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Kinetic and Kinematic Analysis of Three Different Execution Modes of Stag Leap with and Without Throw- Catch Ball in Rhythmic Gymnastics

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Kinetic and Kinematic Analysis of Three Different Execution Modes of Stag Leap with and Without Throw- Catch Ball in Rhythmic Gymnastics Akkari-Ghazouani H., Mkaouer B., Amara S., Chtara, M.: KINETIC AND KINEMATIC … Vol. 12 Issue 3: 255 - 264 KINETIC AND KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF THREE DIFFERENT EXECUTION MODES OF STAG LEAP WITH AND WITHOUT THROW- CATCH BALL IN RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS Hounaida Akkari-Ghazouani1, Bessem Mkaouer1., Samiha Amara1, Mokhtar Chtara2 1 Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd, Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia 2 Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sport Performance Optimization” of the National Centre of Medicine and Science in Sport, Tunis Tunisia Original article Abstract Visual analysis of rhythmic gymnastics shows that the greatest difficulty lies in jumps. Performing jump with optimal speed, great amplitude, and better coordination and without any mistakes, does not depend only on the gymnast's capacity but also on the apparatus used, the jump made and the applied momentum. The objective was to study the qualities of strength, speed and flexibility developed during the three execution modes of stag leap with ring with and without throw-catch ball. Seven gymnasts from the national rhythmic gymnastics team aged between 15 to 21 years participated in this study. The protocol in making three stag leaps with rings consist of the following: the first without apparatus, the second with throwing ball during the chasse step, and the third with throwing ball at the time of pulse during stag leap with ring. The basic descriptive parameters and statistical significance of differences were determined by using the SPSS 20.0, statistical program for data processing. The results show a significant variation at p <0.05 in the execution factors when introducing apparatus such as, horizontal and vertical velocity, right knee angle, force, horizontal displacement of toe, the angular momentum of the centre of mass and angular velocity of right leg. This decrease differs according to the moment of throwing the ball. In conclusion, we can argue that introducing ball during the chasse step causes a change in the basic performance factors. Keywords: kinetic, kinematic, stag leap, chasse step, throw-catch ball. INTRODUCTION Rhythmic gymnastics (GR) is an ribbons and clubs (Sierra-Palmeiro, Bobo- exclusively female Olympic sport that Arce, Pérez-Ferreirós, & Fernández- involves performing exercises with musical Villarino, 2019), according to the code of accompaniment. When a gymnast performs points FIG (2017-2020) the gymnast must her competition routine, she coordinates her include only elements that can be performed body movement with handling an safely and with high degree of aesthetic and apparatus, such as ball, hoops, ropes, technical proficiency. There are four Science of Gymnastics Journal 255 Science of Gymnastics Journal Akkari-Ghazouani H., Mkaouer B., Amara S., Chtara, M.: KINETIC AND KINEMATIC … Vol. 12 Issue 3: 255 - 264 difficulties components: Body Difficulty beginning during or towards the end of (BD), dance steps combination (S), difficulty (FIG, 2017-2020). dynamic elements with rotation (R), and Regarding the technical aspects, apparatus difficulty (AD). BD elements are according to Bobo-Arce and Méndez-Rial elements from the difficulty tables in the (2013) jumps are the skills mostly studied, code of points FIG (2017-2020), and it is from where many studies analyzed several divided into three groups: leaps/jumps; aspects of the jump. The study conducted by balances and rotations. Purenović, Bubanj, Popović, Stanković, According to Gantcheva, Mineva, and Bubanj (2010) determined the Locquet, and Léziart (2008), gymnasts difference in the certain kinematics choose 34.61% BD of jump prescribed by parameters, between two types of the leap, the code of points, and it’s the most globally the front split leap with the trunk bended exploited group. Polat (2018) defined RG as backward and both legs implied in the a high leap demanding, Hutchinson, takeoff after the running. Another study that Tremain, Christiansen, and Beitzel (1998) evaluated the variation of execution factors, defined jumps as a fundamental movement is when performing gymnastics jumps split that requires complex motor coordination of leap with and without throw catch of the the upper and lower limbs, on the other ball (Mkaouer, Amara, & Tabka, 2012). hands, they have seen them an essential The study conducted by Miletić, Katić, and component in RG performance. All the Maleš (2004) established the probable difficulties of jumps/leaps must have a influence of the characteristic motor’s defined and fixed shape during the flight ability and skill factors on the and height (elevation) of the jumps that is jumping/leaping performance. Another two sufficient to show the corresponding shape studies conducted by (Sousa & Lebre, 1996, since if the jump shape is not fixed and 1998): the first analyzed the different defined, it will not be valid, and this techniques used by the gymnast to perform depends on the diverse elements; such as two jumps: the leap jump, and the leap jump muscular strength, explosive power body with trunk extension, and the second, build, muscular speed, elasticity and motor analyzed the fundamental kinematic coordination (Çimen, 2012). Ttherefore, to parameters and the technique used in RG to be able to execute the jumps with this perform four different jumps. The published amplitude, it requires a fairly high speed of study of Polat (2018) examined and execution which needs some strength compared the parameters of leaps executed potential in order to accelerate or flourish with two different take offs on split leap and the gymnast’s own body. Also, it is stag leap with ring, the first take off from 1 necessary to achieve a level of automation foot and the second take off from 2 feet. and a very high gestural coordination to be Up to date in biomechanical literature, able to coordinate between the jump and the they have compared several jumps with work of the selected apparatus. stretch and/or bent legs with and without BD are valid when performed with a apparatus, but there is no existence of any minimum of 1 fundamental apparatus study that compared the differences technical element specific to each apparatus between throwing during the take-off and and/or without fundamental apparatus throwing during jump. technical element, for the jumps they are As a result, strength, speed, flexibility mostly in connection with throwing and coordination have an important role on apparatus, throwing is valid, if the apparatus rhythmic gymnastics performance’s is thrown at the beginning, during or capability. In this regard, we propose to towards the end of the difficulty, and with study, in this research, the qualities of catch, if the apparatus is caught at the strength, speed and flexibility developed during the three modes of execution of the Science of Gymnastics Journal 256 Science of Gymnastics Journal Akkari-Ghazouani H., Mkaouer B., Amara S., Chtara, M.: KINETIC AND KINEMATIC … Vol. 12 Issue 3: 255 - 264 stag leap with ring, the first without mass (COM) were computed using the de apparatus, the second with throw-catch of Leva (1996) model. The video acquisition is ball on take-off, and the third with throw- accomplished through the FireWire bus catch of ball on jumps. We will focus (iLink / IEEE 1394), in full frame without primarily on the degree of deployment of compression. The construction of key the execution factors with a special positions and 3D kinogramme is developed attention on the quality of execution, and in by Curious Labs, Inc. Poser® Software order to provide athletes and coaches 4.0.3 (Figure 1). feedback for better choices to the technique The gymnast is placed on the mat in used since they have the same values. front of the two cameras, one facing 5 m from the mat and the other in profile 3 m METHODS from the axis of movement. The gymnast wears 20 reflective markers glued to her Seven volunteer rhythmic gymnasts body; she performs a momentum in the from the Tunisian senior national team (age form of chasse step (Figure 2) while trying 18.71 ± 2.69 years; height 1.67 ± 0.04 m; to be placed on force plate during the weight 58.43 ± 4.03 kg) (table1); (average impulse to perform the stag leap with ring. training 20h/week) agreed to participate in Before the event, each gymnast this study. The subjects were in good health, performs the jump 3 times trying to without muscular, neurological or tendon calibrate its evolution to make the jump on injury. After being informed in advance force plate. It is a dual kinematic and with the procedures, methods, benefits, and dynamic approach, carried out over 3 days possible risks of the study, each participant from 14 to 16 o’clock. The video had to review and sign a consent form to acquisition is synchronized with the force participate in the study. The experimental platform through a mechanical system. protocol was performed in accordance with Each gymnast, after a free warm-up of 15 the Declaration of Helsinki for human min, is called to make three different jumps: experimentation (Carlson, Boyd, & Webb, arm straight (a) Chasse Step + Stag Leap 2004) and was approved by the local Ethical with ring Without Ball (CS SL WB): Committee. The gymnast standing up, the body straight, The kinetic and kinematic study was feet tight on the half-point. She makes a performed at the Higher Institute of Sport chasse step followed by an elevation of the and Physical Education of Ksar-Saïd free leg flexed forward with attachment of (ISSEP Ksar Said), on an evolution mat the thigh to the horizontal, this action is wherein is integrated a force plate (Kistler followed by an elevation of the back leg Quattro Jump, type: 9290AD, ref. 2822A1- support in ring and also with a good fixing 1, sampling frequency 500 Hz). It is a two- of the shape in order to achieve a stag leap dimension "2D" study based on a reference with ring (Figure 2); (b) Throw the Ball (ox; oy).
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