Subject Index

aberrations 227 - dehydrogenase (ADH) 92, 184, 185, 203, 231 absorptive cells 327 -, unsaturated 145 acetaldehyde (AA) 185, 1986, 231 alcoholic beverages 177 - dehydrogenase 180 aldehydes 185 acetate monofilaments 51 alfalfa 152 acetoxymethyl-methyl-nitrosamine-induced alimentary tract 177 tumor (s. AMMN) - -, upper 179 acromegaly 46 alkylation 92 adenine arabinoside 276 alkylnitrosamides, application, intracolonic/• adenocarcinoma 48, 55,92,93, 144,207, rectal 204 209 -, locally applied, direct-acting -, authochthonous 356 compounds 203 -, esophageal 54 allele 27, 309 -, microglandular 207, 210 allo bile acid 173 -, mucinous 313 7-alpha-dehydroxylation, bile acid 172 -, polypoid 315 alpha-difluoromethylomithine (s. DFMO) -, rat, AMMN-induced colorectal 355, 356 alpha-fetoprotein 77 -, -, autochthonous colorectal 356 alpha-tocopherol 17 adenoma 31, 93, 119, 146, 314, 315 alpha1-receptors 262 -, duodenal 31 alpha2 -antiplasmin 263 -, sporadic 74 alpha2 -macroglobulin 263 -, tubular 316, 317, 342 alpha2 -receptors 262 -, villous 317, 342 Ames test 127, 128, 170, 183,219 adenoma-carcinoma sequence 56, 131,207, amidase 166 315, 318 amines 197 adenomatous epithelium 207,209 -, 1,4-Dimethyl-5H-pyrido(4,3 -6)indol- - polyps (s. polyps, adenomatous) 3amine (Trp-P-1) 196 - transformation 318 -, 1-Methyl-5-H -pyrido(4,3 -6)indol-3-amine adenosine 276 (Trp-P-2) 196 - deaminase (ADA) 276 -, heterocyclic 365 - monophosphate, cyclic 262 amino acids 273 adenylate cyclase 246, 262, 303 -- decarboxylase 166 ADH (s. alcohol dehydrogenase) - reductase 166 agar 100, 130, 149, 152 2-amino-anthracene 219 agaratine 195 2-amino-3-methylimidazoquinolines 365 agaricus bisporus 195 4-amino-N-(2'-aminophenyl)benzamide 351, age 7, 18, 64, 129, 205 352, 355 aglycone 151 AMMN (acetoxymethyl-methyl-nitrosamine• -, dehydroxylation 172 induced tumor) 180, 182, 184, 185, 340, albumin 341,342,345, 346 341, 343, 346, 350, 352-356 alcohol abstinence 185 amplification 304, 305, 362 - consumption/intake 7,10,15,17-19,49, -, N-myc 307 56, 177, 179, 181, 184, 185, 203, 220, 362, anaerobes, obligate 162 363, 368, 370 anaerobic microorganisms 151, 161 376 Subject lndex

- receptors 260, 261 - tallow 96, 98 aneuploidy 278 beer consumption 177 -179, 181 angiogenin gene 259, 260 benzanthracene 219-221 angiosarcoma, DMH 92 benzo[a]pyrene 37, 127, 194, 220 animal fat 121, 122 7,8-benzoflavone 220 -, germ-free 171 beta receptor 262 - models 78, 90, 146, 367 {3-glucosidase 151, 166, 167, 170 - protein 7, 9 {3-glucuronidase 151,166,167,171,195 - steroids 9 -, bacterial 172 - studies 115-119, 171 {3-glycoside 218 antenatal diagnosis 40 {3-hexosaminidase 270 anti-albumin 336 {3-naphthoflavone 220, 222 antibiotics 93, 163 {3-naphthylamine 48 anticancer activity 354, 355 {3-sitosterol 292, 296 antigenic tumour 65 BHA (s. butylated hydroxyanisole) antigens 93 bifidobacterium 161-163 anti oncogene 27 bile 90, 161, 203 antioxidant 16, 90, 231, 294, 365 bile acids 37,80,91,94,121,125-130, AOM (s. azoxymethane) 145,151,164,169,174,184,185,231, arachidonic acid 244-252 291, 365-367 5-ASA (5-aminosalicylic acid) 252 - -,allo 173 asbestos 49, 50 - -,7-IX-dehydroxylation 171-173 aspirin 249, 250, 295 -- dehydrogenase 166 atherosclerosis 19, 114 -- dehydroxylation 165 atrophy 231 - -, - loss 169 atypia 129,314, 315, 319 - -, free 151 auditory canal, external 203, 207, 210 - -, nuclear dehydrogenation 172, 173 autoradiographic studies 250, 316 - -, secondary 131, 133, 145 azomethane (AM) 91,179,181,183,294 - -, toxic effects 174 azored uctase 151, 166, 171 - resistant 162 azoxymethane (AOM) 78,79,91,129-131, - salts 8, 15, 116, 198, 245 - 248, 250, 251 147-151,171,179-181,183,203-210, - secretion 125 218,230, 257, 260-262, 277, 291, 369 biomarker of increased cancer suspectibility 73 B lymphocyte 304 biotransformation 120 bacteria 121,160,161,164,171,223 birth rate, cellular 228 bacterial content 223 bladder 25, 36 - enzymes 223 - carcinoma 303 - flora 132,133, 160-164,172,242 -, exstrophy 48 - -, colonic mucosa 161 bleeding, intestinal 66 - -, diet 164 blood, fecal occult 335 - interactions 162, 163 - flow 203, 242 - production 185 - group 29, 265 bacteriocines 163 -- antigens 75 bacteriophage 163 - group-related antigens 75 bacteroides 145, 161, 162 blot technique, Western 220 bagasse 169 body mass index 18 bananas 334 bombesin 302 Barrett's disease 76 bombesin-like protein 259 - esophagus 54 bone disease 14, 194 basement membrane 262, 263 bowel disease, inflammatory 25,61, 62, 65, basophilic cells 314 68, 91, 252 beef 196 bowel, large (s. large bowel) - fat 94,96 bowel, small (s. small bowel) -, fried 196 brachyspira, bacterial flora 161 -, ground 365 brain tumour 33 - intake 90 bran, cereal 148 Subject Index 377

