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Environmental Integrity and Damselfly Species Composition in Amazonian Streams at the “Arc of Deforestation” Region, Mato G

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Environmental Integrity and Damselfly Species Composition in Amazonian Streams at the “Arc of Deforestation” Region, Mato G Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 2014, vol. 26, no. 3, p. 278-287 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X2014000300007 Environmental integrity and damselfly species composition in Amazonian streams at the “arc of deforestation” region, Mato Grosso, Brazil Integridade ambiental e composição de espécies de Zygoptera em igarapés da Amazônia na região do “arco do desmatamento”, Mato Grosso, Brasil Leandro Schlemmer Brasil1,2, Joana Darc Batista1,2, Nubia França da Silva Giehl1,2, Marco Bruno Xavier Valadão1,3, Josias Oliveira dos Santos1,3 and Karina Dias-Silva2,4 1Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso – UNEMAT, CEP 78690-000, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; marcobrunovaladã[email protected]; [email protected] 2Laboratório de Entomologia Aquática, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso – UNEMAT, CEP 78690-000, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] 3Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso – UNEMAT, CEP 78690-000, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil 4Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Goiás – UFG, CEP 74001-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil Abstract: Aims: Investigated how the loss of environmental integrity affects damselfly species composition in nine sites with different levels of environmental integrity in a Cerrado-Amazon transition region known as “arc of deforestation” in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. We also tested the influence of environmental variables on species composition. Methods: We collected in transects of 100 m and used ordination (PCoA) and simple linear regression. Results: Species composition was strongly influenced by the environmental quality of sites, and the best model to explain species composition included variables related to channel morphology. Conclusions: These results are connected to the environmental homogenization and loss of environmental integrity as a result of extensive agricultural practices which alter stream communities of dragonflies in this region. Keywords: environmental change, water resources, biological indicator, Amazon. Resumo: Objetivos: Investigamos como a perda da integridade ambiental afeta a composição de espécies de Zygoptera em nove locais com diferentes níveis de integridade ambiental da região de transição Cerrado-Amazônia conhecido como “arco do desmatamento” no Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil. Nós também testamos a influência das variáveis ambientais sobre a composição de espécies. Métodos: Foram coletadas em transecções de 100 m e usado ordenação (PCoA) e regressão linear simples. Resultados: A composição de espécies foi fortemente influenciada pela qualidade ambiental do sítio, e o melhor modelo para explicar a composição de espécies inclui variáveis relacionadas à morfologia do canal. Conclusões: Estes resultados estão ligados à homogeneização ambiental e perda da integridade ambiental como resultado de amplas práticas agrícolas que alteram as comunidades de libélulas de riachos nesta região. Palavras-chave: alteração ambiental, recursos hídricos, bioindicador, Amazônia. 1. Introduction Large-scale agriculture is the main cause of to extensive changes in natural landscapes due to deforestation in the Amazônia (Macedo et al., 2013; agricultural expansion. Neill et al., 2013). One of the most deforested This environmental homogenization decreases regions in Brazil is the agricultural frontier in biodiversity (Fischer and Lindenmayer, 2007). Southern Amazon. This region is known as the “Arc Alterations usually begin with changes in land of Deforestation” (Nogueira et al., 2007, 2008) due use and removal of riparian vegetation, resulting 2014, vol. 26, no. 3, p. 278-287 Environmental integrity and damselfly species composition… 279 in the channel structure of water courses (Allan, 2. Material and Methods 2004; Bacellar, 2005). All these changes increase sedimentation and change the hydrological cycle, 2.1. Studied area decreasing water quality (Callisto et al., 2001). We sampled nine sites in tributary streams of the The removal of riparian vegetation in tropical Rio Tanguro, in the Rio Xingu Basin, Querência environments has a negative effect on aquatic municipality, Mato Grosso State, southern Brazilian macroinvertebrates, due to increased sunlight Amazonia, in September 2012 (Figure 1). This incidence, eutrophication, decrease of both substrate region is an agricultural frontier known as the “arc and resource availability (Bojsen and Jacobsen, of deforestation” (Corrêa, 2002), mixing Cerrado 2003; Bispo et al., 2006). Thus, understanding and Amazonia