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Spectroscopic Studies of RV Tau and Related Objects

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Spectroscopic Studies of RV Tau and Related Objects SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF RV TAU AND RELATED OBJECTS ATHESIS SUBMITTED TO THE MANGALORE UNIVERSITY FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PHYSICS Submitted by S. SUMANGALA RAO Under the Supervision of PROF.SUNETRA GIRIDHAR INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ASTROPHYSICS BANGALORE - 560 034, INDIA APRIL 2013 To my beloved parents, grand-parents and Niranjan ”I gaze at the sky, To the beauty of stars scattered in many, The clouds do play funny, Hiding firmament in dark, even on days sunny, I, seek nature to reveal elements in stars so earnestly, Am awake whole night with telescopic eye pointing to the sky, Wonder if years rolled by ever slowly? Am I an Astrophysicist to get flash of a spectacular new star? Reflecting in drops of water from a lotus petal forever! Here I’m collecting pearls of wisdom so carefully, Stop not growing with Astrophysics infinitely!”. DECLARATION I hereby declare that the matter contained in the thesis entitled “Spectroscopic Studies of RV Tau and Related Objects” is the result of investigations carried out by me at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics under the supervision of Dr. Sunetra Giridhar. This thesis has not been submitted previously for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship etc. of any University or Institute. S. Sumangala Rao (Candidate) Indian Institute of Astrophysics Bangalore-560034, India CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the matter contained in the thesis entitled “Spectroscopic Stud- ies of RV Tau and Related Objects” submitted to Mangalore University by Ms. S. Sumangala Rao for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Science, is based on the results of investigations carried out by her under my supervision and guidance, at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics. This thesis has not been submitted previously for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship etc. of any University or Institute. Dr. Sunetra Giridhar (Supervisor) Indian Institute of Astrophysics Bangalore-560034, India ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the guidance and the help of sev- eral individuals who in one way or another have contributed and extended their valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this study. First and foremost, I wish to pay obeisance to God Almighty for his blessings and for having given me this opportunity to pursue my childhood dream. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my Thesis Supervisor Prof. Sunetra Giridhar for her constant guidance, encouragement and support during my entire tenure at the Institute. I wish to thank her for having introduced me to the study of rare and evolved objects like RV Tau and Post-AGB stars. I wish to salute her for being a friend, mentor and a wonderful human-being. She has been a great source of inspiration to me. Despite the odds and challenges during the course of this work, it is her faith in me and my passion for this field which kept me going and has made this journey a scintillating and memorable experience. I am eternally grateful to Prof. David L. Lambert for obtaining the high resolution spectra of my program stars at our request and for his valuable comments and sugges- tions throughout the course of my thesis work which immensely helped in enriching my knowledge and understanding of the subject. I would like to specially thank Dr. Gajendra Pandey for introducing me to IRAF software during the initial stages of my thesis project and also for guiding me through the analysis and studies of the mildly hydrogen-deficient stars. The discussions I had with him during the course of this study were productive and fruitful. I am thankful to all the members of the VBO observing support team: Mr. V. Moorthy, Mr. M. Appakutty, Mr. C. Velu and Mr. G. Selvakumar for obtaining the spectra of some of my program stars. This research has extensively made use of NASA ADS literature archives, CDS (Sim- bad) database and vizier services. These services are acknowledged. I would like to thank the Director of Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Prof. S. S. Hasan for giving me the opportunity to work in this Institute and providing all the support and facilities for completing my research work. I would like to acknowledge the support extended by Dr. B. A. Varghese, Dr. A. Subramaniam, Prof. K. N. Nagendra, Dr. Eswar Reddy, Dr. Aruna Goswami, the chairman and all the members of the BGS and the doc- toral committee. I would also like to thank Ms. Christina Birdie and the the library staff for their help with the library facilities. I would also like to thank Mr. A. Narasimharaju and Mr. S. B. Ramesh in particular and all the other staff members of the administration department. I wish to thank my friends: Bharat Kumar Yerra, Sudhakara Reddy and Smitha Sub- ramanian who have been helpful during my days at IIA. I am indebted to Prof. K. M. Balakrishna (Chairman, Department of Physics), Dr. K. B. Vijaya Kumar (Department of Physics) of Mangalore University and Prof. T. K. Umesh (Department of Physics, Mysore University) for arranging and giving their valuable com- ments and suggestions during my Pre-Submission Colloquium at Mangalore University. I would also like to thank Ms. Anita (Administrative staff) of Mangalore University, for being extremely helpful and co-operative in all the formalities related to my Ph.D work. I would like also like to acknowledge the contributions of my teachers in school and college, in particular Ms. Sheela, Prof. Pranesh and Mr. Johnson. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Ms. Sunita S. Rao and Mr. G. Sudhakar Rao, my grand-parents, Ms. Sujatha Kamath and Mr. Pundalik Kamath, my husband, Mr. Niranjan Ratnakar, my uncles, Mr. Narendra Kamath, Arvind Kamath and Mr. G. Umesh Rao and Mr. Muniyappa for their constant encouragement and unflinching faith in me. I do not have enough words in my vocabulary to express my love, gratitude and ap- preciation for my parents for the unstinted support I have received from them through the ups and downs in my life so far. So with great humility, I dedicate this thesis to my beloved parents. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT v PUBLICATIONS vii LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF TABLES xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF RV TAURI VARIABLES .............. 3 1.2 ALTERNATING BEHAVIOUR IN THE LIGHT CURVE OF RV TAURI STARS 4 1.3 PULSATING STARS AND THE INSTABILITY STRIP ............ 8 1.3.1 THEORY OF STELLAR PULSATIONS ................ 9 1.4 STELLAR EVOLUTION AFTER THE MAIN-SEQUENCE . 11 1.5 AGB PHASE:................................ 14 1.5.1 MASS LOSS ............................. 15 1.5.2 THE S-PROCESS:.......................... 16 1.6 POST-AGB PHASE:............................. 18 1.6.1 DETECTIONS OF POST-AGB STARS . 19 1.6.2 MASS RANGES IN POST-AGB STARS . 22 1.7 PHOTOSPHERIC ABUNDANCE PATTERNS IN POST-AGB STARS: . 22 1.7.1 DEPLETION: ............................ 23 1.7.2 S-PROCESS ENRICHMENT:..................... 25 1.7.3 DUST GRAINS AND THE CIRCUMSTELLAR ENVIRONMENT . 27 1.8 Aim of the Thesis.............................. 33 2 OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS 35 2.1 OBSERVATIONS ............................... 35 2.1.1 INSTRUMENTS USED FOR OBTAINING THE STELLAR SPECTRA . 35 i TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.1.2 VARIOUS STEPS IN THE DATA REDUCTION OF THE RAW SPECTRA 37 2.2 DEFINITION OF ABUNDANCE AND EQUIVALENT WIDTH OF A SPEC- TRAL LINE ................................. 38 2.2.1 MEASUREMENT OF EQUIVALENT WIDTHS . 39 2.2.2 CONCEPT OF CURVE OF GROWTH . 40 2.3 ANALYSIS .................................. 42 2.3.1 ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE MODEL ATMOSPHERES USED . 42 2.3.2 ATMOSPHERIC MODELS ...................... 44 2.3.3 COMPUTER CODES USED ..................... 44 2.3.4 HYPER-FINE SPLITTING AND ISOTOPIC SHIFTS IN LINES . 46 2.3.5 ATOMIC DATA USED ........................ 48 2.4 DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC PARAMETERS . 48 2.4.1 EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE .................... 48 2.4.2 SURFACE GRAVITY ........................ 49 2.4.3 MICROTURBULENT VELOCITY . 50 2.4.4 EFFECTS OF FE I NON-LTE CORRECTIONS ON THE STELLAR PARAMETER DETERMINATIONS: ................. 51 2.5 ERROR ANALYSIS ............................. 52 3 CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF RV TAURI STARS AND RELATED OB- JECTS 55 3.1 ABSTRACT ................................. 55 3.2 INTRODUCTION ............................... 56 3.3 SELECTION OF THE SAMPLE ........................ 58 3.4 OBSERVATIONS ............................... 60 3.5 ABUNDANCE ANALYSIS .......................... 61 3.5.1 THE ERRORS CAUSED BY ASSUMPTION OF LTE......... 63 3.6 RESULTS .................................. 66 3.6.1 IRAS 06165+3158 ......................... 66 3.6.2 V820 Cen.............................. 67 3.6.3 IRAS 06108+2743 (SU Gem) ................... 70 3.6.4 IRAS 22223+5556 (BT Lac).................... 71 3.6.5 TX Per ............................... 71 3.6.6 IRAS 19135+3937 ......................... 71 3.6.7 IRAS 01427+4633 ......................... 74 3.6.8 HD 52961.............................. 75 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.6.9 V453 Oph.............................. 77 3.7 Evolutionary Context of RV Tauri stars................... 77 3.8 Discussion.................................. 82 3.8.1 Chemical Compositions of the RV Tauri sample.......... 82 3.8.2 Dust-gas winnowing ........................ 83 3.8.3 RV Tauris with FIP effect...................... 93 3.8.4 The s-process rich RV Tauri stars.................. 93 3.8.5 RV Tauris with Normal Compositions............... 99 3.9 Summary and Conclusions ......................... 99 4 CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF POST-AGB CANDIDATES 101 4.1 ABSTRACT
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