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Odonatofauna Larval De Ríos, Humedales Y Otros Sistemas Acuáticos En Lima Metropolitana, Perú”

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Odonatofauna Larval De Ríos, Humedales Y Otros Sistemas Acuáticos En Lima Metropolitana, Perú” UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS “ODONATOFAUNA LARVAL DE RÍOS, HUMEDALES Y OTROS SISTEMAS ACUÁTICOS EN LIMA METROPOLITANA, PERÚ” Presentada por: JOSE MARTIN MELÉNDEZ QUINTO TESIS PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO PROFESIONAL DE BIÓLOGO LIMA – PERÚ 2018 UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS “ODONATOFAUNA LARVAL DE RÍOS, HUMEDALES Y OTROS SISTEMAS ACUÁTICOS EN LIMA METROPOLITANA, PERÚ” Presentada por: JOSE MARTIN MELÉNDEZ QUINTO Tesis para Optar el Título Profesional de: BIÓLOGO Sustentada y aprobada por el siguiente jurado: ____________________________ ____________________________ Mg. Sc. Diana Zulema Quinteros Carlos Mg. Sc. Edgar Hugo Sánchez Infantas PRESIDENTE MIEMBRO ____________________________ ____________________________ Mg. Sc. Clorinda Elisa Vergara Cobián Mg. Sc. Germán Antonio Arellano Cruz MIEMBRO ASESOR _______________________________ Dr. Enrique González Soriano CO – ASESOR DEDICATORIA A mi fallecida abuela Maura, quien capturaba insectos para mí cuando yo temía hacer contacto directo con ellos. A mi abuela Ricardina, quien a pesar de sus necesidades sigue ayudándome como si todavía fuese un niño. AGRADECIMIENTO A mis padres, Martin y Aydeé, por su comprensión y paciencia a pesar del tiempo transcurrido hasta este punto. También a mi hermana Helene, por mantenerse siempre en silencio aunque mi demora no lo ameritaba. A Germán Arellano, quien no solo es mi asesor, por el acceso sin restricciones al Laboratorio de Ecología de Artrópodos (LEA) y su apoyo en cuestiones no estrictamente académicas. A mi co-asesor, Enrique González, por la confianza brindada a alguien que apenas conoce y por ser el primer odonatólogo que me evaluó como científico. A Julio Rivera, la primera figura de taxónomo que tuve, por sus observaciones desde mis primeras líneas a pesar de la lejanía geográfica. A Rosser Garrison, Natalia von Ellenrieder, Javier Muzón y Joachim Hoffmann por la información no publicada compartida y la asesoría odonatológica adicional brindada. A los miembros del jurado, por sus críticas para la mejora del presente documento. A la Oficina de Gestión de la Investigación, por el apoyo económico brindado como uno de los ganadores del 6° concurso para subvención de tesis de pregrado – UNALM 2016. A todos mis amigos molineros que participaron en las evaluaciones de la presente investigación. En particular, a Emmy Medina por su constancia en campo y su ayuda adicional con la crianza y las ilustraciones iniciales. Además, considero importante mencionar a Michela Olaya y Cynthia Cerna, quienes me acompañaron en varias ocasiones. A mis amigos del LEA, por las distracciones dentro y fuera del laboratorio. ÍNDICE GENERAL RESUMEN ........................................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... x I. INTRODUCCIÓN ....................................................................................................... 1 II. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA ................................................................................. 3 2.1. LOS TÉRMINOS LARVA, NINFA Y NÁYADE .................................................... 3 2.2. VENTAJAS FILOSÓFICAS DEL NIVEL DE ESPECIE .................................... 4 2.3. MORFOLOGÍA LARVAL DE ODONATA ........................................................ 6 2.3.1. CABEZA ......................................................................................................... 7 2.3.2. TÓRAX ......................................................................................................... 11 2.3.3. ABDOMEN ................................................................................................... 13 2.4. BIONOMÍA LARVAL: HÁBITAT Y HÁBITOS .............................................. 16 2.5. TAXONOMÍA LARVAL: ASOCIACIÓN LARVA - IMAGO ......................... 18 2.6. ODONATA EN LIMA METROPOLITANA ..................................................... 19 2.7. ESTADO DE CONOCIMIENTO LARVAL DE SUS ESPECIES .................... 20 2.8. DISTRIBUCIÓN DE SUS ESPECIES EN AMÉRICA ..................................... 22 2.8.1. REGIONALIZACIÓN BIOGEOGRÁFICA DE AMÉRICA ....................... 22 2.8.2. BIOGEOGRAFÍA DE LAS ESPECIES REGISTRADAS ........................... 23 III. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ............................................................................. 25 3.1. ÁREA DE ESTUDIO .......................................................................................... 25 3.1.1. SISTEMAS LÓTICOS EVALUADOS ........................................................ 