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A Brief History of Flight Module #1

Co-funded by the This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication [communication] reflects the views only of the Erasmus+ Programme author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Project Nº.: of the European Union 2017-1-PL01-KA201-038795

1. A Brief History fly.eu of Flight - 1.1 Introduction www.learn

Co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union 1. A Brief History of Flight | 1.1 Introduction

The origin of mankind's desire to fly is lost in the distant past. From the earliest legends and myths there have been stories of men strapping birdlike wings,

stiffened cloaks or other devices Module#1 to themselves and attempting to fly.

Co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union Jacob Peter Gowy's The Flight of Icarus (1635-1637) European Middle Age. European and the Iran India, , originated from are manyothers, known of earliest the is of Icarus one legend The Greek drowned. sky,tumbled melted sea, and he ofthe out the fellinto wax the when instructions: these ignored Icarus wings. would the sunheatmelt high,or the too fly to Icarus not warned Deadalus bird. a of wings mimic the and wax, to feathers from constructed Deadalus that wings using Crete escapefrom Deadalusattempted to Icarus andhisfather 1. A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A 1. , but there 1.1.Introduction

Module #1 flight byheavier flight powered nowadaysto supersonic and at tower attempts jumping, as of forms such theearliest from thousand years, more than two for extends flight of manned The history 1. A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A 1. - than - air jets. jets. air 1.1 Introduction

Module #1

1. A Brief History fly.eu of Flight - 1.2 Early flying machines www.learn

Co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union serious injury or death. serious injury attempts endedand in most were not understood, and control stability, issues Physical of , . manned of the modern development the before constructed or studied of forms include all machines Early flying 1. A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A of the European of the European Union Erasmus+ Co 1.2.1 Tower Jumping Jumping Tower 1.2.1 - funded by the Programme 1.2. Early flying Early - Some Reports Some machines

Module #1 1st 1st A GAP OF SEVERAL CENTURIES FOLLOWED, BUT JUMPING REVIVED IN THE 15TH CENTURY 15TH THE IN REVIVED JUMPING BUT FOLLOWED, CENTURIES SEVERAL OF GAP A around Century 1010 1496 1496 852 559 AD AD AD AD John Damian of walls the Damian John Seccio 180over legs. his both m, breaking Monk tail. a of lack the it to attributing arms made and crashed, a jump. He ibn Abbas city glided over the Yuan glided have claimed to 100about meters. Emperor Huangtou Eilmer ; broke both arms in the jump the arms in both ; broke Wang Wang Firnas Stirling flew from the tower of tower the from flew strapped on wings covered with chicken feathers and jumped from and jumped from feathers chicken with covered wings on strapped Mang was flown against his will from the tower of Ye,of tower the via a from will his against was flown covered his body with vulture feathers and attached two wings to his two wings to and attached covered his body feathers with vulture - wall and survived the flight. the wall and survived Castle in Scotland, breaking his thigh his breaking in Scotland, Castle recruited a scout to be be bound with to scout a recruited Malmesbury Abbey in a primitive and flown primitive Abbey and flown glider in a bird feathers; he is he feathers; bird large . He He kite. large 1. A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A 1.2.1 Tower Jumping Jumping Tower 1.2.1 continued until the early early the until continued 19 th century, with never never with century, 1.2. more than partial partial than more Similar attempts Similar attempts Early flying Early - Some Reports Some success. machines

Module #1 punishment as a enforced sometimes and purposes, civil andmilitary in both Japan) for (and afterwards in China ancient used extensively havebeen to kites are believed Man - lifting lifting 1. and and man . A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A 1.2.2 The Renaissance: Renaissance: The 1.2.2 - carrying carrying 1.2. Early flying Early da Leonardo machines

Module #1 Jacob Peter Gowy's The Flight of Icarus (1635-1637) (1452 daVinci of thesewas Leonardo notable most design. The aircraft ofthe basics some of rational to begandiscoverand define investigators some Eventually - 1519). 1. A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A 1.2.3 The Renaissance: Renaissance: The 1.2.3 of the European of the European Union Erasmus+ Co - funded by the Programme 1.2. Early flying Early Leonardo da Vinci da Leonardo machines

