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Comparative Kinematics Analysis of Different Split Front Leaps Sport Science 3 (2010) 1: 13‐20

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Comparative Kinematics Analysis of Different Split Front Leaps Sport Science 3 (2010) 1: 13‐20 Purenović, T. et al.: Comparative kinematics analysis of different split front leaps Sport Science 3 (2010) 1: 13‐20 COMPARATIVE KINEMATICS ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT SPLIT FRONT LEAPS Tijana Purenović, Saša Bubanj, Ružena Popović, Ratko Stanković and Radoslav Bubanj Faculty of sport and physical education, University of Niš, Serbia Original scientific paper Abstract Introduction: The rhythmic gymnastics (RG) is a high leap demanding sport (Hutchinson et al., 1998). Leaps are fundamental human movements that require complex motor coordination of both upper and lower body segment. To make it all more interesting and complex, RG leaps performance is almost always followed by a requisite manipulation (the ball, the rope, the hoop, the ribbon, the clubs), and that manipulation is referred to requisite throws or passing through it. In spite of the growing popularity of this Olympic sport, there is a lack of biomechanical analyses in literature, regarding the techniques of rhythmic gymnastics. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the difference in the certain kinematics parameters, between two types of the leaps, i.e., the front split leap, with the trunk bended backward, and both legs implied in the take off, after the stationary position and front split leap, with the trunk bended backward, and one leg implied in the take off, after the running, which could have an impact on the retention of well-defined "split" form. Method: The study included one subject - Evgenia Olegovna Kanaeva, Russian rhythmic gymnast, actual world champion, the only one in the history of the rhythmic gymnastics, who managed to win six gold medals at the World Championship. The sample of variables consisted of the following kinematics parameters in both types of the leaps: trajectory of the center of gravity of the body (CG) in X and Y axis and the resultant velocity (Vr) of the CG. The data were obtained in the digitizing process, by using the software for kinematics analysis (Hu- m-an™, Version 5.0, 2005 HMA Technology Inc., Canada). The basic descriptive parameters and statistical significance of differences were determined by using the SPSS 12.0, statistical program for data processing. Results: The absolute frequencies in the Vr of the CG, showed the normal distribution in absolute values of the Vr, in the split front leap, with the trunk bended backward, and one leg implied in the take off, after the running. T-test showed that there was no statistically significant difference (p=.186) in arithmetic mean values in the Vr of the CG, between both leaps, but a statistically significant correlation in the Vr of the CG in the flight phase was determined, in both split leaps (r=. 658, p=.002). Conclusion: The split front leap, with the trunk bended backward, and both legs implied in the take off, after the stationary position, because of its mentioned characteristics, can be considered as energy demanding and more risky for injuries, due to the excessive velocity at the moment of the landing, and with justified greater difficulty in relation to the split front leap, with the trunk bended backward, and one leg implied in the take off, after the stationary position (0.1 point more). Key words: rhythmic gymnastics, kinematics analysis, front leaps, comparison Introduction The rhythmic gymnastics (RG) is a high leap That is essential, because during the flight phase demanding sport (Hutchinson et al., 1998). Leaps gymnasts perform various techniqual figures, which are fundamental human movements that require are evaluated depending on weight level complex motor coordination of both upper and (Federation Inernationale de Gymnastique, n.d.). lower body segment (Ashby & Heegaard, 2002). To The FIG point’s code defines many different jumps, make it all more interesting and complex, RG leaps but the most preferred is the split leap. A proper performance is almost always followed by a leap refers to elements of body movements in requisite manipulation (the ball, the rope, the hoop, certain dynamic poses in the unsupported position the ribbon, the clubs), and that manipulation is (the flight), after the takeoff from one or both referred to requisite throws or passing through it. legs]. There is a difference between jumps and Above the requisites, arm swing plays important leaps from one or both legs. The takeoff power role, which was reported in certain studies, at least (mainly upward) is directed by the leaps, therefore when speaking about vertical jump (Ashby & more often, a gymnasts performs the take off with Heegaard, 2002). Doubtlessly, the rhythm is also both legs. That is why; the body flight trajectory is important for the harmonious execution of various steep. However, gymnasts usually choose to leap complex movements (Horvatin-Fučkar, 2005). In by taking off from one leg and swinging with the spite of the growthing popularity of this Olympic other leg, and in such leaps, the body flight sport, there is a lack of biomechanical analyses in trajectories are much more curved (Jastrjambskaia literature, regarding the techniques of rhythmic & Titov, 1998). RG leaps have three phases: the gymnastics (Cicchella, 2009). Nevertheless, the preparatory (the takeoff), the main (the flight) and most part of RG coaches have a great difficulty to the finishing (the landing). The distribution of the analyze the most common errors in the leaps gymnast’s attention during each phase of jumping execution (Sousa & Lebre, n.d.). and leaping is not equal. 