27 3.1.2. SISTEMAS LÉNTICOS EVALUADOS ...................................................... 28 3.2. MATERIAL MUSEÍSTICO EXAMINADO Y DEPOSITADO ........................ 29 3.3. MATERIAL OBTENIDO POR CRIANZA........................................................ 30 3.3.1. CAPTURA, SELECCIÓN Y TRANSPORTE DE LARVAS ...................... 30 3.3.2. CRIANZA DE LARVAS .............................................................................. 31 3.3.3. MANTENIMIENTO DE IMAGOS EMERGIDOS ...................................... 32 3.4. MATERIAL ADICIONAL: IMAGOS ............................................................... 33 3.5. MONTAJE, PRESERVACIÓN Y PREPARACIÓN DE EJEMPLARES ......... 33 3.6. IDENTIFICACIÓN DE ESPECIES .................................................................... 35 3.7. CARACTERES MORFOLÓGICOS ANALIZADOS ........................................ 35 3.8. FIGURAS, MEDICIÓN Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE CLAVES ........................... 38 i IV. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ........................................................................... 40 4.1. ODONATOFAUNA DE LIMA METROPOLITANA ....................................... 40 4.2. REVISIÓN MORFOLÓGICA ............................................................................ 44 4.2.1. CABEZA, TÓRAX Y ABDOMEN .............................................................. 44 4.2.2. CARACTERES NO RESTRINGIDOS A UNA REGIÓN DEL CUERPO . 45 4.2.3. DISCRIMINACIÓN SEXUAL ..................................................................... 47 4.3. REVISIÓN TAXONÓMICA .............................................................................. 48 4.3.1. ZYGOPTERA SELYS, 1854 ........................................................................ 48 4.3.1.1. COENAGRIONIDAE KIRBY, 1890 .................................................... 49 Argia Rambur, 1842 ............................................................................................ 49 Argia inculta Hagen in Selys, 1865 ................................................................. 50 Argia spec. nov. Garrison, in prep. .................................................................. 55 Ischnura Charpentier, 1840 ................................................................................. 57 Ischnura capreolus (Hagen, 1861) .................................................................. 57 Ischnura fluviatilis Selys, 1876 ....................................................................... 62 Ischnura aff. ramburii Muzón, in prep. ........................................................... 65 4.3.2. ANISOPTERA SELYS, 1854 ....................................................................... 70 4.3.2.1. AESHNIDAE LEACH, 1815 ................................................................. 70 Anax Leach in Brewster, 1815 ............................................................................. 71 Anax amazili (Burmeister, 1839) ..................................................................... 71 Rhionaeschna Förster, 1909 ................................................................................ 74 Rhionaeschna absoluta (Calvert, 1952) .......................................................... 74 Rhionaeschna brevifrons (Hagen, 1861) ......................................................... 77 Rhionaeschna elsia (Calvert, 1952) ................................................................ 80 4.3.2.2. GOMPHIDAE RAMBUR, 1842 ........................................................... 84 Progomphus Selys, 1854 ..................................................................................... 85 Progomphus joergenseni Ris, 1908 ................................................................. 86 4.3.2.3. LIBELLULIDAE LEACH, 1815 ........................................................... 90 Brechmorhoga Kirby, 1894 ................................................................................. 92 Brechmorhoga praecox (Hagen, 1861) ........................................................... 92 Brechmorhoga vivax Calvert, 1906 ................................................................. 96 Dythemis Hagen, 1861 ......................................................................................... 99 Dythemis sterilis Hagen, 1861 ....................................................................... 100 Sympetrum Newman, 1833 ................................................................................ 104 ii Sympetrum gilvum (Selys, 1884) ................................................................... 104 Erythemis Hagen, 1861 ..................................................................................... 107 Erythemis plebeja (Burmeister, 1839) ........................................................... 108 Erythemis vesiculosa (Fabricius, 1775) ........................................................
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