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Activism in Vietnam: Political Practice and Cognitive Resistance

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Activism in Vietnam: Political Practice and Cognitive Resistance Activism in Vietnam Political Practice and Cognitive Resistance A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2020 Anh-Susann Pham Thi School of Social Sciences Sociology Department The University of Manchester 1 Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................. 4 Declaration ............................................................................................................. 5 Copyright Statement ............................................................................................. 5 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ 6 Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................... 7 1.1 Purpose of the Thesis ..................................................................................... 10 1.2 Research Question and Key Argument ........................................................ 11 1.3 Structure of the Thesis ................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................ 15 2.1 Social Movements in Vietnam ....................................................................... 15 2.1 Southern Social Movements and Southern Theory .................................... 24 2.2 Cognitive Approaches in Social Movement Studies .................................... 28 2.3 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 3: Theoretical Framework .................................................................. 39 3.1 A Decolonial-Marxist Perspective as a Guiding Theoretical Framework 39 3.1.1 Capitalist Totality and Ideological State Apparatuses ............................................. 40 3.1.2 Epistemological Coloniality .................................................................................... 45 3.1.3 Interlacing Northern and Southern Epistemologies................................................. 52 3.2 Terminologies, Definitions and Relations .................................................... 54 3.2.1 Social Movements and Resistance ‘in itself’ and ‘for itself’................................... 55 3.2.2 Subjugated Knowledges and Cognitive Resistance ................................................ 59 3.3 A Morphological Approach to Cognitive Resistance .................................. 63 3.3.1 Morphology of Political Concepts........................................................................... 64 3.3.2 Morphological Approach Adapted .......................................................................... 67 3.4 Summary ......................................................................................................... 70 Chapter 4: Methodology ..................................................................................... 72 4.1 Principles and Ethics of Critical Ethnography ........................................... 73 4.2 Data Collection and Data Analysis ............................................................... 75 4.3 The Researcher’s Positionality ...................................................................... 83 Chapter 5: Research Context ............................................................................. 86 5.1 The Shift Towards a ‘Socialist-Oriented’ Market Economy ..................... 86 5.2 Channelling and Alienating Political Participation .................................... 94 5.3 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 97 Chapter 6: The Making of Dissidents ............................................................... 99 6.1 Criminalising Activism ................................................................................ 100 6.2 Embodying Experiences of Repression ...................................................... 107 2 6.3 Collectivity without Identity ........................................................................ 116 Chapter 7 Online-Activism: A Networked Democracy Movement .............. 124 7.1 Political Practice of Online Activism .......................................................... 126 7.1.1 Online Petitions ..................................................................................................... 127 7.1.2 Social Media and Citizen Journalism .................................................................... 131 7.1.3 The Networked Civil Society Approach ............................................................... 137 7.2 Cognitive Resistance and the Ideology of Western Democracy ............... 143 7.2.1 Core Concept: Political Participation .................................................................... 144 7.2.2 Adjacent Concepts: Multiparty system ................................................................. 149 7.2.3 Peripheral Concept: Anti-China Nationalism ........................................................ 153 7.3 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 158 Chapter 8 Rights-based Resistance: Labour and Peasant Activism ............ 161 8.1 Political Practice of Rights-based Resistance ............................................ 162 8.1.1 Underground Labour Activism, Trade Unions and Legal Knowledge ................. 163 8.1.2 Peasant Resistance against Land Dispossession .................................................... 170 8.2 Cognitive Resistance and the Law’s Ideological Apparatus .................... 177 8.2.1 Core Concept: Rule of Law ................................................................................... 179 8.2.2 Adjacent Concept: Self-determination .................................................................. 181 8.2.3 Peripheral Concept: State Responsibility .............................................................. 186 8.3 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 189 Chapter 9 Catholic Politics: A Case for Environmental Justice .................. 192 9.1 Political Practice of Catholic Activists ....................................................... 194 9.1.1 The Church as a Political Space for Knowledge Production................................. 195 9.1.2 Class-Action Lawsuits in Solidarity with the Poor ............................................... 200 9.1.3 Against and from within the Prison System .......................................................... 203 9.2 Cognitive Resistance and the Church’s Ideological Apparatus ............... 207 9.2.1 Core Concept: Justice and Truth ........................................................................... 209 9.2.2 Adjacent Concept: Love for one’s Country ........................................................... 214 9.2.3 Peripheral Concept: Anti-Communism ................................................................. 218 9.3 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 222 Chapter 10: Conclusions .................................................................................. 225 10.1 Researching Activism in Vietnam ............................................................... 226 10.1.1 Towards a decolonial-Marxist framework ................................................................ 229 10.1.2 Cognitive Resistance and the Spatiality of Ideological Systems .............................. 231 10.1.3 No End to Cognitive Resistance ............................................................................... 235 References .......................................................................................................... 238 Appendix ............................................................................................................ 266 Participant Information Sheet ................................................................................. 266 List of Interview Participants................................................................................... 269 Sample Extract of an Interview Transcription....................................................... 273 Word Count: 82.746 3 Abstract This thesis is the first ethnographic attempt to study contemporary dissident activism in Vietnam. As a country that became known and keeps being remembered as a war-torn postcolony by the West, Vietnam has managed to lift itself from one of the poorest to one of the fastest growing market economies in Southeast Asia. Yet, while holding on to the legacy of a communist-led liberation movement, the present-day Communist-Party (CPV) itself became subject to political challenges from below. In fact, dissident voices critical of the government’s malgovernance over social, economic and environmental issues have mushroomed across regions, classes and generations. Based on 52 interviews with activists and numerous informal conversations with citizens conducted over a period of 11 months across Vietnam, this thesis interrogates distinct political practices and political ideas of Vietnamese dissidents. In doing so, it explores different anti-capitalist and anti-authoritarian practices including online activism for democratic change (Chapter 7), rights-based resistance of workers
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