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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42216-1 — an Introduction to Modern Astrophysics Bradley W

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42216-1 — an Introduction to Modern Astrophysics Bradley W Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42216-1 — An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics Bradley W. Carroll , Dale A. Ostlie Index More Information Index υ Andromedae, 849 661–667, 718, 857, 1111, Adams, John Couch, 775 1E1740.7−2942, 932 1123 Adams, Walter, 558 2003 UB313, 827, 828 in an AGN, 1111–1113 Adaptive optics, 159 21-cm radiation, 405 luminosity, 663–664, 693 Adiabatic density fluctuations, 2M1207, 855 radial extent of, 665 1248–1251 2MASS catalog, 891 structure of, 1113 Adiabatic gamma, 320 2MASSWJ1207334−393254, around supermassive black Adiabatic gas law, 320 855 hole, 1112 Adiabatic process, 320 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey temperature profile, 662–664 Adiabatic sound speed, 321 (2dFGRS), 1076–1077 viscosity, 661 Adiabatic temperature gradient, 3C 236, 1095, 1125 Accretion formation of planets, 321–322, 324 3C 273, 1096, 1097, 1126, 1128 863, 866 Adoration of the Magi (Giotto), 3C 279, 1105 Accretion luminosity, 1111, 1121 817, 818 3C 324, 1065 Accretion shock, 533 Advanced Camera for Surveys 3C 47, 1106 Achondrites, 840 (ACS), 161 47 Tucana, 894 Acoustic frequency, 505 Advanced Satellite for 51 Pegasi, 848 Acoustic oscillations, Cosmology and 55 Cancri, 850 1259–1262, 1273 Astrophysics, 170 61 Cygni, 59, 1038 in early universe, 1252, 1259, AGB, see Asymptotic giant 1263–1267 branch A0035–335, 1006 model of, 1263–1267 Age-metallicity relation, A0620−00, 644, 672, 698 Active corona, 390 885–886 Abell 2199, 1014 Active galactic nuclei (AGN) AGN, see Active galactic nuclei Abell 2218, 1136, 1171, 1255 central engine of, 1109–1110 Airy disk, 146 Abell 370, 1136 classes of, 1107 Airy, Sir George, 146, 775 Abell 697, 1171 evolution of, 1129–1130 Albedo, 350, 725 Aberrations, 144, 150–151 galactic companions, 1129 Aldebaran, 222–224 Absolute magnitude, 61 polarization, 1104 Alexandre Correia, Alexandre, Absorption, 241 spectra of, 1087, 1114, 741 Absorption coefficient, 241 1116–1120 Alfvén speed, 379 Absorption lines, 112, 126, 203 superluminal velocities, 1125 Alfvén waves, 378, 379 photosphere, 362 synchrotron radiation, 1114 Alfvén radius, 692 Abundance of elements timescales of variability, 1104 Alfvén, Hannes, 378, 820 in Sun, 541–542 unified model of, 1108–1121 Algols, 672 Acceleration equation, 1161, X-ray generation by, 1115 ALH84001, 764–766, 842, 862 1192 Active galaxies, 1085–1139 Allende meteorite, 838–839, 862 Accretion, 423 Active optics, 156 Allowed transitions, 136 Accretion disks, 429, 643, Active prominences, 388 ALMA (Atacama Large I-1 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42216-1 — An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics Bradley W. Carroll , Dale A. Ostlie Index More Information I-2 Index Millimeter Array), 167 Apogalacticon, 904 transparency, 167 Alpher, Ralph, 1162, 1164 Apparent magnitude, 60, 75 of Triton, 800 Altitude–azimuth coordinate Archaeoastronomy, 15–16 of Uranus, 778, 785 system, 8 Arcseconds (unit), 58 of Venus, 741–743 Altitude–azimuth mount, 