-, corn 130, 147, 150 - in situ 207 - fiber 369 -, squamous 207, 210 -, oat 130, 148, 152, 153, 169 - suspectibility, biomarker 73 -, soybean 147 carageen an 130,149,152,194-196 -, wheat 130, 146, 148, 150, 152, 153, 169 carbophosphofructokinase 272 bread, whole gain 140 carbohydrates 7, 19,99, 169, 370 -, whole meal 140 - antigens 265, 266 breast 25, 34, 303 - -, abnormal 75 - cancer 37, 45, 307, 369 - intake 9,11,12 brewery workers 178 - metabolism 271, 272 broccoli 143 - -, glycolytic 271 broiled food 370 - -, pentose phosphate shunt 271 bronchial epithelium 80 - -, synthetic 271 bronchus 194 carbon monoxide 184,219 browned food 370 carbonium ion 181 brush border hydrolases 324 carcinoembryonic antigen 77, 262, 324 -- membranes 265 carcinogenesis, chemical 185, 193 Burkitt's lymphoma 304 -, intestinal 185 butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) 184,294 - and possible effects of ethanol 182 Butyrate 152, 241 -, rectal 184 bypass of the colon 94, 240 carcinogens 26,76,150,179-181,183,186 - activation 151 CA-19-9 268 -, alkylating 197 CA-50 antigen 269 - chemical 73, 179 cabbage 143, 149 -, colonic 203, 204, 209 CaCo-2-cells 273 -, -, direct acting, locally applied 204,213 calcium 15, 16, 80, 131, 151, 231, 245, 291, -, -, metabolic activated, systemic 99, 183, 292, 297, 365, 367, 369, 370 204, 209, 213 -, dietary 80, 174 -, dietary 193 -, intraluminal 151 -, distribution 182 caloric density 96, 106 -,endogenous 197 - intake 103-106,141 - metabolism 181 calories 7, 11, 13, 18, 104 -, N-nitroso 194, 197 cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophos- -, ultimative 91, 183 phate) 245, 246, 250 -, urine-borne 48 -, 8-bromo- 250 cardiomyopathy 177 - phosphodiesterase 262 carotene 17 cAMP-dependent protein kinase 248 carotenoids 297 campesterol 292 carpet fabrication 51 cancer/carcinoma, bladder 303 castration 260 -, breast 37, 45, 369 catalase 272 -, cervical 45 caveolated cells 238 -, endometrium 45 CC-l and CC-2 268 -, esophageal 76 eDNA probes 220 - family syndrome 34, 45 cecum 12, 152 -, gastrointestinal 73 cell cycle 73, 228, 302, 304, 308, 365, 368 -, genitourinary 61 - -, duration 240 -, hepatic 61 -- time 229 -, hereditary 53 - damage, superficial 185 -, left -sided 64 - death 229 -, mammary 196 - differentiation 228, 314, 322 -, mucinous 33 - -, abnormal 77 -, ovary 45 - division 323 -, perineal 61 - growth 301 -, preinvasive 76 -- transformation, unregulated 301 - prevention 73, 79, 171 - kinetic studies 316 -, right-sided 64, 172 - lineages 237, 239 378 Subject Index

- lines 325 chromosome-14 304 - membranes 120 chromosome-22 304, 305 - production 228, 237 chronic myelocytic leukaemia (s. - proliferation 74,77-80, 120, 130, 145, CML) 305 153,225,237,291,292,296, 316 chrysene 184 - regeneration 182, 185, 225, 327 chrysotile 49 - surface receptor 279, 303 cigarettes 15 - transformation 251 -, smoke condensate 49 - turnover kinetics 65 cirrhosis, hepatic 177 cellular oncogenes 301 citrobacter freundii 230 cellulose 130, 140, 148, 150, 152, 169 c-Ki-ras 39 cereals 144 clofibrate 119 -, bran 148 clonal cell 239 -, diet 197 -- proliferation 120 -, fiber 367 cloning efficiency 326 cervical cancer 45 clostridia/clostridium 172 cervix, 3,4-benzpyrene 79 -, bacterial flora 161 -,20-methylcholanthrene 79 -, NDH- 169 c-Ha-ras 39 CML (s. chronic myelocytic leukaemia) chalone 240 c-myc oncogene 76, 304, 308 chelate 151 cocarcinogen 113,114,116,177,179,185, chemical carcinogens 78, 182, 185, 193, 350 364 - -, ethanol 180 -, dietary 116 chemicals 90 coconut oil 366 chemoprevention 79 coeliac disease 229, 230 chemotherapeutic agents, new 349 colectomy 31, 65, 165 chenodeoxycholate 130 -, prophylactic 65 - acid 126, 128 colitis 64 cherries 334 -, colonisation 163 chimaeras 323 -, pseudomembranous 163 chloride 326 -, ulcerative 45,61-68,74,91,117,132, cholecystectomy 133 198, 230, 244, 251, 252, 278, 341, 345 cholesterol 7,9,11,112-118,121,122, collagen 263 125, 126, 132, 165, 366 -, type IV 263 - absorption 119,120 colon conduite 48 -, dietary 13 - loops 93 - faecal 116 - IJ.?etabolism 117 - metabolism 170 - strictures 67 - reductase 166 - suture lines 231 -, serum 15,18,118-120 colonocytes 245, 324, 327 cholesterol-free diet 116 colonoscopy 64, 68 cholesterol-rich diet 115, 117, 120, 121 -, surveillance 65 cholic acid 125, 126, 128, 130, 230 colostomy 48 chorionic gonatropin, human 77 - closure 230 - villus sampling 40 columnar cells 237, 323 chromatid abberations 38 - -, absorptive 237 chromosome 26,28, 38, 227, 309 - -, secretory 237 chromosome aberrations 38 compartment, maturation 238 - abnormalities 28, 38, 277 -, proliferative 73, 74, 240, 313 - instability 39 -, - expansion 175 -, Philadelphia(Ph')- 305 -, - and functional 238 - polyxmorphism 28 - size, proliferative 185 chromosome-2 304 -, stem cell 238 chromosome-5 27, 36, 277, 308 co-mutagens 128 chromosome-8 304 congenital malformations 48 chromosome-9 305 conjugation 222 chromosome-12 307 constipation 367 Subject Index 379 constituents, macro- and micro- 286 dehydroxylation, aglycone 172 coprostanol 9, 117, 132 deletions 27 coprostanone 9, 117 deoxycholate (DOC) 250 corn 369 deoxycholic acid (DCA) 9,126-128, 131, - bran 147, 150 173 coronary heart disease 6, 369 - receptors 260 cortinellus shiitake 195 -, tumor promo tors 170 corynebacterium, bacterial flora 161 deoxyribonucleic acid 277 cost-effective surveillance program 64 desmoplasia 209 c-ras oncogene 307 development period 104 Crohn's disease 61-63, 65, 66, 68 DFMO (difluoromethylornithine) 209, 