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Atlas of the European Seas and Oceans

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Juan Luis Suárez de Vivero with Juan Carlos Rodríguez Mateos Atlas of the European Seas and Oceans Marine jurisdictions, sea uses and governance Cartography, GIS and research: Photographs: Enrique Arias Ibáñez Estrella Cruz Mazo Marta Arias Ibáñez Miriam Fernández Núnez Carla Fernández Barahona Pablo Fraile Jurado Isabel García Olid Inmaculada Martínez Alba Juan Eloy Ibáñez López-Cepero Ana Ramírez Torres Paula Juliá Pozuelo Ana Retuerta Cornejo Daniel Martín Cajaraville Begoña Retuerta Cornejo Inmaculada Martínez Alba Polona Rozman Ana Ramírez Torres Juan Luis Suárez de Vivero Ana Retuerta Cornejo Juan Pedro Pérez Alcántara GIS Supervisor: José Ojeda Zújar The Atlas of European Seas and Oceans is one of the outputs of the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science’s Project BSO2002-03576 First edition 2007 © 2007, Ediciones del Serbal Francesc Tàrrega, 32-34 – 08027 Barcelona Tel. 93 408 08 34 – Fax. 93 408 07 92 [email protected] www.ed-serbal.es Copyright: B-29.811-2007 Printed in Spain by: Trajecte Grafiques ISBN: 978-84-7628-513-8 INDEX INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………….5 21. Maritime boundaries and migratory flows…………………..50 22. The Svalbard Islands………………………………………...52 23. Coastal zones………………………………………………...54 ACRONYMS …………………………………………………….7 24. The hydrographic networK and coastal waters……………...56 25. Settlements in coastal zones…………………………………58 I GENERAL..……………………………………………….….8 1. Political Europe..……………………………………………….9 2. Maritime jurisdictions.………………………………………..11 III. USES AND TYPES OF EXPLOITATION ………………60 3. Areas of the world under national jurisdiction..………………13 26. Marine productivity………………………………………….61 4. Europe in the global ocean..…………………………………..15 27. Endangered species………………………………………….63 5. History and tradition: the shaping of maritime Europe.* …….17 28. The European fishing area.*…………………………………65 6. History and tradition: European maritime power.*…………...19 29. Fisheries production.*……………………………………….67 30. Aquaculture………………………………………………….69 31. Fisheries-dependent areas…………………………………...71 II. TERRITORY AND MARITIME JURISDICTION .. 21 32. Ports and sea routes. Europe in the global system…………..73 7. Maritime Europe..……………………………………………..22 33. The port system……………………………………………...75 8. European waters..……………………………………………..24 34. Cruise lines: shipping lanes and ports……………………….77 9. European waters beyond Europe..…………………………….26 35. The fleet and flagging out…………………………………...79 10. Straight base lines, internal waters and territorial sea……….28 36. Undersea communication cables…………………………….81 11. Maritime boundaries..………………………………………..30 37. The ship building industry…………………………………..83 12. Defining the limits of the continental shelf………………….32 38. Hydrocarbons and distribution networKs. Refineries and oil 13. Jurisdictions in the Mediterranean Sea………………………34 pipelines.*…………………………………………………...85 14. Geographically disadvantaged States………………………..36 39. Gas distribution.*……………………………………………87 15. The boundaries of Europe…………………………………...38 40. Tourism and coastal zones.*………………………………...89 16. Europe in the Arctic…………………………………………40 41. Energy from the oceans……………………………………..91 17. Marine regions and insularity.*……………………………..42 42. Strategic area.*………………………………………………93 18. EU marine regions and sub-regions.*……………………….44 43. International straits and sea routes…………………………..95 19. Islands and maritime jurisdictions.*………………………...46 44. Waste dumping and marine pollution……………………….97 20. Maritime boundaries and territorial conflicts.*……………..48 45. The oceans and radioactive waste…………………………...99 IV. MANAGEMENT AND POLICIES ……………………...101 II. Facts and figures…………………………………………….128 46. European maritime profiles and orientation………………..102 Table 1. General data………………………………………128 47. The regulatory frameworK.*………………………………..104 Table 2. Maritime boundaries in Europe…………………..131 48. International conventions.*………………………………...106 Table 3. Disputed boundaries and territories ……………...134 49. Fisheries management. FAO areas…………………………108 Table 4. International straits……………………………….135 50. EU Regional Fisheries Advisory Councils…………………110 Table 5. Coastal pressure…………………………………..136 51. Environmental management. Marine Protected Areas……..112 Table 6. National coastal-marine regulatory frameworK…..138 52. Transport policy: Short sea shipping and motorways of the Table 7. Relevant world and regional agreements and sea………………………………………………………….114 conventions………………………………………………...139 53. Marine sciences. Institutions and facilities…………….......116 54. Maritime heritage…………………………………………..118 55. Spatial planning in coastal-marine areas.