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Multimedia Production

Lecture 4 Digital

Dr. Somsak Phattarasukol

Faculty of Management Science UDON THANI RAJABHAT UNIVERSITY

Digital Video

● is a representation of moving visual images in the form of encoded . – the images being displayed are called frames – the rate at which frames are displayed in is called – the number of bits used to indicate a pixel's color is called color depth

Sources: Wikipedia.org, dpbestflow.org, Mediacollege.com and Videomaker.com Digital Video

● An example video has – a duration of 1 hour (3600 sec), – a frame size of 640 x 480 pixels, – a color depth of 24 bits and – a frame rate of 25 frames per second would have a file size of 3600 x 640 x 480 x 24 x 25 = 82.8 Gbytes

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● Digital video file is a file for storing digital video and other data on a system. – It normally consists of a container containing encoded video data alongside encoded audio data as well as other data such as synchronization information and subtitles. – A program (or hardware) that encodes and decodes video or audio is called a

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● A container is a metafile describing how different elements of data and metadata coexist in a computer file. – an example of image containers: TIFF – an example of audio containers: WAV – examples of multimedia containers: AVI, MP4,

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● A codec is a device or computer program capable of encoding or decoding a digital data stream or signal. – an audio codec is a program that compresses or decompresses digital audio data according to a given – a is a program that compresses or decompresses digital video, thus converting raw (uncompressed) digital video to a compressed format or vice-versa.

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● An audio coding format (or audio compression format) is a content representation format for storage or transmission of digital audio. – Examples include MP3, AAC, , and .

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● A video coding format (or video compression format) is a content representation format for storage or transmission of digital video. – Examples include H.264 (MPEG-4 Part 10), , Dirac, VP8, and VP9.

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● WebM – file extension: “.” – container: – audio coding format: Vorbis, Opus – video coding format: VP8, VP9

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● Ogg – file extension: “.ogv, .ogg” – container: Ogg – audio coding format: Vorbis, FLAC – video coding format: Theora, Dirac

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● MP4 (MPEG-4 Part 14) – file extension: “.mp4, .m4p (with DRM), .m4v” – container: MPEG-4 Part 12 – audio coding format: AAC, MP3, others – video coding format: H.264 (MPEG-4 Part 10), MPEG-4 Part 2, MPEG-2, MPEG-1

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● (F4V) – file extension: “.flv” – container: MPEG-4 Part 12 – audio coding format: AAC, MP3 – video coding format: H.264 (MPEG-4 Part 10)

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● AVI – file extension: “.avi” – container: AVI – audio coding format: any – video coding format: any

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● The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) is a working group of authorities that was formed by ISO and IEC to set standards for audio and video compression and transmission – MPEG-1 (1993): used on Video CD – MPEG-2 (1995): used on DVD Video – MPEG-4 (1998) – H.264 (MPEG-4 Part 10): used on Blu-ray Discs

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● The video production process refers to the works required to complete a video product. – Pre-production phase – Production phase – Post-production phase

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● Pre-production refers to the tasks undertaken before the production phase begins, which includes. – Location scouting – Wardrobe preparation – Production schedule – Set construction – Script read-through with cast and director

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● Production refers to the process in which video is recorded. – The production phase is also known as principal photography. – This is when actors on sets, cameras rolling, etc.

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● Post-production refers to the works after shooting is done (after the production phase ends), which includes: – Editing video footage – Adding sound effects, music, etc. – Adding special effects – Adding titles and graphics – Re-shooting certain scenes if required

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● Video editing is the process of manipulating and rearranging video shots to create a new work. – Remove unwanted footage – Choose the best footage – Create a flow – Give the video a particular "angle"

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● There are several different ways to edit video and each method has its pros and cons. – Film splicing – Linear editing – Non-linear editing – Live editing

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● In linear editing, video footage is selectively copied from one tape (source) to another (blank master) in the desired length and order – Pro: simple and trouble-free method – Con: must be done in a linear fashion – starting with the first shot and working through to the last shot

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● In non-linear editing, video footage is stored in a computer and then edited using specialized software. – Pro: very flexible – it allows you to make changes to any part of the video at any time – Cons: requires expensive hardware and software and difficult to learn

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● Video editing software is a computer program which handles the post-production video editing of digital video sequences – It is typically based on a timeline interface where sections of video, known as clips, are laid out in sequence and played back.

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● There is a wide range of video editing software available – Advanced software (such as Adobe Premiere) offers a range of tools for editing (e.g. color manipulation, sound mixing and visual effects) but is expensive and requires a high-end computer to run effectively. – Free (or cheap) software (such as Windows Movie Maker) is limited in functions and may not be practical for real-world usage.

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● Most video editing software does at least three things: – Capture: recording the footage – Edit: trimming, cutting and arranging clips across the timeline – Output: exporting the finished video product in the chosen formats and resolution.

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● Video footage needs to be captured and transferred from a source machine (e.g. ) to a computer's hard drive. – AVCHD is a file format for the digital recording and playback of high-definition video in high-end developed jointly by and . – AVCHD uses the H.264 (MPEG-4 Part 10) for video compression and supports both Dolby AC-3 () for audio compression.

Sources: Wikipedia.org, dpbestflow.org, Mediacollege.com and Videomaker.com Editing

● Video editing software typically has three main work areas: – Project Window: contains all of the elements (video clips, audio, graphics, etc) used in the current project – Monitor Window: shows the videoes you are working on (one monitor for the source and one for the master edit) – Timeline Window: represents the flow of the video project and is the place where you insert video and other elements and arrange them as desired.

Sources: Wikipedia.org, dpbestflow.org, Mediacollege.com and Videomaker.com Editing

● Below is a screen-shot from Adobe Premiere CS6

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● What needs to be considered when outputting your video: – What video formats does your software support? – Will it be watched over the using a fast connection? – Will it be watched using a DVD or Blu-ray player? – What are the longevity of the video format you chose?

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● For example, – Flash is a very popular video format and its distributor (Adobe) will still be around for a while. – Flash doesn't play on Apple's product. – H.264 (MPEG-4 Part 10) is a forward-looking, high- quality, versatile video format and supported by , Apple and Adobe.

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