242, cross-reacting antigen, nonspecific 77 274,295-297 croton oil 362 diabetes mellitus 46 cruciferous group 143 diacylglycerol 242, 246 - vegetables 144, 293 diallyl sulfide (DAS) 293, 297 crypt 80, 185,225, 314, 322, 323, 326 diazonium ion 184 - formation 93 dicylglycerol 250 -, hyperplastic 314 diet/dietary 7,56,79,89,115-117,121, - length 229 122, 129, 168, 183,205 -, rectal 185,316,317 - calcium results 174 CT scan 67 - carcinogens 193 CTP synthetase 276 -, cereal 197 CuDIPS (3,5-diisopropylsalicylic acid)2 251 - cholesterol 13 cultural differences 114 -, cholesterol-free 116 cyanamide 180, 186 -, cholesterol-rich 115,117,120,121 cycasin 167, 194, 195,218,223 - deficiencies 182 cyclic adenosine monophosphate 262 - and the faecal bacterial flora 164 - nucleotides 241, 262 - fat 11, 14-16,80,94,96, 100, 105, 107, cyclo-oxygenase 244, 251 129, 132, 141, 165,244 cyclopentanophenanthrene 125 -- promotor 120 cyclosporine A 274 - fibre 121,129-133,139,165,169,231 cysts, epidermal 30 -, gain-rich 197 cytochrome-b5 217-219 - and gut flora 163 - reductase 218, 219 -, high-fiber 103 cytochrome-P-450 179, 180, 183, 194, -, liquid 179-182 217-223,273 -, low-fibre 297 - isoenzymes 217 - protein 165 -, mixed function oxidase 217 -, purified 96 -, N-hydroxylase 184 -, residue-free 164 -, reducing equivalents 221 -, semipurified 106 - reductase 220 -, soluble defined 164 cytochrome P-450/cytochrome b 5 ratio in -, vegetarien 364 various tissues 222 -, Western-style 132 cytokeratin 38, 75 diethoxybis(1-phenylbutane-1,3- cytology 93 dionato)titanium(IV) 351, 353, 354 cytoskeletal elements 275, 279 differentiation 38, 73, 244, 262, 323, 324, - proteins 275 326, 327 -, abnormal 75 Danish residents, high risk 90 diffusion, double 335 DAS (s. dially sulfide) difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) 209, 242, DCA (s. deoxycholic acid) 295-297 deconjugation 169 dihydrothymine dehydrogenase 276 deer mouse 184 dimethylaminobiphenyl (DMAB) 147, 150, dehydrogenase 166, 272 196 -, succinic 272 dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) 94 dehydroxylase,7-rx 126,151,169,171,173 dimethylhydrazine (DMH) 78, 90, 91, 100, -. - or bile acids 172. 173 119,120,128-133,146-149,153,171, 380 Subject Index

endometriosis-like invasion 66 179-181,195,203,207,218,225,228, endometrium 34 230,231,257,261,262,270,277,291, endoplasmic reticulum 217 292, 294, 313-316, 325, 351 endoscopic diagnosis 64, 352, 353 -, angiosarcoma 92 energy 14 - induced colon adenocarcinoma, - intake 101 histology 93 entactin 263 -- tumorigenesis 101, 102 enteroendocrine cells 322-324 - metabolism 92, 184 enteroglucagon (EG) 185,241,262 - -, dose and route of administration 92 enterohepatic circulation 125, 130, 167, 169 dimethylnitrosamine 179, 183 environmental factors 26, 89 -, esophagus 78 - -, intrafamilial 55, 56 diol epoxides 194 - pollutants 183 disulfiram 92, 294 enzyme 90, 272 diverticulitis 342 -,A and H 269 diverticulosis 342, 343 -, hydrolytic 166 DMAB (3,2' -dimethyl-4-amino- - inducer 162, 183 biphenyl) 147, 150, 196 - -, microsomal 184 DMBA (s. dimethylbenzanthracene) -, microsomal 217 DMH (s. dimethylhydrazine) -, mitochondrial 271 DNA 26,74,76,79, 113, 183,277 -, peroxisomal 271 - adducts 203 -, sentinel 170 - alkylation, carcinogen-mediated, - system, patterns 103 repair 182 eosinophilic mucosae 318 - damage 251 epidermal growth factor (EGF) 231, 241, - flow cytometry 65 259, 260 -, host 301 --- receptor 77, 259, 260 - methylation 206 epithelial cells 38 - probe 27,40,221 - -, functional, life span 185 - -, minisatellite 27 - changes 91 - repair 36, 258, 277 - dysplasia 207 - sequences 38, 73, 145, 227, 248, 273, 300 - lining 74 -- pathway 275 - proliferation 206, 209, 245 DNA-synthesizing cells 318 epithelio-mesenchymal interactions 237 DOC (s. deoxycholate) epithelium, adenomatous 209 drinking water 179, 180 -, control of cell proliferation 237 drosophila 300 epoxide hydratase 217, 219, 222 drugs 90, 183, 220 erb-Boncogene 260 -, metabolism enzymes 120 erythroblastosis 301 dTMP (deoxythymidine monophos- escherichia, bacterial flora 161, 163 phate) 276 esculetin 251 Dukes stage 64 esophageal adenocarcinoma 54, 76 duodenum 184, 194, 207 - epithelium 80 dysplastic changes 198, 227, 228, 308 - metaplasia 55 dysplasia 65-68, 75-78, 93, 206, 278, 314, esophagitis, peptic 54 317, 319 esophagus 73, 76, 78, 194 dysplasia-associated 62 -, Barrett's 54 dysplasia-carcinoma sequence 207 -, columnar-lined 54 - epithelium 207 esterase 166 estrogen receptors 261 ear canals 195 estrogen-like compounds 152 EG (s. enteroglucagon) ethanol 177, 181, 209, 230 EGF (s. epidermal growth factor) - administration 180 embryogenesis 302 - blood concentration 184 endocrine cell 237, 325-327 -, carcinogenesis and possible effects 182 -- differentiation 228 - on chemically induced colorectal endogenous carcinogens t 97 carcinogenesis 180 Subject Index 381