13 Purenović, T. et al.: Comparative kinematics analysis of different split front leaps Sport Science 3 (2010) 1: 13‐20 The attention is higher during the approach and the However, the shape of the leap, also affects the flight and lower during the takeoff and the landing]. height. The flight duration of high leaps is close to This is because a better preparatory phase helps 0.5 s. By knowing the time of the flight, it is the gymnast in better control of hers movements possible to calculate the increase in the height of during flight. She usually takes off and lands the gymnast’s center of gravity: automatically, without a great agitation H = ½ · g · t, (Jastrjambskaia & Titov, 1998). The preparatory where H is the height of elevation (in meters), g is phase is actually divided into two parts: the the acceleration due to the gravity (in m/s2), and t preliminary subphase and the takeoff subphase. is the time taken to rise (in seconds). As can be The preliminary subphase begins with a semisquat seen from the formula, a large flight height results before the takeoff. To increase the height of the from a lengthy duration of the rising. That, in turn, leap, the gymnast can use a vertical jump before results in a greater flight time and a the semisquat. During the semisquat, the gymnast correspondingly greater opportunity for the should press her heel very fast into the floor (in an gymnast to establish wanted pose during the flight. elastic manner), in order to quickly transfer her During this phase, a gymnast reaches a necessary body weight. The body weight transfer through the shape at first, and then prepares for landing. heel, during the takeoff produces high elevation. Duration of the shape depends on the duration of Also, in the preparatory phase, various dance steps the flight and the time taken to reach the pose. The can be used (such as the gallop or the polka), the less time is lost in reaching the pose, there is a running, and the vertical jumps. Assuredly, the more time for demonstrating this shape in the approach velocity influences the power of the flight, which is the thing evaluated by judges. The takeoff. In RG, the best approach is of average time taken to reach the pose can only be reduced intensity. In any case, the gymnast finishes the by increasing the velocity of the center of the preliminary subphase with a semisquat, during gravity at the takeoff (Jastrjambskaia & Titov, which the muscles are spread, and ready for active 1998). contraction in the takeoff subphase. Certainly, the semisquat is very important. Indeed, the height of The finishing (the landing) phase: The purpose of the jump or the leap depends on the depth of the this leap’s phase is to decrease the speed of the semisquat. By increasing the depth of the gymnast’s movements. Stability during the landing semisquat, up to the optimal value, gymnast depends upon the trajectory of the gymnast’s body increases the height of the jump or the leap, during the flight, and also the gymnast’s ability to although excess semisquat decreases the resulting correct an inaccurate landing with her arms, head height. The most important factor in semisquat and trunk movements, and by using her leg depth is the angle of the knee articulations – the muscles strength. Of course, poor landing optimal semisquat depth is 112º (variations ±20º technique and hard floors increase the load on the reduce the resulting height). Semisquat depth also gymnast’s musculoskeletal system. The gymnast depends on the strength of the leg flexor muscles. should achieve the soft and the silent landing by The takeoff subphase gives to the gymnast's center rolling from her toes to her heels, and by gently of gravity a vertical speed. As the speed is greater, bending in knee articulations, followed by quick it causes a greater the flight’s height. The takeoff straightening in knee articulations. In this way, a begins with a change in the angle of the hip good landing reduces the negative acceleration articulations, followed by knees, and finally ankles. arising at the moment of floor contact and eases the abrupt impact. It is easier to land on the both The foot leaves the floor, starting with the heel and legs in a semisquat than to land on the single leg.
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