Module #1 Jacob Peter Gowy's The Flight of Icarus (1635-1637) • • • • some designs powered some designs bypowered a spring sketching also flight, gliding controlled to turned later His fixed including and mechanisms, machines He wrote many of principles Leonardo on developments next 300 over the years His early designs early work - wing gliders, rotorcraft and . and parachutes. rotorcraft wing gliders, was unknown until 1797, until was unknown had influence no thus about and many sketched flying designs for studied and studied analyzed 1. were were man A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A 1.2.3 The Renaissance: Renaissance: The 1.2.3 - powered types, however he , anticipating anticipating flight, bird . . 1.2. Early flying Early . Leonardo da Vinci da Leonardo machines ,

Module #1 Module #1 landmarks: with important some century, early in17th the began flight The • • • • gas a for await had to demonstration practical although about, in gas by lifting proposed a as Joseph Black 1780around gas lifting 1780 about 4 m. beneath, made by priest A small hot flight. 8, 1709August height. lose is used to containers lifting the venting height; gain to may be dropped overboard ballast carried medium, a inuse: still credible lifting scientifically first the and proposed level sea at air of 1670 modern era of of lighter era modern - tight material balloon tight : Joseph Black proposed the use of as a a as hydrogen of use : the proposed Joseph Black : Francesco Lana de Terzi measured the pressure : pressure Terzi de Lana the measured Francesco 1. A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A . : the recently discovered hydrogen gas is gas : discovered hydrogen recently the (): first documented balloon documented first (Lisbon): - air balloon with a fire burning burning fire a with balloon air Bartolomeu . 1.3. 1.3.1 1.3.1 Modern Balloons Balloons era: era: de - important important lighter - Gusmão than - than landmarks - air , lifted , lifted - air flight

Module #1 • • • • balloons. to methods of addpropulsion was The next to theattempt step June June covering 36 36 km covering and 5 minutes, 2 of hours a flight m landed and after 550 about of height a They to ascended balloon. filled unmanned hydrogen world's the first flown brothers December 1, 1783 8 km. covering 25 of minutes, flight about ascended aheight of 15to a m and landed after It board. on humans with balloon flight first the launch 19, October 1783 landed safely about 460 m. craft The of altitude an 8 approx. lasted flight The and a rooster. duck a sheep, a basket: attached in an creatures, living first the with flew balloon September 19, 1783 balloon. air hot unmanned an publicly demonstrated 4, 4, 1783 1. A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A (): the brothers Montgolfier the (France): . (): the Montgolfier brothers brothers Montgolfier the (Paris): : and the Robert : Robert and the Jacques Charles (France): the Montgolfier brothers brothers Montgolfier the (France): min, covered min, covered 3 km reached and 1.3. 1.3.1 1.3.1 Modern Balloons Balloons era: era: - important important lighter - than landmarks - air . flight -

Module #1 flight. flight. powered capable ofcontrolled engines, crew,engines, and payload accommodation has also air. An surrounding the than is less dense that gas lifting a with bags filled large from lift gain Airships 1. A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A were the first aircraft aircraft were the first 1.3. Modern 1.3.2 1.3.2 Airships Airships era: era: lighter . dirigible balloons dirigible - than - air flight

Module #1 1883 1900 1872 1852 1784 July decades. two next developed the over considerably Airships 27 He flew km. (steam). Henri balloon. Élisabeth aloft. carried propulsion means of recorded first the balloon, a to Jean of first combustion motor. combustion Paul flight, fitting a 1.1 fitting airship. an to motor flight, kW electric Gaston all - flight Haenlein Pierre Blanchard fitted a hand fitted Pierre Blanchard time Giffard Tissandier Thible : of the made the first engine made first the the flew an airship powered powered by internal an airship an flew was the first woman to fly,air woman to hot ina was first the the made the first electric made first the most . successful - powered flight - powered airships - powered family 1. A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A 1.3. Modern 1.3.2 1.3.2 Airships dirigible balloons dirigible Airships era: era: lighter - than - air flight

