Tesis Doctoral 2015 “Ecología Del Delfín Mular, Tursiops Truncatus, En Las Islas Baleares”

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Tesis Doctoral 2015 “Ecología Del Delfín Mular, Tursiops Truncatus, En Las Islas Baleares” TESIS DOCTORAL 2015 “ECOLOGÍA DEL DELFÍN MULAR, TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS, EN LAS ISLAS BALEARES” JOSÉ Mª BROTONS TESIS DOCTORAL 2015 PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO DE BIOLOGÍA “ECOLOGÍA DEL DELFÍN MULAR, TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS, EN LAS ISLAS BALEARES” JOSÉ Mª BROTONS Directores: Dr. Luke Rendell Dra. Salud Deudero Tutor: Dr. Gabriel Moyà DOCTOR POR LA UNIVERSITAT DE LES ILLES BALEARS Artículos incluidos en la tesis: 1. Brotons, J.M. 1996. Contribución a la caracterización cetológica del Mar Balear. Boll. Soc. Hist. Nat. Balears, 39:47-58. ISSN 0212-260X. Palma de Mallorca. 2. Brotons, J.M., Grau, A.M. & Rendell, L. 2008. Estimating the impact of interactions between bottlenose dolfins and artisanal fisheries around the Balearic Islands. Marine Mammal Science, 24(1): 112-127. ISSN: 1748-7692. 3. Brotons, J. M., Munilla, Z., Grau, A. M. & Rendell, L., 2008. Do pingers reduce interactions between bottlenose dolphins and nets around the Balearic Islands? Endang Species Res 5: 1-8, 2008. ISSN 1863-5407. 4. Brotons, J. M, Islas-Villanueva, V., Salud Deudero, S., Alomar, C. & Tor A. 2015. Population genetic structure and isotopic variation of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) around the Balearic Islands. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, JMBA-04-14-OA- 0118. En revision. 5. Castellote M., Brotons, J.M., Chicote, C., Gazo, M. & Cerdà, M. 2015. Long-term acoustic monitoring of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in marine protected areas in the Spanish Mediterranean Sea. Ocean & Coastal Management 113 (2015) 54e66. ISSN: 0964-5961 Als meus pares, que tot m’han donat. A la meva dona, amb la que tot he compartit. Al meu fill, que, finalment, tot ha d’heretar. Així, té sentit. Agradecimientos. Reza un dicho africano que si viajas solo, viajarás rápido, pero que si lo que pretendes es llegar lejos, es mejor que viajes acompañado. No sé si finiquitar la redacción de esta tesis es viajar lejos, pero de lo que no me cabe ninguna duda, es que el proceso no ha sido rápido. Más de 40,000 millas navegadas. Alrededor de 10,000 fotos. 19 años de gestación desde la publicación del primer artículo… Obvia decir que hubiera sido incapaz de semejante itinerario sin compañeros de viaje. Y si, al igual que no sé cuán lejos es llegar con esta tesis, desconozco la dimensión exacta de su calidad, lo que sí puedo asegurar es que me ha sido imposible, y no por falta de dedicación y esfuerzo, estar a la altura del resultado que merecen todos aquellos que me han ayudado a navegar este velero. Seguro que en mi línea cotidiana de olvido fácil, me dejaré a alguien en el tintero. Mil perdones por ello. Valga este agradecimiento solidario para todos por esas horas de compañía, consejos, empujones, ánimos, correcciones, traducciones, enseñanzas, comidas y ayunos compartidos, horas de sal y sol, de lluvia… Gracias. Un buen barco sólo llegará a buen puerto si está bien tripulado. Si el barco hace agua, sus velas son viejas y mal cortadas, los cabos están desgastados…, en este caso, sólo un extraordinario patrón podrá conseguirlo. Este destartalado cascarón que represento ha podido llegar aquí porque en su travesía ha sido gobernado, codirigido, por dos extraordinarios capitanes: el Dr. Luke Rendell y la Dra. Salud Deudero. Si la vida es aquello que nos pasa mientras hacemos otros planes, mi vida de investigador sería otra sin la presencia del Dr. Luke Rendell. Ya hace más de 10 años que compartimos proyectos y campañas. Desde entonces, mi admiración hacia su trabajo, capacidad, dedicación… no ha hecho sino crecer. Sin su generosidad, consejos, enseñanzas y codirección, esta tesis no habría superado el capítulo 2. Soy un afortunado por poder seguir trabajando con él y compartir una amistad labrada por “clicks” y sal. Luke, gracias amigo. Salud llegó a esta tesis más tarde. Y desde una costa alejada. Su valentía para compartir la codirección de una tesis sobre cetáceos de la que no es experta y su nivel de exigencia para sí misma y para su entorno, han supuesto un extra de calidad del que nadie, medianamente inteligente, querría prescindir. Su visión científica integradora me ha permitido, en varias ocasiones, dejar de ver los árboles para entender el bosque. Ha sido un placer el saberse observado por alguien tan meticuloso. Y todo ello con la encantadora capacidad de sonreír. El Dr. Moyà, Biel Moyà, tutor por parte de la UIB, apareció en el momento oportuno, como un terral suave que aleja al barco encalmado de la costa antes de naufragar, para empujarme a acabar este trabajo. Pocos pueden presumir de ser tan certeros como lo fue él para encontrar las palabras justas para avivar el rescoldo de esta tesis. Esta tesis la componen 4 artículos publicados, 1 en revisión y 1 en