- ingestion 180, 185 fat-soluble vitamin 16. 19 - -, chronic 183, 184 fatty acid 15, 16, 80, 151, 220. 245, 247 - oxidation 185 - -, free 291 -, withdrawal 183 - -, saturated 369 ethers of glycerol 145 - -, short-chain (SCFA) 151-153,241 ethionine 169 - -, unsaturated 198 ethnic groups 29 feca-nostic 336 eubacterium 161, 163 fecal bile acid 9, 128, 132, 152, 185 exercise 368, 370 --- excretion 185 experimental models 202, 213, 349 - bulk 145, 146, 150 - -, comparisation 213 - mutagens 197 - -, phases 212 - neutral steroids 8 explant segments 219 - occult blood 335 extracellular matrix 262, 263 - stream 203 fecapentaenes 145, 194, 197, 364, 365 fecatest 335, 336, 344 FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sor- fecatwin 344 ting) 277 feces 145, 185 facultative organism 163 fermentable 140, 150 faecal bacterial flora 161 fermentation 153,241 - bile acid concentration 174 fertility 53 - bulk 231 fibre 90,99,107,115,231,369 - cholesterol 116 -, bran 369 - flora, modifying 174 -, cereal 367 - loss of bile acids 169 -, dietary 121,129-133,139,165,169, - mutagen 172, 173 231,297 - pH 165 -, neutral detergent 148 - sterol excretion 117 fibroblast 38 - stream, surgically diverting 171, 172 -, FAP 37 - streptococci 173 -, mouse 308 faeces 117 fibromas 30 familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) 25, fibromatosis 30 26,30,277 fibrosarcomas 37 - aggregations 33 Finnish residents, low risk 90 - cancer syndrome 45, 230 fish 196 - clustering 25, 28 -, broiled 196 - polyposis 20 -, fried 196 - predisposition 52, 53 - oil 296, 366, 370 family "at risk" 40, 53 fistula/fistulae 65, 66 - incomes 14 -, colocutaneous 65 FAP (s. familial adenomatous polyposis) -, enterovesical or colovesical 65 -, fibroblasts 37 -, perianal 65 fat 7, 16, 19,45, 89, 127, 169, 194,297, - rectovaginal 65 366, 369 flavone acetic acid 351, 354, 355 - absorption 15 flora 170 -, animal 113, 121, 122 -, diet and gut 160, 161, 163 -, beef 94, 96 -, microbial 90 -, dietary 9-14,16,80,94,96,100,105, -, oxygen-sensitive compounds 160 107,115,129,132,141,165,197,244 5-fluorouracil 349 -,-,promotor 120 5-fluorouridine, 5' -deoxy 351, 355 - digestion, bile acid 169 fluoropyrimidines 349 -, loss 103 food 51, 80, 100, 101 -, polyunsaturated 120, 366 - preparation 19 -, saturated 13, 18, 90, 96, 366 forestomach 195 - soluble vitamin intake 17 FPC (s. familial polyposis) -, unsaturated 13, 18,96 Framingham study 119 fat/protein, interaction 104 free fatty acids 291 382 Subject Index fried beef 196 - repression 162 - fish 196 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 272, fructose 1,6-diphosphatase 272 273 fruits 144, 154, 297, 370 - variants 46 fucosylation 266, 268 glucuronic acid 222 fundic gland 31 glucuronides 167, 172 glucose 18 Glu-P-l (6-methyldipyrido( 1,2-a:3,2-d)imida• galactosyltransferases 270 zole-2-amine) 196 gallbladder 125 Glu-P-2 (dipyridol(l ,2-a:3,2-d)imidazole-2- gallstones 126 amine) 196 y-glutamyl transpeptidase 273 glutamine 307 gangliosides 265 -, mutagenicity 196 gap junction 366 - PRPP-(phosphoribosyl pyrophos- Gardner's stigmata 38 phate)-amidotransferase 276 - syndrome 27,28,30-32,117 glutathione 222 garlic 293 - peroxidase 291 gastrectomy 14, 48, 78 - S-transferase 217 gastric acid secretion 161 glycerol, ethers of 145, 420 - antigens 78 -, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl- (OAG) 247 - atrophy 77 glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase 272 - cancer 77 glycine 125, 307 - epithelial cells 77 glycocalyceal bodies 324 - ulcer 78 glycoconjugates 265, 268 gastrin 185, 262 glycogen 272 - receptors 262 - phosphatase 273 gastritis 77 - synthetase 272 -, chronic atrophic 77 glycolipids 264, 268 gastroduodenal polyps 32 glycolysis 272 gastroesophageal reflux 54 glycopeptides 265 gastrointestinal cancer 73 glycoprotein 262-264,268, 269, 279 - hormones 185 -, alpha-1-acid 269 - neoplasia 79 glycosidase 166,223, 269, 270 - tract, upper 161 glycosphingolipids 265 gene 28-31, 300, 301 glycosylation 264 -, abnormal 305 glycosyltransferase 266 - amplification 304, 305 glycotransferase 269, 270 - expression 76, 90 go blet cells 229, 237, 258 - frequency 25 grains, whole 154 - product 257, 304, 308 gram negative, bacterial flora 161 genetic changes, acquired 26, 27 - positive, bacterial flora 161 - -, inherited 27 growth factor 75, 153,241,259, 302, 327 - factors 25, 26 - -, epidermal (EGF) 231,259 - instability 36 - -, platelet-derived (PDGF) 259 - penetrance 55 -- receptors 303 - predisposition 25, 73, 91 - -, T-cell 302 - transmission 345 - -, transforming (TGF) 259 - variation, constitutional 26 - fraction 228, 229 genitourinary cancer 61 - hormone 231 genome 26 - inhibition 80 geographical pathology 52 - modulators 302 - variation 4 - period 104 germ-free 93 GTP binding protein 301, 302 glucagon 325 GTPas activity 303 gluconeogenesis 272 GTPase 307 glucose 18, 164 guaiac test 334-336, 341 - metabolism 273 Guam 195 Subject Index 383 guar 130, 152, 153, 169 hybridization 221 - gum 149, 152 hydratase, epoxid 217, 219, 222 gums 140, 150 hydrazines 194, 195, 203, 207 gut bacterial flora 160, 161 -, systemic, metabolically activated - and diet flora 163 compounds 203 gyomitra esculenta 195 5-hydroxytryptamine 325 hydrocarbon 151 -, aromatic 127 H enzyme 269 -, polycyclic aromatic 194, 220, 294 haemoccult test 334 hydrocortisone 219 haplotypes 29 hydrogen peroxide 198 