Module #1 • • aerial observation purposes observation aerial and surveys, geological platforms, camera tourism, advertising, used for still maneuverability. They are speed and for need the period extended outweighs an for place one in hover ability to applications the where used 1960s,in been the have From airships by of surpassed those were but their use decreased over time capabilitiesas their Airships 1. were most commonly used before the 1940s, the commonly before used most were A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A 1.3. of the European of the European Union Erasmus+ Co . - funded by the Modern 1.3.2 1.3.2 Programme Airships Airships era: era: . lighter - dirigible balloons dirigible - than - air flight

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1.4 Modern era: heavier- www.learn than-air flight

Co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union overcome. overcome. to still a critical problem was ofa method powering the lack However wings oroars. attached than tried build to heavier inventors In "father of the airplane”. the of "father Sir is with aeronautics 19th in the century. earnest The One of the most important names in the history of inthehistory names important One ofthemost scientific study of heavier study of scientific 17th and 18th centuries several - air flying machines with with machines air flying 1. A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A 1.4.1 1.4.1 George Cayley (1773George Sir Georges Cayley Cayley Georges Sir - than 1.4. Modern - air flight began in began flight air era: era: – The first modern aircraft modern first The heavier - 1857), the - than - air - flight

Module #1 — century.” during again the last reached it scarcely and which before itreached point had which never a to carried offlight the science Cayley, Englishman, Sir George " About 100About ago,an years Wilbur Wright Wilbur 1. A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A 1.4.1 1.4.1 Sir Georges Cayley Cayley Georges Sir , 1909 1.4. Modern of the European of the European Union Erasmus+ Co era: era: – - The first modern aircraft modern first The funded by the heavier Programme - than - air flight

Module #1 contributions to aeronautics contributionsinclude: aeronautics to Cayleyimportant George’s most 1809 1799 1804 adequate thrust and lift. thrust adequate a occur until He modern aircraft conventional Constructed human. Designed vehicles: D wing, and tail assembly and tail wing, fuselage Defined iscovered iscovered correctly predicted that sustained flight would not flight predicted sustained correctly that 1. the modern airplane configuration, with with configuration, modern airplane the weight, lift, , thrust drag, lift, weight, the first glider reliably reported to carry a a carry to reliably reported glider first the the forces acting on heavier on acting forces the A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A the first flying model airplane with layout of layout of with model airplane flying first the lightweight engine engine lightweight 1.4.1. 1.4.1. Sir Georges Cayley Cayley Georges Sir . 1.4. was developed to provide was provide developed to . . Modern era: era: – - than The first modern aircraft modern first The heavier - air flying flying air - than fixed fixed - air flight

Module #1 • • • • • Aerodrome, that flew for 1.2 for km flew that Aerodrome, 1891 1868 the world (currently Britain Great 1866 an unmanned steam using flight 1848 aircraft. propeller a for in history project Henson 1842 1. : : directly inspired by Cayley's work (USA): (London): world's first aeronautical exhibition. aeronautical world's (London): first the founding of (London): John John designed an aerial steam carriage, the first first the carriage, steam aerial designed an A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A Stringfellow Langley Samuel , the oldest aeronautical society in the in the society aeronautical oldest the , Royal Aeronautical Society Aeronautical Royal achieved the first powered powered first the achieved 1.4. built the steam the built Modern - . Aeronautical Society of of Society Aeronautical driven driven fixed - powered . 1.4.2. 1.4.2. era: era: heavier Steam as a propeller a as Steam William William - - - wing wing than powered ). - air flight

Module #1 flight. in gliding and control stability on focused work aircraft engine, Still a suitable lacking the modernairplane. defining and were refining researchers of number a century, In the last of the 19th last decade the • • • injuries sustained in a glider crash. crash. glider in a sustained injuries He 1896 in made 2,000 over death his until glides from the world. heavier a flying photographed be to first routinely,and the glides untethered make controlled to first He the was in 1891. starting bat including produced a series of hang gliders, gliders, hang of a series produced Lilienthal 1. - than A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A - - air machine, stimulating interest around around interest stimulating machine, air wing, monoplane and forms, wing, and monoplane biplane forms, 1.4. Modern of the European of the European Union Erasmus+ Co era: era: - funded by the heavier Programme - 1.4.3. 1.4.3. than - air Gliders flight

