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The Odonata Community of a Brazilian Vereda: Seasonal Patterns, Species Diversity and Rarity in a Palm Swamp Environment

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The Odonata Community of a Brazilian Vereda: Seasonal Patterns, Species Diversity and Rarity in a Palm Swamp Environment 486 Original Article THE ODONATA COMMUNITY OF A BRAZILIAN VEREDA: SEASONAL PATTERNS, SPECIES DIVERSITY AND RARITY IN A PALM SWAMP ENVIRONMENT A COMUNIDADE DE ODONATOS DE UMA VEREDA BRASILEIRA: PADRÕES SAZONAIS, DIVERSIDADE DE ESPÉCIES E RARIDADE EM UM AMBIENTE DE BURITIZAL Diogo Silva VILELA 1; Rhainer Guillermo FERREIRA 2; Kleber DEL-CLARO 3 1. Graduate Program in Entomology, University of São Paulo, FFCLRP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. [email protected]; 2. Federal University of São Carlos UFSCar, São Carlos, SP Brazil; 3. Federal University of Uberlândia UFU, Uberlândia, MG Brazil. ABSTRACT: Studies concerning the occurrence of species and seasonality are of great importance for both the elucidation of species distribution and conservation of natural habitats. We performed a survey of Odonata species and studied their seasonality in an endemic endangered palm swamp (i.e. Veredas) environment of the Ecological Reserve of Clube de Caça e Pesca Itororó de Uberlândia, Southestern Brazil. Between July 2010 and June 2011, we recorded 31 species of five different families and 21 genera. The community was strongly seasonal, since 24 species occurred in the wet season, while ten occurred in both dry and wet season, and only two species occured only in the dry season. All Anisoptera species preferred lentic habitats, whereas seven of the 18 Zygopera species preferred lentic habitats and 11 species preferred lotic sites. The five Calopterygidae and Protoneuridae species preferred lotic habitats. The study site exhibits a great diversity of dragonflies and damselflies, which are important elements of the trophic chain in the Cerrado aquatic and neighboring land environments. This justifies the development of conservation actions in palm swamp areas, which are poorly known and threatened by the constant advance of urban, monoculture and pasture areas in Cerrado. KEYWORDS: Wetland. Conservation. Checklist. Dragonflies. INTRODUCTION Among the Cerrado physiognomies, the Veredas (i.e. palm swamps) are highly conspicuous Basic studies of local species assemblages environments associated with freshwater bodies that and seasonality are of great importance for both the naturally occur throughout most of the South elucidation of species distribution and conservation American Cerrado (FONSECA, 2005; ARAÚJO et of natural habitats (OPLER, 1991; KIM, 1993; DE al. 2013). Palm swamps are characterized by its ANDRADE et al., 2011; DEL-CLARO et al., permanently water saturated soils (FONSECA, 2013a). In Brazil, the Cerrado (i.e. the Neotropical 2005), and hold a great biodiversity, always Savanna) exhibits a well defined seasonality: a dry associated to the palm tree Mauritia flexuosa L. f. period from April to September, and a rainy period (Arecales: Arecaceae) (ARAÚJO et al. 2002, 2013; between October and March (ARAÚJO et al. 2013; OLIVEIRA; MARQUIS, 2002). VILELA et al., 2014). In these freshwater environments, the The Cerrado is the second largest biome in invertebrates, mainly the aquatic insects, are Brazil, comprising over two million square excellent research models because of their diversity, kilometres. This biome is composed by plateaus their gradients of preference in space and time (e.g. with an endless lotic ecosystem network of rivers seasonal patterns), and their life cycle that and streams, and they are home to one third of all comprises both aquatic and terrestrial environments countrywide biodiversity (FONSECA, 2005; (DJIKSTRA, 2014). The insects are one of the most GOTTSBERGER; SILBEBAUER- diverse and well-studied organisms, and its GOTTSBERGER, 2006). Despite being one of the importance to the environment has been tested and most important ecosystems, the Cerrado has been confirmed by several studies worldwide (BORROR the most degraded biome in the past decades, with et al., 1989; NAKAMURA, 2011; SAMWAYS et over 40% of its area lost to large pastures and al., 2012; BISCHOF et al., 2012; DEL-CLARO et monoculture (FONSECA, 2005). Inside this biome, al., 2013b). there are many phytophysiognomic types, which Insects of the order Odonata (e.g. occur according to the soil characteristics and water dragonflies and damselflies), the second largest availability (OLIVEIRA; MARQUIS, 2002 Chapter purely aquatic order (DJIKSTRA, 2014), are known 1). as important components of the trophic web in their Received: 08/06/15 Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 32, n. 2, p. 486-495, Mar./Apr. 2016 Accepted: 20/01/16 487 The odonata community… VILELA, D. S.; FERREIRA, R. G.; DEL-CLARO, K. associated environments, and their larvae are seen as Several studies were conducted in the