a body of interesting and varied repertoire for cello and piano. Secondly, the works are significant within the context of late Irish twentieth-century composition, which is outlined in chapter one. The works are fairly representative of each composer’s individual style, with two of the sonatas being early works3 and another marking the end of a particular stylistic period.4 Two of the works include quotations from traditional Irish music.5 All of the composers mentioned were pianists and both Gibson and Beckett were the pianists for the premiere performances of their cello sonatas. Although none of the composers were actually string players themselves, all were in a position to consult with cellists, who were either 1 Brian Beckett, sonata No. 2 for cello and piano is not available in the CMC. 2 The Contemporary Music Centre (CMC), 19 Fishamble Street, Temple Bar, Dublin 8, Ireland, <www.cmc.ie> 3 John Gibson, sonatina for cello and piano and Brian Beckett, sonata No. 1 for cello and piano. 4 Kevin O’Connell, sonata for cello and piano. 5 Tom Cullivan, sonata for cello and piano and Kevin O’Connell, sonata for cello and piano. 1 family members or colleagues, during the compositional process. Wherever possible all continued to show a keenness to collaborate with performers during subsequent performances of their works and the performer/composer relationship is commented upon throughout the discussion.6 Strategies often used by performers during the initial preparation of a work for performance are to compare various editions, or to listen to recordings or performances of the piece. For most of these sonatas no performing editions are available and many of the sonatas exist only as copies of hand-written manuscript.7 Apart from the premiere performances, only one of these works was ever performed subsequently by professional musicians prior to 2008 when this research began.8 The use of recordings as part of the learning process encourages different viewpoints. According to Mine Doğantan-Dack, ‘there is ample anecdotal evidence that performers do listen to and use recordings professionally, as part of their aesthetic-epistemological quest to create musical meaning in and apply an artistic signature to their performances.’9 Peter Hill, on the other hand (while not denying the value of studying recordings), is against the copying of another player’s interpretation stating that ‘it is a lazy shortcut’.10 Anthony Gritten asserts that listening to recordings is not labour-saving, as the performance still needs to be 6 During recent performances of some of these works, composers were attentive to all queries and open to performing suggestions. 7 Two of the sonatas are published: Joseph Groocock, sonata for cello and piano (Dublin: Drummartin Music, 1987) and Cullivan, Tom, sonata for cello and piano (Farwestern Publications, 2001) 8 A second performance of Kevin O’Connell’s sonata for cello and piano was given by David O’Connell (cello) and Francis King (piano) on 12 March 2000 at the Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery of Modern Art.