Trophic Model of the Balearic Islands Ecosystem
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Trophic model of the Balearic Islands ecosystem XAVIER JANSÀ M. Díaz-Valdés, F. Sánchez, J. Moranta, C. Barberá and E. Massutí Trophic model of the Balearic Islands ecosystem Why? 4. To contextualize the oligotrophic ecosystems of the Balearic Islands from a global perspective, including adjacent areas of western Mediterranean, from: (i) the estimation of the degree of connectivity between populations of the continental margin of the north-western Mediterranean and the Balearic Islands, using geochemical markers in hake otoliths; and, (ii) the analysis of information from fishing exploitation on the peninsular coast and the archipelago. ° Different temporal scales and organization levels (population, community and ecosystem ). V Experience in the model: Sánchez & Olaso (2004) V It has been developed in other adjacent areas of the Mediterranean. Ecopath EwE model General characteristics • Mass balance model (Ecopath), supplemented by dynamic modules: • temporal (Ecosim) • spatial (Ecospace) • Models the trophic flows: • Trophic interactions • Resources • Fishing fleets can be introduced as predators • Analyze in detail the system, integrating the available information to obtain a quantitative representation of the system Ecopath EwE model Ecosystem description • The model combines estimations of biomass and consumption of all components (species or functional groups), with the analysis of flows between the elements of the ecosystem. • Ecopath equation describes secondary production for system elements: Pi=∑B j∙M2 i+Y i+E i+BA i+P i(1-EE i) Bi∙(P/B) i=∑Bj∙(Q/B) i∙DC ij +Y i+E i+BA j+B i∙(P/B) i∙(1-EE i) • The ecosystem is modeled using a set of simultaneous linear equations (one for each group “i” in the system) Model parameterization Model requirements Bi∙(P/B) i=∑Bj∙(Q/B) i∙DC ij +Y i+E i+BA j+B i∙(P/B) i∙(1-EE i) •Biomass (B i) Basic parameters of the model, three •Production/biomass ratio (P/B) i of them must be known, the fourth can •Consumption/biomass ratio (Q/B) i be estimated •Ecotrophic efficiency EE i •Unassimilated food (U/Q) i Required, but provided by the model •Detritus fate •Diets Dc ij •Total fishery catch (Y) i Requires diets information, catch and migrations rates •Migration (E) i Definition of functional groups Functional groups Definition •Functional groups are the elements that represent the system •Portion of population of one species, individual species or species groups with common characteristics •Represent all trophic levels of the system from TL= 1 (primary producers) to TL= 4-5 (apex predators) 5.sea discards, detritus: to related groups Functional 4. t to according grouped were species remaining The 3. For other fish2. species Functional with groups representing no ontogenetic stages (Multi-s clear1. economic Functional or groups required biological for economic or r biological imp analysis with the information of diets Functionalgroups Criteria Similarity 100 80 60 40 20 0 Pagellus bogaraveo Phycis phycis Conger conger Symphodus rostratus Pomatoschistus spp. Hippocampus hippocampus Spondyliosoma cantharus Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus Tripterygion melanurus Atherina presbyter Chromis chromis snow and deposited detritus and deposited snow Symphodus doderleini criteria and ecological axonomic Capros aper Macroramphosus scolopax Oblada melanura Cepola macrophthalma Crystallogobius linearis Anthias anthias Spicara maena S. smaris Aphia minuta Centracanthus cirrus Serranus hepatus Chelidonichthys cuculus ortance Lepidotrigla cavillone Diplodus puntazzo tanza) Diplodus sargus Symphodus ocellatus Symphodus roissali Coris julis Samples Xyrichthys novacula Symphodus mediterraneus Symphodus melanocercus Pagellus erythrinus Lithognathus mormyrus Symphodus tinca Callionymus spp. elevance: hierarchical Sparus aurata Symphodus cinereus Salaria pavo (Bleniidae) Diplodus vulgaris Gobius niger Blennius tentacularis Trigla lyra Gobius cruentatus Blennius ocellaris Scorpaena porcus Scorpaena scrofa Ophichthus rufus Labrus veridis Pagrus pagrus Apogon imberbis Chelidonichthys gurnardus Trisopterus minutus Trachinus draco Serranus cabrilla Chelidonichthys lastoviza Labrus merula Ophidion spp. Syngnathus spp. Sciaena umbra Scorpaena notata Lesueurigobius spp. Dactylopterus volitans Umbrina cirrosa Chelidonichthys lucerna Pagellus acarne 2D Stress : 0,13 nuevo G.F. nuevo I A R+MP R R+PC R+P E+R P P+I P+N Pp Balearic Islands model Data source • 1691 research papers • 3 databases • 24 bottom trawl surveys • Sampling on board fishing vessels (Data Collection Framework) • Daily sales bills of fishing fleet • Reports from stock assessment working groups • GFCM: Mullus barbatus, Mullus surmuletus, Merluccius merluccius, Aristeus antennatus, Nephrops norvergicus & Pennaeus longirostris • ICCAT: Thunnus thynnus & Xiphias gladius • The model describes three domains (pelagic, demersal and benthic) and the trophic structure and biomass flows from 50 to 800 meters depth Balearic Islands Model 55 Functional groups 1. Dolphins: Tursiops truncatus, Stenella coeruleoalba 16.Deep demersal fish 2: Argentina sphyraena, Nezumia aequalis, Polyacanthonotus rissoanus, Caelorinchus caelorhincus 2. Seabirds : Calonectris diomedea, Hydrobates pelagicus, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Puffinus mauretanicus 17. Plankton-feeders fish: Capros aper, Macroramphosus scolopax, Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus, Crystallogobius linearis, Pomatoschistus spp., Aphia minuta, 3. Audouin seagull: Larus audouinii Spondyliosoma cantharus, Spicara maena, Spicara smaris, Centracanthus cirrus, 4. Turtle : Caretta caretta Chromis chromis, Anthias anthias, Cepola macrophthalma 5. Apex pelagic fishes : Thunnus thynnus, Xiphias glaucus 18. Deep plakton-feeders fish: Mictófidos 6. Bonitos : Sarda sarda, Auxis rochei 19. Small pelagic fish: Engraulis encrasicolus, Sardina pilchardus, Sardinella 7. Dolphin fish : Coryphaena hippurus aurita, Boops boops 8. Anglerfish : Lophius budegassa, Lophius piscatorius 20. Horse mackerel : Scomber scombrus, Trachurus spp. 9. Adult hake : Merluccius merluccius 21. Rays: Leucoraja circularis, Leucoraja naevus, Raja asterias, Raja brachyura, Raja clavata, Raja miraletus, Raja montagui, Raja polystigma, Raja radula, Raja 10. Small hake: Merluccius merluccius rondeleti, Raja undulata, Dipturus oxyrinchus, Myliobatis aquila, Dasyatis pastinaca 11. Demersal fish 1: Trisopterus minutus, Scorpaena elongata, Scorpaena porcus, Epinephelus spp., Zeus faber, Pagrus pagrus, Synodus saurus, Conger 22. Sharks: Squalus acanthias, Centrophorus granulosus, Dalatias licha, Mustelus conger, Scorpaena scrofa, Pagellus acarne, Pagellus bogaraveo, Serranus mustelus, Torpedo marmorata, Etmopterus spinax, Galeus melastomus cabrilla, Trachinus draco, Uranoscopus scaber, Syngnathus acus, Phycis phycis, Ophichthus rufus, Chelidonichthys gurnardus, Chelidonichthys 23. Dogfish: Scyliorhinus canicula lucerna, Balistes carolinensis, Ophidion barbatum 24. Squids: L. forbesi, L. vulgaris, I. coindetii, T. sagittatus, H. reversa, H. bonnellii, 12.Deep demersal fish 1: Chlorophthalmus agassizi, Micromesistius poutassou, A. media Helicolenus dactylopterus, Gadiculus argenteus argenteus, Symbolophorus veranyi, Epigonus spp., Phycis blennoides, Nemichthys scolopaceus, Chauliodus 25. Sepia : S. officinalis, S. elegans, S. orbignyiana, Sepietta oweniana sloani, Stomias boa, Lampanyctus crocodilus, Hoplostethus mediterraneus, Lepidion lepidion, Mora moro, Nettastoma melanurum, Notacanthus bonaparte, 26. Octopuses: E. cirrhosa, S. unicirrhus, P. tetracirrhus, O. salutii, B. sponsalis, E. Lepidopus caudatus, Trachyrincus scabrus, Molva dypterygia, Gaidropsarus moschata, O. vulgaris biscayensis, Gnathophis mystax 27. Gasteropods : Aporrhais pespelicani, Aporrhais serresianus, Astraea rugosa, Bolinus brandaris, Calliostoma spp., Cancellaria cancellata, Cassidaria 13. Demersal fish 2: Trigla lyra, Lepidotrigla cavillone, Lepidotrigla tyrrhena, Cymatium corrugatum, Euspira fusca, Fusinus rostratus, Lunatia dieuzeidei, Scorpaena loppei, Scorpaena notata, Dactylopterus volitans, Gobius sp., Natica spp, Phalium undulatum, Ranella olearia, Turritella spp., Xenophora niger, Odondebuenia balearica, Blennius ocellaris, Callionymus crispa maculatus, Lesueurigobius friesii, Lesueurigobius sanzoi, Diplodus spp., Pagellus 28. Bivalve: Acanthocardia tuberculata, Aequipecten opercularis, Anadara diluvii, erythrinus, Serranus hepatus, Coris julis, Thalassoma pavo, Symphodus Anomia ephippium, Callista chione, Chlamys oppercularis, Chlamys varia, Glossus cinereus, Serranus scriba, Xyrichthys novacula, Chelidonichthys humanus, Glycimeris sp., Laevicardium oblongum, Mytilus edulis, Mytilus cuculus, Chelidonichthys lastoviza galloprovincialis, Ostrea edulis, Pecten maximus, Pinna nobilis, Pteria hirundo, 14. Mullet : Mullus barbatus, Mullus surmuletus Pycnodonte cochlear, Venus verrucosa 15. Flat fish : Arnoglossus imperialis, Arnoglossus laterna, Arnoglossus rueppelii, Arnoglossus thori, Bothus podas, Citharus linguatula, Lepidorhombus boscii, Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis, Microchirus spp., Solea impar, Solea vulgaris, Symphurus nigrescens, Synaptura kleinii Balearic Islands Model 55 Functional groups 29. Red shrimp : Aristeus antennatus 48. Jellies: Jelly fishes, apendicularians, Salpa spp., Pyrosoma … 30. Norway lobster: Nephrops norvergicus 49. Macrozooplankton: > 5 mm Meganyctiphanes, euphausiacea 31.Spiny lobster: Palinus spp. 50. Micro-Mesozooplankton: < 5 mm: Copepods, crustacean larvae, tintinids, ostracods 32. White shrimp: Parapenaeus longirostris 51. Phytoplankton : Microalgae 33. Epibenthic-feeders