158 Arcturus, 112 Atmospheric escape parameter, Alvarez, Luis, 843 Arecibo Observatory, 163, 164 728 Alvarez, Walter, 843 Aristarchus, 5 Atomic mass units, 299 AM Herculis stars, 675, 685 Arnett, W. David, 983 Atomic structure, 119–127 Amalthea, 722 Asteroid belt, 716–717 Bohr atom, 121–125 Ambipolar diffusion, 421 Asteroids, 717, 830–838 early models, 119 Amorphous galaxies, 945 Amors, 832 electron orbitals, 133 Anders–Grevesse abundances, Apollos, 832 excited state, 124 250 Atens, 832 first excited state, 212 Anderson, Carl, 136, 550 classification, 835–837 ground state, 124, 212 Andromeda galaxy, 887, 888, Hirayama families, 833 orbits, 124 959, 966, 1059, 1060 internal heating, 837 transitions, 136 Angle of inclination, 184, 185, Kirkwood gaps, 831 AU (astronomical unit), 25 188–190 reflection spectra, 841 Aurora, 753 Angles spacecraft missions to study, australis, 373 law of cosines, 17 833–835 borealis, 373 law of sines, 17 Asteroseismology, 512 Australian Virtual Observatory, Angstrom (unit), 65 Asthenosphere, 751, 752 172 Angular diameter distance, Astigmatism, 151 Autumnal equinox, 10, 11 1215–1217 Astrogrid, 172 Avogadro’s number, 318 Angular magnification, 154 Astrometric binary star system, Azimuth, 8 Angular momentum, 43, 133 181 of black hole, 640 Astrometry, 59 B2FH, 1164 in Solar System, 858–859 Astronomical unit (AU), 25 Baade’s window, 892 quantization, 121, 123 Astrophysical Virtual Baade, Walter, 578, 892, 1041, quantum numbers, 133 Observatory project, 172 1163 Angular power spectrum, Asymptotic giant branch (stellar Babcock, Horace, 391 1267–1270 evolution), 463, 478 Backer, Donald, 701 Anomalous Zeeman effect, 135 early, 463, 464 Bahcall, John, 357, 360, 1183 Ant nebula, 473 mass loss and, 467–468 Bahcall–Soneira model, 980 Antenna pattern Atacama Large Millimeter Array Baker, Norman, 496 radio telescope, 165 (ALMA), 167 Baldwin, Ralph, 842 Antennae galaxies, 1009, 1011 Atlas, 805 Balmer jump, 247 Antimatter, 136, 308 Atmosphere Balmer series (Balmer lines), matter–antimatter of Earth, 746–749 120, 121, 126, 127, 203, annihilation, 1246 of Europa, 796 204, 215, 217 matter–antimatter asymmetry of giant planets, 778, 785, 788 Balmer, Johann, 120, 125 in early universe, of Jupiter, 777, 785 Bappu, K. Vainu, 1039 1245–1247 of Mars, 767 Barium binaries, 673 Antineutrinos, 308 of Neptune, 778, 785 Barnard, Edward, 1040 Antonucci, Robert, 1108 of extrasolar planets, 854 Barnes, Joshua, 1012 Apastron, 557 of Pluto, 816 Barred spiral galaxies, 942, 946, Aperture, 145 of Saturn, 777, 785 947 of telescope, 154, 163 of Sun, 777 Barrier penetration, 132 Aphelion, 26, 47 of Titan, 797–798 Barringer’s Crater, 843 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42216-1 — An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics Bradley W. Carroll , Dale A. Ostlie Index More Information Index I-3 Baryonic matter, 1150, 1152, Binding energy, 299 Blue magnitude, 75, 76 1179 per nucleon, 314–315 Blue stragglers, 478 Baryons, 1230 Birkhoff’s theorem, 1161 Blue supergiant stars (BSG), 522 Basalts, 756 Birkhoff, G. D., 1161 Blueshift, 98 BCDs, see Blue compact dwarf Birth line, 429 Bode’s rule, 716, 717 galaxies BL Lac objects, 1106, 1107 Bode, Johann Elert, 716 Bell, Jocelyn, 586, 587, 589 BL Lacertae, 1105 Bohr atom, 121–125 Bender, Ralf, 