Domains. All streams sampled how aquatic insect communities respond to are surrounded by a matrix of soybean crops. environmental changes becomes a fundamental The climate is classified as Aw in the Köppen tool for monitoring water quality and assessing the system (Peel et al., 2007), seasonal tropical with integrity of aquatic ecosystems (Bonada et al., 2006; two distinct seasons: a dry season from May to Lammert and Allan, 1999). October and a rainy season from November to Dragonflies are well-known indicators of April. The annual rainfall in 2012 was 1,564 mm changes in aquatic ecosystems, often used to detect and the mean monthly temperature was 25.2 °C loss of environmental integrity (Watson et al., 1982; (Information Environmental Research Institute of Carvalho et al., 2013; Monteiro-Júnior et al., 2013). Amazonia - IPAM). Habitat heterogeneity is a good predictor of the 2.2. Sampling design abundance and richness of dragonflies (Chovanec, We sampled adult damselflies in three 1994), so that environmental homogenization headwater streams using a 60 centimeter-diameter might have deep impacts on community structure entomological aerial net. We established three (Ligeiro et al., 2013). transects (100-m linear) on the right margin of The headwaters of the Rio Xingu river are each stream, totaling nine transects (Figure 1). Each located in eastern Mato Grosso State in central transect was divided into 20 segments of 5 m, with Brazil. However, wild areas of this region have a sampling effort of 1.66 meter/min on average been continuously used to agricultural activities (Marco Junior, 1998; Ferreira-Peruquetti and Marco (Brannstrom et al., 2008). Such environmental Junior, 2002). Samplings were conducted during changes may have strong impacts on the water peak of activity of dragonflies between 11h30 and quality of this large river (Sanchez et al., 2012). 14h00 (Corbet, 1999). Several studies have evaluated the consequences Specimens were identified comparing with the of these alterations in aquatic systems (e.g., figures presented in Lencioni (2005, 2006) and Dias-Silva et al., 2010; Shimano et al., 2010; Garrison et al. (2010), and additional consult to Silva et al., 2010; Souza et al., 2011; Pereira et al., specialists. When identification to the species level 2012; Brasil et al., 2013; Carvalho et al., 2013). was not possible, specimens were assigned only However, further studies are needed to understand to generic level. All specimens are housed at the and track the effects of environmental changes on “Coleção Zoobotânica James Alexander Ratter”, of biodiversity. the University of the State of Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina municipality, Mato Grosso State, Brazil Given the intense conversion of native (CZNX). vegetation into agricultural landscapes, and the need to understand the consequences of these 2.3. Habitat integrity disturbances on insects, we analyzed how the loss We used the Habitat Integrity Index (HII; of environmental integrity affects adult dragonfly Nessimian et al., 2008) to quantify conservation species composition and which environmental status of the sampled streams. This index variables most influence community structure. We combines the measurement of 12 environmental tested the hypothesis that the loss of environmental characteristics, namely: (1) land use pattern integrity will change the relative abundance of adjacent to the riparian vegetation, (2) the width specialists and generalists in adult dragonfly and (3) integrity of riparian vegetation, (4) the communities, due to partial or total species turnover state of riparian vegetation in a range of 10 m, driven by environmental alteration. (5) presence of retention devices, (6) channel 280 Brasil, LS. et al. Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia Figure 1. Location of studied streams in southern Amazonia, Querência municipality, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. 2014, vol. 26, no. 3, p. 278-287 Environmental integrity and damselfly species composition… 281 sediment, (7) bank structure (8), and undercutting, Table 1. Abundances of damselflies species in the nine (9) status of the stream bed, (10) riffles, pools, or transects of three streams in southern Amazon, Querência meanders, (11) presence of aquatic vegetation in municipality, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. stream bed (12) presence of detritus in the channel. Family/Species Abundance Furthermore, (13) riparian vegetation continuous Coenagrionidae Acanthagrion apicale Selys, 1876 3 or fragmented, which is a peculiar characteristic of Acanthagrion gracile (Rambur, 1846) 2 our sampling sites was also included in our analysis. Acanthagrion sp. 2 Each item was composed of four to six Argia lilacina Selys, 1865 3 alternatives ordered in relation to perceived aspects Argia reclusa Selys, 1865 2 of habitat integrity. The final index is the mean value Argia tinctipennis Selys, 1865 1 for the total sampled habitat characteristics.
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