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Perceptions of the Developmental State Mindset in Vietnam: the Influence of International Actors University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 2017+ University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2017 Perceptions of the Developmental State Mindset in Vietnam: The Influence of International Actors Hoa Quang Le University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1 University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Le, Hoa Quang, Perceptions of the Developmental State Mindset in Vietnam: The Influence of International Actors, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of Humanities and Social Inquiry, University of Wollongong, 2017. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1/179 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts Perceptions of the Developmental State Mindset in Vietnam: The Influence of International Actors Hoa Quang Le This thesis is presented as part of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Wollongong December 2017 Abstract Globally the debate on the most effective pathway for development has reached somewhat of an impasse, with the two dominant approaches of market-led (neoliberal) development and developmental state approaches still at loggerheads. In the rapidly developing country of Vietnam, scholars have debated which of these two approaches is now most influential. Elizabeth Thurbon’s (2016) concept of the ‘developmental mindset’ offers an effective way to evaluate Vietnam’s directions because it allows scholarship to move beyond debating the meaning of particular policies, and to consider the mindset of leaders and policy-makers regarding development directions. Thus, this thesis evaluates the perceptions of the developmental state mindset in Vietnam but it focuses on the influence of international actors who have played a key role in shifting thinking about development in Vietnam. The international actors studied are: foreign economic actors, International Organisations (IOs), and international Non- Governmental Organisations (INGOs). The thesis begins with a review of the research literature on the impact of globalisation on the nation-state and understandings of the developmental state, before introducing the concept of the developmental mindset. Next, the context in Vietnam is reviewed, along with key policy directions and documents. Based on this broad view, the thesis uses a case study approach to analyse the influence of international actors on the developmental state mindset in Vietnam. Vietnam began diving into development and globalisation from a big reform or renovation called Doi Moi, which commenced in 1986. Yet, despite its developing country status, Vietnam has been regarded as a relatively strong state. As a consequence, the thesis seeks evidence around the impact of globalisation on the state and the shifting developmental mindset. The Vietnamese state has actively engaged with a range of international actors. The three actors studied in this thesis have been particularly influential in Vietnam. Thus, the central focus of the thesis is to analyse the role of foreign economic actors, IOs and INGOs to show the relation between the realities of Vietnam, the research literature, and the perceptions of their influence on the developmental state mindset and policy in Vietnam. i Overall, the thesis demonstrates the depth of engagement of international actors with Vietnam’s developmental mindset at the national, provincial and local levels. All these international actors, in different ways, contribute to creating views around the role of the state in economic management, the direction of reform of political- economic institutions and directions for social development. The Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) sector most directly influences views about economic management, promoting a market-led view and challenging developmental state capacity in sustainable economic development. But it has not undermined local government’s developmental mindset and capacity, rather local government have responded proactively to the challenges created by FDI. IOs have concentrated on institutional reform mostly at the federal level and have brought international rules and Western norms to Vietnam, albeit mostly those which have a neoliberal direction. Still, IOs have effectively contributed to national developmental strategy and institutional capacity enhancement, and are regarded relatively positively in Vietnam. However, the effectiveness and extent of the IOs’ influence depends on whether their directions align with the strategy and plans of the government. Where there is less fit, they are less likely to have influence. IOs have certainly contributed to the promotion of a more market-led approach to development in Vietnam. However, while they have altered the developmental mindset, the influence of developmental state ideas has not completely disappeared. As is apparent in the study of INGOs in Vietnam, these organisations mainly focus on grassroots activities with vulnerable and poor people in undeveloped rural and remote areas. As a result, the INGOs have influenced local and national government through introducing new models, methods, and approaches to social development, as well as their training programs. Their influence enhances the focus on social development within the overall developmental approach, a variation of the traditional developmental state approach but generally a positive one. In brief, the conclusion is that Vietnam is still more of a developmental state than it is a liberal or neoliberal one, but the influence of international actors has spread the influence of market-led developmental ideas. If these ideas become hegemonic, the political and policy space for the country would be significantly reduced. ii Acknowledgements My first thank is to my supervisor, Dr Susan Engel, who enthusiastically guided and supported me throughout the many years of this doctoral work. At the beginning, there was a bit of gap for me between my academic background, my English writing and the academic standards in Australia. Susan provided great support and direction and she gave me the confidence to develop the ideas of the thesis, to attend and give presentations at different workshops and conferences as well as at honours and master classes. Not only academically oriented, Susan brought her depth, concern, and assistance to share with my family life in difficult times. Thank you so much Susan. I do not have enough words to thank you for all your help. Thanks also to A/Prof Diana Kelly, who came later as co-supervisor, her readings of the final draft were careful, insightful and much appreciated. I would like to thank the University of Wollongong, especially the Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts for their technical, financial, and administrative support. Thanks to the Learning Development Centre, Illawarra Committee for International Student (ICIS), IT support, librarians, etc. for their enthusiasm and useful assistance. To the academic staff and postgraduate colleagues at Wollongong, thank you for your warm welcome and for giving me chances to practise and develop research skills through our research activities such as writing groups, research weeks, seminars, and so on. As I look back now, I recognise that those activities were very useful. Thanks to the Vietnamese Government-the Ministry of Education and Training for the favourable policy on study abroad and financial support, which made the project possible. Specifically, I would like to express my deep gratitude to people of my homeland who pay taxes; they are the genuine sponsors of my course. Yes, I will do my best to deserve their support and expectations. To my family, my first thank is to my wife Trang, you have fully supported me in this endeavour; you have made too many sacrifices for me; I was absent both times you gave birth. I would like to dedicate this thesis to my boys Minh Huy and Minh Hien, who add so much emotion and expectation to my life. And yes, now I am finished, I will be back and give you a lots of hugs and kisses, play whole day with both of you, iii and more, and more. Thanks to my other family and friends, I can’t name everyone, but thanks to Mum and Dad, who brought a lot of encouragement and ambition
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