989 Black holes, 534, 583, 633–646 Bohr radius, 124 Benz, Willy, 740 angular momentum of, 640 Bohr, Niels, 121, 122 BeppoSAX spacecraft, 546 binary supermassive black Bok globules, 408, 409 Bernoulli, Johann, 30 holes, 1015–1016 Bok, Bart, 408 Beryllium defined, 635 Bolometric correction, 75–77 abundance in Sun, 541 ergosphere, 641 Bolometric magnitude, 60, 75 Bessel, Friedrich, 59, 557, 1038 evaporation, 136 Boltzmann equation, 209–213, β Cephei stars, 491, 498 event horizon, 635 215 Beta Pictoris, 437, 439, 440, 857 formation, 689 Boltzmann factor, 209 Betelgeuse, 68, 69, 203, 221, 224 frame dragging, 640 Boltzmann, Ludwig, 70, 206 Bethe, Hans, 311, 1162 Hawking radiation, 644–646 Bolyai, János, 1185 Big Bang, 19, 1057–1058, 1163 magnetic field of, 1114–1115 Bondi, Hermann, 1163 ,see also Early universe mass ranges of, 639 Bonnor–Ebert mass, 414 cooling of the universe “no hair” theorem, 640 Boomerang observatory, 1263 following, 1164 primordial, 639, 645 Boron flatness problem, 1238, 1244 proof of existence of, 643–644 abundance in Sun, 541 horizon problem, 1236, 1243 Schwarzschild radius, 635 Bose, S. N., 136 monopole problem, 1238, singularity, 635 Bose–Einstein statistics, 294 1244 stellar-mass, 639, 643, 645, Bosons, 136, 294, 1230, 1231 nucleosynthesis, 1177–1179 698 Bottom-up galaxy formation, problems with, 1236–1238 supermassive black hole in 1256–1258 solutions to problems with, Sgr A*, 929–931 Bound–bound transitions, 245 1243–1245 supermassive black holes, Bound–free absorption, 245 Big blue bump, 1089, 1098, 959–962 Boundary conditions 1113, 1114 Black widow pulsars, 702 stellar structure equations, 332 Binary Maker (software), 195 Blackbody, 68 Boxiness, 989–991 Binary stars, 180–195 Blackbody radiation, 68–74, 119, Brachistochrone problem, 31 accretion disks, 661–667 232, 234, 237 Brahe, Tycho, 23, 24, 59, 524 classification, 180–182, 658, energy density, 234 Bremsstrahlung, 246 659 radiation pressure, 236–237, Brightness computer modeling, 193–195 295 magnitude scales, 60–63 computer program for, source function, 257 of image in telescope, A-18–A-22 Blandford, Roger, 1114 151–154 evolution, 669–670 Blandford–Znajek mechanism, Broad-line radio galaxies interacting, 668–673 1115, 1122 (BLRGs), 1092, 1107, mass determination, 183–185 Blazars, 1105, 1107, 1114, 1128 1116 mass function, 188 Blizzard line, 860 Broadening mass transfer rate, 658–661 BLRGs, see Broad-line radio of spectral lines, 268–271 radial velocity, 186–187 galaxies Brown dwarfs, 204, 428 Binary X-ray systems, 689 Blue compact dwarf galaxies distinguishing from extrasolar eclipsing, 694–696 (BCDs), 984, 985 planets, 855 pulsars, 691 Blue edge, 497 Brown, Mike, 826 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42216-1 — An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics Bradley W. Carroll , Dale A. Ostlie Index More Information I-4 Index Bruno, Giordano, 195 CCDs (charge-coupled devices), 827 Brunt–Väisälä frequency, 508 160–161 density and compensation, 814 BSG, see Blue supergiant stars cD galaxies, 984, 985, discovery of, 813 Bulk modulus, 321 1013–1015 formation of, 815 Bunsen, Robert, 111 CDM, see Cold dark matter orbit, 814–816 Buoyancy frequency, 508 Celestial equator, 3, 10, 12 Chauvin,
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