proceso. Sólo un artículo me tiene como único autor. Huelga decir, por lo tanto, que sin el trabajo de los coautores, muy pronto se habría acabado este viaje. Con algunos he compartido campañas, con otros, he discutido vía “Skype” sobre un análisis porque nos separaba un océano… y medio. Y entre ambos extremos, todas y cada una de las versiones de compartir un trabajo que puedan imaginarse. Sin todas y cada una de sus aportaciones, no estaríamos aquí. Mi más cálido agradecimiento a todos. Alrededor de 15 años atrás, hacía autostop en Esporles, donde vivía, para trasladarme a Palma a trabajar en una empresa en la que ejercía de gerente de una instalación de tiempo libre. Me recogió el Dr. Enric Massutí, actual director del Centre Ocenogràfic de Balears y que en aquel momento era el Director General de Pesca del Govern Balear. En ese viaje se gestó mi ingreso profesional en la investigación. Desde entonces, diferentes bordos laborales nos han alejado y acercado. Aunque ya siempre en la misma mar. Y cerca o lejos, siempre admiraré a un barco bien gobernado. Gracias Enric por esa primera oportunidad. Desde finales del año 2000, cuando de la mano de Enric inicié mi trabajo para la Direcció General de Pesca, hasta diciembre de 2013, cuando diferentes avatares impidieron lanzar nuevos estudios, mi trabajo con el delfín mular, especialmente su interacción con las pesquerías, fue una concatenación de proyectos gestados en equipo con el Cap de Servei de Recursos Marins, Toni Grau. Su confianza en mi trabajo y su gestión, me permitieron evadirme de multitud de trabas burocráticas y dedicarme al diseño y trabajo de campo, al análisis de datos, al aprendizaje y aplicación de nuevas técnicas, a… en pocas palabras, crecer como investigador. No sería honesto dejar de agradecerle aquí, también, sus inconmensurables lecciones de depredación pesquera y micológica. Durante 13 años en la Direcció General de Pesca he compartido despacho, meriendas, pasillo, fotocopiadora… el roce hace el cariño, dicen. No lo creo, el cariño se gana día a día, y por ese día a día, gracias a todos aquellos que decidieron ir más allá del roce y se ganaron el cariño que les proceso, para que compartir ese espacio físico fuera más agradable. Con Toni Frau, Elvira Álvarez y Marga Cerdà, el roce fue más allá de la oficina: bucear para el calado de PODs, navegar horas interminables siguiendo el rastro acústico de algún cetáceo, kilómetros de coche entre un puerto y otro, pescas experimentales, seguimiento de esa maldita alga ;) llamada Posidonia oceanica, campañas… Muchos datos incluidos en esta tesis se han obtenido en su compañía o gracias a su compañía. Gracias equipo JUA (Join for Underwater Acoustics) por ello. Los vientos en la investigación son cambiantes y a menudo, demasiado a menudo, de proa. Hace algunos años, con Elvira y Marga, decidimos fletar un nuevo barco, el TURSIOPS Marine Research. Sólo el tiempo nos dirá la calidad de su construcción. Sin embargo, a día de hoy, ha logrado superar temporales y encalmadas para seguir en regata. Dijo Hemingway que "…nadie jamás está solo en la mar.". Cuan cierta es esta frase para este equipo. Siempre una mano. Siempre una sonrisa. Es fácil dar las gracias por las millas navegadas. Imposible agradecer las singladuras futuras. Siempre tendré una deuda pendiente con vosotras. Los Sistemas de Información Geográfica son, además de una potente herramienta para el estudio de diferentes aspectos de la ecología de los cetáceos, terriblemente crípticos, complejos, exigentes y propensos a crearme enajenación mental… Si algo entiendo de ellos, si algo he podido sacar de ellos, si sigo cuerdo a pesar de ellos, ha sido gracias a la ayuda y el trabajo de Laura Yuste. Sin esa alegría avasalladora hubiera sido incapaz de sobrevivir a ningún cálculo de “home-range”. Gracias rubia. Durante años, mi aproximación a los cetáceos fue antropocéntrica. Visual. Comprender que son animales acústicos y que sólo desde este punto de vista podremos conceptualizar sus complejas historias de vida es una deuda que contraje con el Dr. Manuel Castellote. Culpa suya es que, hoy, salir al mar sin unos cascos en las orejas, es casi una herejía. La física del sonido no es fácil. Si entiendo un mínimo su funcionamiento es fruto, no sólo de su conocimiento, sino de su gran capacidad didáctica y paciencia para responder a todas y cada una de mis preguntas, que fueron, son y serán infinitas. Ya son muchos los lugares que hemos compartido. Aunque me fascinan más todos los que nos quedan por compartir. Gracias Manolo, un placer, como siempre. Tras el congreso de la European Cetacean Society de 2009 en Istambul, con el Dr. Fulvio Fossa, buen amigo, decidimos aprovechar el viaje y conocer un poco el maravilloso país que es Turquía. A ese periplo, no exento de aventuras y situaciones extremadamente divertidas, se unió un Hawaiano, el Dr. Lammers. Un trío peculiar propicio al chiste: “esto eran un americano, un italiano y un español…” o “esto eran un Genovés, un Hawaiano y un Mallorquín…”.
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