*…………………120 SOURCES ...........................................................................144 56. The new European maritime policy: New strategic I. Bibliographic sources......................................................145 objectives…………………………………………………..122 II. Internet sites....................................................................146 * Prepared by Juan Carlos Rodríguez Mateos ANNEXES ……………………………………………………..124 I. Glossary……………………………………………………...125 INTRODUCTION A quarter of a century on from the adoption of the United Nations for the Union: A European vision for the oceans and seas” (June, Convention on the Law of the Sea (Montego Bay, 1982), the new 2006) came into being. An initiative of this nature requires far- territoriality that coastal States have displayed through the reaching and detailed Knowledge of the full implications of the expansion of their maritime jurisdictions, has reached a point of EU’s maritime facet and, especially, of the political, socio- consolidation. The formalisation of the new boundaries and economic and cultural issues involved (the Green Paper itself boundaries is, in many cases, a subject of controversy between alludes to a European “maritime identity”); as might be expected States; however, progress is being made in the international when dealing with an uninhabited part of the planet which was, community in the transition to a process for the management, until relatively recent times, still not considered by Geography to planning and, in short, the government of these areas. be part of the ecumene , this Knowledge is not as advanced as our Knowledge of the oceans themselves. Europe –and in particular the European Union, which already includes a group of twenty-seven countries- gives onto two oceans The purpose of the Atlas of the European Seas and Oceans is and four seas, with jurisdictional waters that stretch from sub- to contribute to this Knowledge. The atlas format is justified, above tropical latitudes to areas approaching the North Pole. There is a all, by the need to heighten awareness of the territorial changes political dimension to the projection of national sovereignty over triggered by the aforementioned United Nations Convention on the seas and oceans that is not confined purely to territorial issues – Law of the Sea. Having existed for 25 years, this is now outdated reordering the symbols on the political map- as it also has an effect and needs to be revised, such are the rate and extent of the on how a State’s territory is governed, hence maritime affairs are advances that have taKen place in the marine world. Apart from being included more and more on the political agenda. territory-related issues, the Atlas also includes a summary of all the main marine uses and activities from a European perspective. An atlas of maritime Europe is therefore warranted by the need to This is also the aim of Part Three, which is devoted to policies reflect this circumstance, and its main purpose is to record this which, despite having their limitations, nonetheless allow the new geography in maps and graphs. implications and significance of ocean government for European institutions to be appreciated. Since a considerable part of Europe comes under the umbrella of a single political institution, numerous maritime aspects of the EU Availability and heterogeneity of information are still significant economy have been specifically addressed (the best illustration of obstacles to gaining an overall vision of Europe and even of the this is the Common Fisheries Policy). LiKewise, the trend is for European Union. Progress in developing a maritime policy will general policies (the environment, international relations, and so doubtless lead to notable improvements in information sources on forth) to have an integrated vision of maritime affairs, and this is maritime sectors, which is essential if this to be achieved. how the Green Paper entitled “Towards a future Maritime Policy Although new technologies now maKe it easier to access up-to- date information, we have nonetheless included a number of appendices to provide further details about some of the topics that are summarised on the maps. Similarly, the Atlas is structured in such a way as to provide explanatory texts with tables and graphs to further help with the reading and understanding of small-scale and, therefore, over-concise maps. A glossary concludes the explanations with a view to maKing subject matter that is increasingly becoming their concern as a whole more accessible to the social sciences, whose contributions are essential for attaining a European perspective of the seas and oceans. ACRONYMS CAP: Common Agricultural Policy. LME: Large Marine Ecosystems. CFP: Common Fisheries Policy. MAB: Man and Biosphere. EEZ: Exclusive Economic Zone. NUTS: Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics of EPZ: Ecological-Protected Zone. European Union. FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization. OCT: Countries and Overseas Territories.
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