Module #1 12 seconds in the heavier powered 17 controlled, sustained, 1903:December first powered design. build to a attempting before and gliders kites of series 1900 - 1902: - than 1. - Orville and Wilbur Wright Wright Wilbur and Orville A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A air manned flight. Orville Wright flew 37Wright flew m in Orville flight. manned air I I Flyer Wright 1.4. . Modern built and tested a and built tested of the European of the European Union Erasmus+ Co 1.4.4. 1.4.4. era: era: - funded by the heavier The Wright The Programme - than - air flight

Module #1 private, sport and military use military and private, sport balloons on (alongside kites) and for and their early application carried and airships airplanes of practical Between • • • became the became 15 in only could constructed Demoiselle be days The and km/h. 120 achieved It stability. lateral more gain to wings by 1907 aircraft. motorized pilot a woman to first Dumont 1903 Santos 1. (Paris): the Demoiselle monoplane was developed was developed monoplane Demoiselle the (Paris): (Paris): to to A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A - Dumond allow her to pilot his airship, his airship, pilot to allow her 1903 world's first series production aircraft. aircraft. production series world's first Aida de Acosta Acosta de Aida , with added between the between , added with ailerons - 1914development 1.4.5. 1.4.5. 1.4. convinced convinced Flight as an established technology established an as Flight Modern era: era: heavier Alberto Santos Alberto becoming becoming - than - air . the flight -

Module #1 • • • • • • • commercial airplane transportation airplane commercial bi 1920 Vlaicu 1914 1911 woman, Emma Todd.Lilian 1910 Channel. the English July 25 than heavier a pilot woman to first the also and airplane, an 1908 wings. fixed of instead wings, rotating using ground the from rise machine manned flying was first the 1907 - motor for a capacity of 12 passengers and started started and 12 of passengers capacity a for motor - : developed the first . developed first the : Curtiss Glenn air craft. air : (Romania): the world's first metal world's (Romania): first the (USA): first flight of the first plane designed designed plane by a first the of flight (USA): first (France): the helicopter developed developed by helicopter Paulthe (France): (Great III, was was completed. III, Thérèse 1. , 1909: Louis A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A - Britain): the Handley the Britain): Peltier was the first woman passenger in woman passenger first the Peltier was Blériot 1.4.5. 1.4.5. made the first flight across across flight made first the 1.4. Flight as an established technology established an as Flight Modern - Page Company a built . era: era: - built aircraft, built aircraft, heavier - than Cornu - air flight -

Module #1 Airplanes Airplanes were invented as soon almost as they purposes • • • • 1917 (USA): all pioneered 1915 planes fighter of manufacturers leading the were and Italy Britain, was WWI. France, capabilities reconnaissance defensive and in offensive, 1914 November, 1911 1911.23 October bombing 1 mission was on first The on occurred 1912). reconnaissance) mission (a first The Italian during the purposes, Italy was the first first was the 1. - (Germany): aviation technologist technologist aviation (Germany): 1918 A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A : the first war to see major use of airplanes airplanes of use see major to war : first the Airplane Company Company Airplane Boeing - were used for military for military were used metal aircraft metal . country to use airplanes for military military for airplanes use to country . 1.4. - . Turkish war (Sep 1911 Modern 1.4.6. Military uses: uses: Military 1.4.6. era: era: heavier Hugo Junkers Junkers Hugo was founded . - than World War I War World - air - flight Oct .

Module #1 Dornier Do X 1919 made ofaluminum high fabric to wood and made from low from evolved technology. Airplanes aircraft advancements took in place Between 1. A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A 1.4.7. Other technological landmarks landmarks technological Other 1.4.7. WWI and WWII great great andWWII WWI - powered - powered 1.4. Modern of the European of the European Union Erasmus+ Co era: era: – - funded by the Between heavier Programme the - than world - air . flight wars