Ha-ras expression 76 hydrolytic enzymes 48, 166 heart disease 118, 119, 369 hydroxyl radical 198 - -, ischaemic 119, 121 -- formation 151 - -, atherosclerotic 114 hydroxylation activity 167, 219, 220 helminthic infection 52 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 166 hematokrit, adenomatous polyps 18 - oxido-reduction 169 hemicellulose 140, 148, 150 hyperchromatic nuclei 314 hemizygous 27 hyperplasia 129,227-229 hemoccult positive test 50 hyperplastic changes 228 - test 336, 342-345 - mucosae 318 hemoglobin 341, 342, 346 hyperproliferation 77, 80, 182, 185, 230 -, anti-human 336, 343 hypoglycemia 260 - assay 345 hypoplasia 231 - (FECA-EIA) 344 hypoplastic polyps 38 heparin sulfate proteoglycans 263 hepatic activation 203 - cancer 61 icosapentenoyl glycerol ethers 173 - cirrhosis 177 ileal polyps 31 - metabolism 206 - -, lymphoid 31 hepatocytes 251 - resection 130 hepatoma formation, spontaneous 171 ilei tis, regional 63, 66 hereditary cancer 53 ileorectal anastomosis 64 heredity 39 ileostomy effluent 165 heterogenicity 324 ileum 184 HETEs (hydroxyeicosatetraenoic imidazolium-bis(imidazole)tetrachloro- acids) 244 ruthenate(III) 351-354 hexokinase 273 immature columnar cells 323 high-risk groups 44, 230 - goblet 323 histocompatibility type 29 immune response 182 histogenesis 313 - system 91,206 histology, DMH-induced colon immunodeficiency 37 adenocarcinomas 93 immunodiffusion 344, 345 -, villous 75 -, radial 340, 341, 345 histopathologic classification 98 immunologic responses 90 HLA association 309 immunoperoxidase 308 - type 29 in vitro assay 350 HLA-DR 324 incontinentia 48 Hodgkin's disease 29 index, body mass 18 homosexuality 55 -, physical activity 18 hormone balance 37 indoles 143 -, gastrointestinal 185 indomethacin 248-251,295 -, systemic 241 induction 180, 181, 209 horseradish 334 infection 91, 177 host DNA 301 inflammatory diseases 75 HT-29 cells 273 - -, bowel 61,62,65,68,91,252, 342 hybrid 305 inheritance, dominant 27 384 Subject Index inhibitors, experimental and therapeutic Le antigens 75 aspects 289ff. Leb antigens 265 initiation 37, 142, 145, 183, 184, 205, 257 lectin 140, 258, 264 inositol lipids 242 - binding 65 - phospholipid hydrolysis 246 lettuce 143 inositol-l.4,5-biphosphate (IP 3) 246 leukaemia 120, 301 insulation workers 49 -, chronic myelocytic (CML) 305 insulin receptors 260 leukotrienes 244, 245 interferon 274 Lewis lung carcinoma 297 interleukin-2 302, 356 Lewis' 266 intermediate cells 323 LewisY 266 intestinal antigens 78 ligature insertion 230 - bacterial flora 162 light, ultraviolet 36 - bleeding 66 lignans 152 - microflora 132 lignin 130, 140, 148 - motility 370 lipase 166 - schistosomiasis 52 lipid peroxidation 151, 194, 198 - transit 150 lipidosis 120 intracellular messengers 303 lipomas, subcutaneous 36 intramural tumors 92 lipoxygenase products 244, 246, 248, 250, intussusception 93 251 iodine 334 liquid diet 180, 182 IP 3 (s. inositol-1.4,5-biphosphate) lithocholic acid (LA) 126-131, 169, 170, IQ (s. quinoline) 173 iron 151, 334 -, tumor promo tors 170 irradiation 231 liver 177,179,183-185,195,334 ischaemic heart disease 119, 121 low-risk populations 80 isoenzyme 38 lung 115, 195 - cancer, small cell 305 - -, Lewis 297 jejunoileal bypass 230 lymph node 93, 207 jejunum 31, 184, 207 lymphocyte 38, 309 -, B- 304 karyotype efficiency 326 - infiltration 229 keratin 77 lymphoid aggregates 90, 93 keratinocytes 80 - nodule 207, 210, 227 KH-l 268 - plaques 227 klebsiella, bacterial flora 161 lymphokines 302 konjak mannan 149 lymphoma 34 K -ras gene 277 -, Burkitt's 304 Lynch syndrome I + II 34 lysine 131 LA (s. lithocholic acid) labelling indices 227, 228 label-retaining cells 230 magnesium 151 lactat dehydrogenase (LDH) 272 malignant melanoma 61 lactation 104 - transformation 32, 302, 323 lactilol 174 MAM (s. methylazoxymethanol) lactobacillus, bacterial flora 161 MAMA (s. methylazoxymethanol acetate) lactulose 153, 165, 169, 174 mammary carcinomas 196 laminin 263 - epithelial cells 80 - receptors 260 mannitol 169,174 large bowel transection 231 markers 205, 209 larynx 115 matostamide 356 latex test 335, 336 matrix, extracellular 262, 263 Leb (Lewisb) 265, 268 maturation 73, 77, 323 LDH (s. lactat dehydrogenase) meat 56, 196, 197 Subject Index 385

- consumption 11 mitomycin-C 349 -, red 334 mitotic index 228, 249 messengers 257 MNNG (s. N-methyl-N-nitro- -, intracellular 303 N-nitrosoguanidine) metabolism/metabolic activation 51, 90, MNU (s. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea) 9~ 103, 165, 182, 183, 203, 209, 223 MNU-induced colon tumorigenesis 101, -, carbohydrate 271,272 102 -, epidemiology 114, 145 modulators/modulating agents 202-206, -, glucose 273 209, 213 -, nucleic acid 271 -, dietary factors 212 -, oxidative 271, 272 -, drugs and chemicals 212 -, patterns 104 -, exogenous hormons 212 - polyamine 273, 274 -, surgical manipulation 212 -, protein 271 monoclonal antibodies 38, 65, 305, 308, -, purine 276 326 -, pyrimidine 276 - -, anti-p21 308 metamucil (psyllium hydrophilic mucil- Morbus Crohn 343 loid) 149 mouse skin 37 metaphase arrest 228 mucin/mucinous 76, 92, 93, 171, 229, 258, -- technique 185 264, 270, 323, 324 metaplasia 77, 78 - adenocarcinoma 313 metaplastic changes 76 - carcinoma 33 metastases 93, 207, 263 -, extracellular 207,210 -, pulmonary 297 - histochemistry 65, 209 methionine 168 mucin-producing tumors 93 methylation 181 mucosa/mucosae, cell renewal 185 - of DNA 206 -, colonic, grossly normal 207 methylazoxymethanol (MAM) 91, 151, -, -, premalignant 206, 207 167, 181, 184, 195,203,206,218,223, -, dysplasia 66 227,257,294, 316 -, eosinophilic 318 - acetate (MAMA) 91, 203 -, flat 315 - fJ-glucoside 218 -, hyperplastic 318 methylation 181 -, markers 204 - of DNA 206 -, rectal 184 methyldiazonium ion 181,294 -, surface 163 methylguanine, 06 (06 MeG) 92 mucous cell 323-327 -, N-7- (7-MeG) 92 -- differentiation 228 metropathia hemorrhagica 47 mucus 237 microaerophilic organisms 163 multihit theory 56 micrococcus, bacterial flora 161 mutagen/mutagenic activity 121, 145 micro filaments 274 - effect 188 micro flora 153 mutagenicity 127, 197 micronuclei 365 -, glutamine 196 micronutrients 369 -, tryptophan 196 microsomal enzyme 183, 217, 218 mutant p21 307 micro somes 220 mutation 113, 229, 277 microvilli 324 - hypothesis, "two-" 28 migrant populations 3, 45 myeloblastosis 301 migration 114 myofibroblasts 237 -, retrograde 75 myoglobin 345 milk, low-fat 370 - products 15 minerals 99, 100, 107, 151 N-7-methylguanine (7-MeG) 92 mitochondrial and peroxisomal NADPH 217 enzymes 271 - cytochrome P-450 reductase 217,221 - injury 227 NDH-(nuclear dehydrogena- mitogen ~41 tin g)-clostridia 169 386 Subject Index neisseria, bacterial flora 161 - supply 165 neuroblastoma 304, 307 -, Western style 3 neuroendocrine cells 325 neurotransmitters 56, 242 OAG (s. glycerol, 1-01eoyl-2-acetyl-) neutrophils, activated 251 oat 369 N-hydroxylation 181 - bran 148, 152, 153, 169 - and nitroso compounds 151 obesity 10 NIH 3T3 cells 308 occupation 10, 51 nitrate 166-168, 197 -, exposure 49 - reductase 166, 167 -, hazard 49 nitrite 197 -, risk 52 nitrogen, loss 103 -, sedentary 51 nitroreductase 151, 171 ODe (s. ornithine decarboxylase) nitrosamines 197 oil 194, 366, 369 nitrosourea 349, 369 -, coconut 366 N-methyl-N-amylnitrosamine, -, fish 366, 370 esophagus 78 -, olive 366, 370 N-methyl-N-benzylnitrosamine, -, safflower 366 esophagus 78 oleic acid 366 N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine 195 oligosaccharid 164 N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine - chain elongation 268 (MNNG) 38,39, 78, 93, 94, 118, - elongation 268 128-130,147,171,203,204,316,351 omega-6-fatty acid, polyunsaturated 369 -, colon 78 OMP dehydrogenase 276 -, esophagus 78 oncogene 277, 300ff., 304, 305, 309 -, stomach 78 -, anti- 27 N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) 90, 94, -, c-abl 305 128-130, 147, 150,203,204,211,292,351 -, c-erbB-2 307 N-methylhydrazine 195 -, clinical potential 305 N-myc 304, 305 -, c-myc 76, 308 - amplification 307 - codon transfer 362 N-nitroso carcinogens 194, 197 -, c-sis 303 - compounds 167 -, erb-B 260 nonpolyposis inherited colon cancer - expression 308 syndrome 45 -, location on chromosomes and nuclear binding protein 301, 302 function 301 ff. - dehydrogenation 169 -, proto- 27, 301, 304 - -, bile acid 172, 173 -, ras 307, 308 nuclei, hyperchromatic 314 -, viral 301 nucleic metabolism, purine 271 onions 293 - -, pyrimidine 271 organ culture 128, 219, 227 nucleoli 229 ornithine 273, 274 nucleotides, cyclic 262 - aminotransferase 273 nude mice 37, 326 - decarboxylase (ODq 145, 185,209,231, nulliparity 53 242, 250, 273, 295 nutrition 14, 121 -- inhibitors 231 -, availability 162 - transcarbamylase 283 -, chemical 193 osmotic pressure 162 -, deficiencies 179 osteomata 30 -, dilution 99 osteosarcoma 301 -, factors 179 ovarian cancer 45 -, imbalances 96 ovary 34 -, intake 115 oxalic acid 151 -, luminal 240,241 oxazaphosphorine-derivate 356 -, macro 204,205 oxidase, cytochrome 272 -, micro 204, 205, 369 -, mixed function 203 -, parenteral 231,241 -, monoamine 272 Subject Index 387

- hydrolysis 250 -, urate 272 phosphorus 15, 16 oxycholic acid 125 phosphorylation 278 oxygen 197 phosphoserine phosphatase 273 - moieties, reactive 245, 246, 250, 251 phyates 140 - tension 162 physical activity 19, 51, 370 -- index 18 p21, mutant 307 phytic acid 151, 369 -, normal 307, 308 PIP 2 (s. phosphatidylinositol-4,5- PA (s. plasminogen activator) biphosphate) PAHs (s. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) piroxicam 295 pair-feeding 205 placental lactogen, human 77 pancolitis 64 plant sterols 292 pancreatic secretion 161 plasmin 263 pancreatitis 177 plasminogen activator (PA) 75, 263 Paneth's cells 323 -, tissue-type 263 parenteral nutrition, total 241 platelet-derived growth factor p-creso I 168 (PDGF) 259,303 PDGF (s. platelet-derived growth factor) ploidy 76 peanut agglutinin (PNA) 264 PNA (s. peanut agglutinin) pectin 130, 140, 148, 150-153, 169,369 polyamine 241, 274, 295 PEG (s. polyethylene glycol 6000) - metabolism 273, 274 pentose phosphate 272 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons peptic esophagitis 54 (PAHs) 167, 172, 194, 362 - ulcer disease 49, 77 polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) 339 peptidase 166 polyp 18, 28, 31, 32, 38, 50, 68 peptide 185 -, adenomatous 17, 19, 30, 33, 48, 114, - hormones 237 117, 129, 144, 308, 315 peptidyl proline hydroxylase 273 -, extracolonic 30 perianal disease 67 -, familial 308 peroxisomal enzymes 271,272 -, gastroduodenal 32 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome 30, 32, 230 -, hamartomatous 32 Peyer's patches 90, 93 -, hypoplastic 38 PGE2 (s. prostaglandin E2) -, ileal 31 pH 148, 152, 153, 162 -, - lymphoid 31 -, colonic 153 -, regression 172 -, faecal 165, 174 -, sessile 92, 313 -, neutral 174 - size 75 phagosomes 323 -, tubular 93 phase 209 -, tubulovillous 93 -, conjugative 217 polypeptide factors 259 -, induction 212 polyploidy 38 -, oxidative 217 polyposis 28, 30, 33, 38, 117, 132, 230, -, post-induction latent 212 244,264,265,274,296, 315, 317, 345 -, pre-induction 212 - coli 30, 67, 314, 316, 341 -, promotion 227 -, familial 74, 76, 117, 264, 265, 274, 296, -, tumor growth 212 314,315,317 phenidone 251 -, juvenile 32, 230 phenobarbital 184, 218-220, 222 polysaccharide, cellulosic 140 phenols 294 -, noncellulosic 140 Philadelphia(Ph')chromosome 305 -, nonstarch 140 phorbol esters 251 postinduction 180, 181 phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate postnatal period 104 (PIP2) 246 potassium 367 6-phosphoglucose dehydrogenase 272 precancerous disease 73, 78 phospholipase C 245 - epithelial dysplasia 65 phospholipid 198, 246 - lesions 48 388 Subject Index

- syndrome 54 -, soy 365 precursor lesions 91 - synthesis 273, 291 pregnancy 53 -, vegetable 7, 18 -, late 53 protein/fat, interactions 104 -, termination of 40 proteolysis 166 preinduction 180 -182 proteus 162 premalignancy 78 -, bacterial flora 161 premalignant changes 65 proto-oncogene 27 prevention, cancer 56,171,174 pseudomonas 162 procarcinogens 91, 183-186 pseudomembranous colitis 163 -, activation 183 pseudopolyps 68 - application 182 pseudopolyps-associated 62 proctocolectomy 64 psychosocial factors 57 progesterone 261 psychotherapy 56 progression 36, 37 psyllium husk 149 proliferation of cells 38, 73, 198, 225, 257, - hydrophilic mucilloid (metamucil) 149 296 pudding, black 334 -, activity 247, 250-252 pulmonary metastases 297 -, epithelial 206, 209 purine 272 -, compartment 73, 74, 78, 228, 229, 240, - metabolism 276 313 putrescine 274 -, -, expansion 74 pyrazole 82 - and functional compartment 238 pyrimidine 272 -, responses 240 - metabolism 276 -, status 230 pyrroline-5-carboxalate reductase 273 -, zone 317, 323 PYY 185,325 proline, L- 365 quinoline, (4,5-f, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo) promoting, colon tumors 75, 80, 107, 113, (IQ) 196 129, 142, 151, 169, 177, 179, 182, 184, quinoxalines 365 205, 231, 249, 257 - agents 37, 364 radial immunodiffusion 340, 341, 345 - effects 91 radiation 39, 45, 47 - factors 94 radiation-induced risk 47 propionibacterium 161, 163 radiography studies 316 prospective studies 144, 179 radiotherapy 47 prostaglandin 209, 220, 242, 245, 246, 250, radishes 334 295, 296, 366 ras family 303 - analogues 248 - gene 76 - E2 (PGE2 ) inhibitors 248, 250, 274 - oncogene 307, 308 - synthesis 248, 249 reactive oxygen 252 prostanoids 246, 248 -- moieties 245, 246, 250, 251 protease 166, 263 receptors 257, 259-262 - inhibitors 293 red seaweed 195 protective factors 202 religious differences 114 protein 7-9, 11, 18, 19, 89,99, 107, 127, renal tumors 92 140, 169, 183 reproductive factors 53 -, animal 7, 9, 18 resection, surgical 94, 349 -, bombesin-like 259 respiratory tract 177, 179 -, cytoskeletal 275 restriction fragment length -, dietary 165 polymorphism 309 -, GTP binding 301, 302 reticuloendothelial tumors 61 - kinase 246 retina 27 - kinase C 145, 245, 246, 248, 250 retinoblastoma 27, 28 - metabolism 271 retinoic acid binding protein 261 -, nuclear binding 301, 302 retinoids 231 - p21, normal 307,308 - acid, 13-cis 296 - pyrolysates 194, 196 retinol binding protein 17, 261 Subject Index 389 retroviruses 257 skin cells 38 rheumatoid arthritis 250 skinfold, arm 7 rice 147 -, back 7 ring cells, signet 207, 210, 314 small bowel 66, 196,203, 207 risk estimate 46 - cell lung cancer 305 - factors 44, 64, 202 - intestine, partial resection 80 -- profiles 56 smoking habits 49 - in the family 53 sociodemographic variable 55 -, high 90 socioeconomic gradients 114 -, individual 114 - patterns 52 -, low 56,90 - status 47 - populations 230 sodium absorption 326 -, radiation-induced 47 - butyrate 326 - ratio (RR) 46 - cyanate 273, 293 RNA 183 - sulphate 153 - tumor viruses 301 somatomedins 231 rodent models 73, 205 sorbitol 153 -, species 90 soy protein 365 -, stain 90 soybean 196 - tumors 90 - bran 147 rods, strictly anaerobic 161 SPan-1 antigen 269 rye 369 spermidine 274 spermine 274 saliva 167, 168 spinach 143 salivary organisms 161 spirits 178 salmonella tester strains 145 spiroachaetes, bacterial flora 161 - typhimurium 219 sprouts, Brussels 143 saponins 140 squamous cell carcinomas 55, 207, 210 sarcoma 301 staphylococcus, bacterial flora 161 sardines, broiled 196 starvation 240 -, dried 196 steapsin protease 221 SCF A (s. fatty