same area natural bioindicators of environmental conservation before, revealing that there is a great variety of (CORBET, 1999; JUEN et al., 2014). Although habitats and territorial preferences, associated with large among the aquatic insects, with almost 6.000 plants for oviposition, and parasitism (ALVES- described species, the order is relative small if MARTINS et al., 2012; GUILLERMO-FERREIRA; compared to other insect groups (CORBET, 1999). DEL-CLARO, 2011, 2012, 2013; GUILLERMO- On the other hand, it is the aquatic insect group with FERREIRA; VILELA, 2012, 2013; GUILLERMO- the largest number of studied species (DJIKSTRA, FERREIRA; BISPO, 2012). Our main goal was to 2014). Furthermore, dragonflies are cosmopolitan, evidence that Veredas support a highly diverse and inhabiting almost all freshwater environments seasonal Odonata community, which justify (CORBET, 1999; KALKMAN, 2008). conservation policies for Brazilian palm swamp The fact that odonates need freshwater areas. bodies for oviposition and larvae development makes them strongly dependent on these MATERIAL AND METHODS environments, in which seasonality is an important factor influencing the occurrence and distribution of Study area populations along the year (CORBET, 1999; The study was conducted in palm swamp DJIKSTRA, 2014). Climate changes and human habitats within the Ecological Reserve of the Clube impacts are altering the hydrology of Cerrado, and de Caça e Pesca Itororó de Uberlândia (CCPIU), in consequently freshwater organisms (KLINK; the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil MACHADO, 2005). Despite its importance, little (18º59’00” S, 48º18’00” W). The climate is attention has been directed to the conservation of Tropical wet and dry (AW) according to the Köppen freshwater systems and the aquatic biota in Veredas, climate classification and its elevation is 880 m highlighting the importance of studies related to the above the sea level. There is a large wetland area conservation of these areas where river sources are with an associated pond (Figure 1 a), one stream abundant (FONSECA, 2005). (Figure 1 b) and temporary pools. Although the We performed a survey of the Odonata Ecological Reserve limits comprise 640 ha, the pond community in a palm swamp environment in the (lentic) area is about 60 square meters and the Brazilian Cerrado, in order to identify species stream (lotic) length is about 500 meters (Figure 1). richness, behavioral and seasonality patterns. Figure 1 - Study area. The pond (a) and the stream (b), as examples of lentic and lotic habitats. Sampling procedures habitat preferences according to sunlight incidence, The study was carried out between July water flow and oviposition sites, we divided the 2010 and June 2011, when surveys were conducted study area in five transects. Four of these transects to determine the number of Odonata species and were set along the pond margins and one transect whether species occurrence is determined by was set on the first 25 meters of the stream. Three seasonality. Sampling sessions were carried out transects had total solar incidence (i.e. pond), while between 10:00 and 15:00, when activity is higher one transect was partially shaded (i.e. stream). (CORBET, 1999). In order to observe particular Biosci. J., Uberlândia, v. 32, n. 2, p. 486-495, Mar./Apr. 2016 488 The odonata community… VILELA, D. S.; FERREIRA, R. G.; DEL-CLARO, K. We sampled adult odonates every two weeks in each transect for 30 minutes with an Species richness entomological net. Each transect was sampled twice, To evaluate our sampling method we made 15 minutes per session. Collected individuals were a collector curve on the program EstimateS®9.1 taken to the laboratory for posterior identification (COLWELL, 2005). This collector curve allows us and deposition in the collection of the Aquatic to verify if we had enough samples based on the Insects Lab of the Federal University of São Carlos. stabilization of the curve along the x axis. The The identifications were made by a specialist (RGF) number of sampled species increases as the samples with the aid of identification keys (LENCIONI, are performed and the stabilization of the collector 2005, 2006; GARRISON, 2006). curve indicates if we have enough samples (COLWELL, 2005). Furthermore, the collector Behavioral observations curve allows us to compare our data on observed At the end of specimen collections, we species richness with a richness estimator (Jack 2). conducted behavioral observations on the preferred perch habitat of each species (lentic or lotic), mate- RESULTS guarding type, male territoriality and oviposition substrates used by females. For these observations, Altogether, 31 species (18 Zygoptera and 13 we followed the focal animal method described by Anisoptera) of five families and 21 different genera Altmann (1974), when a single individual was were recorded. With 12 species, Coenagrionidae observed for 10 minutes
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