Module #1 1922 1919 1933 1929 providing internal means of navigation. means of internal providing for PORTUGAL. for the wings wings and the for and ,de and retractable semimonocoque advances asall such 247Boeing 20 years for broken was 169not capacity for that a record people board, on GERMANY. first USA. airline NETHERLANDS. Founding aeronautical aeronautical Jimmy Doolittle Jimmy Doolittle in the world still operating under its original name. original its under operating still world the in was the first aircraft to fully incorporate incorporate fully to aircraft was first the Gago flight of the the of flight use, revolutionizing air navigation by navigation air revolutionizing use, construction, a fully cantilevered wing wing cantilevered a fully construction, Coutinho . - developed instrument flight developed instrument metal (anodized (anodized metal of . invented invented Dornier Do X Dornier KLM , the the artificial horizon horizon artificial the aluminium oldest commercial commercial oldest airplane, with with airplane, - icing icing boots ) . 1936 1938 a as a crew member.a crew as engineer a flight include to aircraft first was It the 6 of 33 and passengers. disturbances.weather The model had capacity a crew for 6000 of m, altitude an well above manyat cruise to aircraft allowed cabin. the pressurized This a with service 307Boeing 1950,to in use. still are and some 11000 passengers. only up produced were carrying units could make money that first the considered possible made and It worldwide is flights routes. travel many air pioneering runways, short from operate 2,400 of and km could had a range It comfort. great in passengers carrying produced, ever aircraft transport significant most the of is one considered qualities DC Douglas - 1. Stratoliner 3 (Dakota) 3 (Dakota) A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A 1.4.7. Other technological landmarks landmarks technological Other 1.4.7. was the first aircraft to enter enter to aircraft first was the introduced many exceptional introduced 1.4. Modern era: era: – Between heavier the - than world - air flight wars

Module #1 Douglas DC-3 (Dakota) 1939 1945 1939 1940 163), technology. helicopter development of rapid operational only) (V missile cruise first the development Also WWII: of during defense air controlled USA. fly GERMANY. The flight associated of also WWII - . 1), the first ballistic missile ballistic (V first 1), the Radar boosted development and production of aircraft and and aircraft of and development production boosted 1. technology technology A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A Heinkel . He 178He allowed more coordinated and coordinated more allowed - - powered combat aircraft (Me powered combat aircraft based weapon delivery systems. systems. based weapon delivery 1.4. was the first to to aircraft jet was first the - 2), the first (and to date date (and to first 2), the Modern 1.4.8. Military Uses Uses Military 1.4.8. era: era: heavier - – than World - air War flight II

Module #1 1939 1940 • • and and cargo people transport to aircraft military grew rapidly, adapting and using ex After powered 14,October 1947 aircraft. piston the in Paris flight 6, 1946: February WWII commercial aviation aviation commercial WWII 1. Bell Bell X A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A - 1 . aircraft through the sound barrier.sound the through aircraft (USA) TWA started a transatlantic New New York transatlantic a started - 1.4.9 : engine engine Chuck Yeager Chuck . Technological landmarks in the postwar the in landmarks Technological . 1.4. Constellation Lockheed Modern era: era: took the rocket the took heavier - than - air flight - - - Module #1 Yuri Gagarin • • • • • • reentered the atmosphere. atmosphere. the reentered 108during planet the in min April 12, 1961 Space Race. the started 4, October 1957 piston the turned jet advent of The Age. Jet the travel, air mass commercial of age the and safety,introducing 707Boeing services. jet regular sustained operate to aircraft first September 15, 1956 replaced by were oval windows 1953 crash. aircraft and failure catastrophic in fuselage resulting pressurization/depressurization cycles, eventually caused by cabin fatigue metal due to windows cracks led shape to of the the failures: of a series suffered It in service. airliner jet commercial 1949 : as a result of Comet’s disasters, square windows windows square : disasters, Comet’s of a result as (GB): the - engine aircrafts obsolete. obsolete. engine aircrafts 1. and A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A (USSR): Yuri the orbited Gagarin around deHavilland DC (USSR): the launch of Sputnik (USSR): of 1 launch the satellite - 8 (USSR): the established new levels of comfort comfort of levels new established 1.4.9 Comet was the first first Comet was the Vostok . Technological landmarks in the postwar the in landmarks Technological . . 1.4. Tupolev Modern I, and then safely safely I, and then era: era: Tu heavier - 104 was the - than - air flight

Module #1 1. A Brief History of Flight | 1.4. Modern era: heavier-than-air flight