acid, short chain) stem cell 225, 230, 239, 314, 322, 325 schistosoma haematobium 52, 61 -- compartment 239 - japonicum 61, 63, 67, 194, 198 - -, multipotential 323 - mansoni 52 -- zone 230 schistosomiasis 52, 61-63, 67, 68 steroid, animal 9 -, intestinal 52 - effects 260 seaweeds 149 -, fecal neutral 8 second messengers 241, 244, 246 - hormones 120 - salt 367 - metabolism, neutral 164 seleni te 291 - nuclear dehydrogenase 166 selenium 92,231,290,291,297 - receptors 261 selenocysteine 291 sterol excretion, faecal 117 sentinel enzymes 170-173 sterols, neutral 112,116-118 sessile 92 -, - faecal 117 - carcinoma 313 stigmasterol 292 seventh day adventists 54, 56, 90, 133 stomach 34, 73, 77 severity of disease 64 strain dependent 103,205 sex 120, 261 - of rats 99 sex-specific analyses 46 streptococcus, bacterial flora 161 shipyard workers 49 -, faecal 173 sialomucin 78, 229, 266-269, 318 stricture 62-67 sigmoid colon 12, 362 - formation 63 - -, urine diversion into 168 sucrase-isomaltase 324 sigmoidoscopy 50 sugar, non-fermentable 174 signet ring cell 207, 210, 314 sulfasalizine 252 silicon 140 sulfo- and sialomucins 258 390 Subject Index sulfoglycolipids 265 -- -, alpha 76 sulfurcontaining amino acids 291 -- -, beta 76 sulphatase 166 transit rate 145, 146 sulphomucin 78 translational events 266 superoxide 198 trifucosyl LeY 75 - dismutase 251 triglyceride, blood 17 surface epithelium 322, 323 -, serum 15, 17 - -, functional 240 trisomy 28 - growth 162, 163 Trp-P-l (1,4-Dimethyl-5H-pyrido• surgical resection 94, 349 (4,3-6)indol-3amine) 196 - diverting the faecal stream 171, 172 Trp-P-2 (1-Methyl-5-H-pyrido(4,3 -6)- surveillance 36, 47, 64, 66, 68 indol-3-amine) 196 - program, cost-effective 64 tryptophan 165, 168, 196, 365 survival, 5-year 64 -, L- 365 suspectibility to colon cancer 48, 56, 73, - metabolism 165 98,205 -, mutagenicity 196 sweat 167, 168 tryptophanase 166 syphilis 55 tumour, granulosa cell 32 -, histologic type 90 - initiation 179, 182, 249 T antigen 268 -, intestinal 96, 184 T cell growth factor 302 -, intramural 92 T AG-72 antigen 269 - location 93 taurine 125 -, mucin-producing 93 taurodeoxycholic acid 130 -, polypoid 93 tears 167, 168 - promoters 75,80,107,113,129,142, temperature 162 151,169,177,179,182,184,205,231, teratoma 219 249,257 tetraploidy 38 - protection 231 textile factory workers 51 -, renal 92 TGF (s. transforming growth factor) -, reticuloendothelial 61 theophylline 262 -, rodent 90 therapy 296, 297 tumour-associated antigens 77 thromboxane 244, 250 tumour-initiating agents 80 thymidine, 3H_ 323 tumour-promoting activity 118 - kinase (TK) 273, 276 Turcot syndrome 33 - labeling 194 twins 35 -- incorporation 249-251 -, dizygotic 35 -- indices 316 -, monozygotic 35, 36 thymidylate synthetase 276 tyrosinase 166, 168 time-trend analysis 114, 119 tyrosine kinase 301-303, 305, 307 tissue culture 220 TK (s. thymidine kinase) tomatoes 334 UDP (s. uridine diphosphate) Torr's syndrome 35 UEA-l (s. ulex europeus agglutinin) toxic effects, bile acids 174 ulcer disease, peptic 77 TPA (tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate) 37 ulcerative colitis (UC) 45, 61-68, 74, 91, - (12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13- 117,132,198,230,244,251,252,278, acetate) 247 341,345 transaldolase 272 ulex europeus agglutinin (UEA-t) 264 transcriptase 301 ultraviolet light 36 transcriptional events 266 undifferentiated cells 323, 327 transduction 259 unitarian hypothesis 239, 322, 323 transfection assay 304 UPD- (s. uridine diphos- transformation 36 phate)-N-acetylhexosamines) transformed cell 229 uracil phosphoribosyltransferase 276 transforming growth factor (TGF) 259 urban-rural differences 114 Subject Index 391

- gradient 4, 5 - D 14-16, 369 ureterosigmoid anastomosis 48, 168 - D3 292 uric acid 7, 18 - E 197, 293, 297, 364 uridine diphosphate (UDP) 222 -- level 15 -- N-acetylhexosamines (UPD) 273 -- serum 17 - phosphorylase 276 -, fat-soluble 16, 19 urinary volatile phenol production 165 - transport 16 urine diversion into the sigmoid colon 168 volatile phenol 164, 168 urine-borne carcinogens 48 urogastron 241 water absorption 241 urokinase 263 waxes 140 urothelium 80 weight 14 uterocolonic junction 48 - control 370 utero sigmoidostomy 48 - gain 18 uterus 34 - loss 64,66 UVP (urinary volatile phenols) 168 Western life style 5 - diet 132 vacuolated columnar cell - nutrition 3 differentiation 228 - population 121 vacuoles 229 wheat 369 valine 307 - bran 146, 148, 150, 152, 153, 169 vegetables 154, 297, 370 whole gain bread 140 -, cruciferous 144, 293 - meal bread 140 -, intake 143 Wilm's tumour 27 -, protein 7 wme 178 -, yellow-green 367 vegetarian 56 - diet 364 xanthine oxidase 276 vessels, angiolymphatic 207 xanthine-xanthine oxydase superoxide gene• villous adenomas 317 rating system 251, 252 - and tubular adenomas 343 xenografts 326 vincristine 185 xylitol 174 VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) 326 viral gene 303 yeast 300 - oncogenes 301 YPan-l antigen 269 viruses 39, 301 vitamin 15,99, 100, 107, 292, 293, 369 - A 105, 107,261,293,297 zinc 151 - C 197, 297, 334, 364, 369 Zymbal's gland 196