1.4.9. Technological landmarks in the postwar

. 1967: the X-15 rocket-powered hypersonic aircraft set a speed record at 7297 km/h (Mach 6.1). Aside from vehicles designed to fly in outer space, this record was only renewed by the X-43 in March 27, 2004. . 1969: first flight of the Harrier military jet aircraft, capable of vertical/short and landing operations, The sky was no longer the limit for conceived to operate from improvised bases. . 1969: the commercial jet airliner and cargo manned flight. aircraft entered service. Together with DC10 and the Tristar

they the were first wide body, two-aisles, aircrafts. Module#1 . 1970 (France): founding of Airbus. . 1976: the Concorde turbojet-powered supersonic passenger airliner entered service. It had maximum speed of 2,180 km/h (Mach 2.4) and seated up to 128 passengers. 1939 1940 • and manufacturing techniques and manufacturing design and avionics in aircraft flight revolution spread, both the digital in and materials technology.Instead speeds, distances in made flight progress was longer revolutionary No ofemphasis. saw a change The maneuverability and drag. reduced maneuverability the stability,increase relaxed static designed with Digital last years of the 20th century of the 20th century years last fly 1. - by A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A 1.4.10 - wire systems allow an aircraft to be be to aircraft an wire allow systems . Technological landmarks in the 1980s’ and the 1990s’ the and 1980s’ the in landmarks Technological . 1.4. Modern era: era: heavier - than - air . flight

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1. A Brief History fly.eu of Flight - 1.5 The 21st Century www.learn

Co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union 1996. less than compared to 10000in aviation, bycommercial now served are 20000 pairs city Approximately and facilities. aircraft adding has steadily been transport air did good access to have not world ofthedevelopingthat Much 1. A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A 1.4. Modern of the European of the European Union Erasmus+ Co era: era: - 1.4.10. 1.4.10. funded by the heavier Programme The 21 The - than st - air Century flight

Module #1 . . . . some some 600000 by pilots 2040. will need industry aviation commercial global the that since itis estimated inautomation, interest Increasing flight. commercial supersonic to in returning interest Newfound end emissions, aircraft (noise, control commitment Increasing in environmental diversification. Increasing 1. interest in fuel savings and fuel fuel savings and fuel in interest A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A - of - life). 1.4. Modern era: era: 1.4.10. 1.4.10. heavier The 21 The - than st - air Century flight

Module #1 2003 2001 2009 2005 , non Australia, USA to from Global Hawk flew aircraft unmanned The including fuselage, wings, tail, doors, interior.and doors, tail, wings, fuselage, including components, in most composites use to 787Boeing aircraft. model controlled by Atlantic the a computer across flight autonomous 1st largest passenger airliner. passenger largest F irst irst flight of the the of flight Dreamliner was the first commercial airplane airplane commercial first was the Dreamliner - stop and stop Airbus Airbus A380 unrefuelled , currently the world's , world's the currently . - 2013 2015 aircraft, X aircraft, USA. day the gained during energy potential used the air,the craft night days, during the five nearly took Impulse 2. The flight solar in a Hawaii Japan to André vertical and (horizontal empennage and fuselage, rear keel beam and frame, skin, spars, and stringers, covers, 50% than more composites (53%), including box wing of flight First . NASA Borschberg - ). 57 Maxwell. started developing an experimental electric experimental an developing started 1. Airbus Airbus A350 A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A flew a record distance of 7212of distance record a km from flew - , the first airliner to incorporate incorporate to airliner , first the powered plane, theSolar 1.4. Modern era: era: 1.4.10. 1.4.10. heavier The 21 The - than st - air Century flight

Module #1 https . ation_history https . AIRPLANE POWERED : : //www //commons CONSTRUCTION MANNED . . youtube ogv 1. . wikimedia A Brief History of Flight | of Flight History Brief A . FLIGHT com/watch?v=mmDHJO : : . STATE org/w/index THE BEGINNING - OF - THE . php?title=File - ART 3 1.4. Iv 30 Modern % 3 era: era: AFirst_flights_in_avi 1.4.10. 1.4.10. heavier The 21 The - than st - air Century flight

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