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(DEA) Rofondies UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE Latimeria chalumnae MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU Diplôme d ’Etudes Approfondies (D.E.A.) Formation Doctorale : Sciences de la vie Option : Biologie, Ecologie et Conservation Animales ETUDE PHENOLOGIQUE D’ Anodonthyla montana Angel, 1925 et de Mantidactylus madecassus (Millot & Guibé, 1950) , AMPHIBIENS ENDEMIQUES DU HAUT MASSIF D’ANDRINGITRA Présenté par : Madame FALIARISOA Edwige Devant le JURY composé de : Président : Mada me Noromalala RASOAMAMPIONONA RAMINOSOA (Professeur) Rapporteur : Monsieu r. Achille Philipe RASELIMANANA (Maître de Conférences) Examinateur(s) : - Mada me Marie Jeanne RAHERILALAO (Maître de Conférences) - Mada me Jeanne RASAMY RAZANABOLANA (Maître de Conférences) Soutenu publiquement le : 29 avril 2011 UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ANIMALE Latimeria chalumnae MEMOIRE POUR L’OBTENTION DU Diplôme d ’Etudes Approfondies (D.E.A.) Formation Doctorale : Sciences de la vie Option : Biologie, Ecologie et Conservation Animales ETUDE PHENOLOGIQUE D’ Anodonthyla montana Angel, 1925 et de Mantidactylus madecassus (Millot & Guibé, 1950) , AMPHIBIENS ENDEMIQUES DU HAUT MASSIF D’ANDRINGITRA Présenté par : Madame FALIARISOA Edwige Devant le JURY composé de : Président : Mada me Noromalala RASOAMAMPIONONA RAMINOSOA (Professeur) Rapporteur : Monsieu r. Achille Philipe RASELIMANANA (Maître de Conférences) Examinateur(s) : - Mada me Marie Jeanne RAHERILALAO (Maître de Conférences) - Mada me Jeanne RASAMY RAZANABOLANA (Maître de Conférences) Soutenu publiquement le : 29 avril 2011 TECHNISHE UNIVERSTÄTE CAROLO-WILHELMINA ZU BRAUNSHWEIG REMERCIEMENTS Je remercie Dieu Tout Puissant qui est l’origine de toute chose. A Lui seul soit la gloire, aujourd’hui et à jamais. Ce mémoire pour l’obtention du Diplôme d’Etude Approfondie n’arrive pas à terme sans la collaboration et le soutien, directs ou indirects, des différentes personnes et institutions, à qui nous tenons à exprimer nos plus vifs remerciements. J’adresse particulièrement mes très respectueux remerciements à : - Monsieur Le Doyen de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, qui m’a autorisée à soutenir ce mémoire. Je vous prie d’agréer Monsieur le Doyen, mes plus hautes considérations. - Mesdames et Monsieur les membres de la commission de lecture composée de : Madame Marie Jeanne RAHERILALAO, Maître de Conférences, Madame Jeanne RASAMY RAZANABOLANA, Maître de Conférences et Monsieur Daniel RAKOTONDRAVONY, Maître de Conférences, qui sont des Enseignants Chercheurs au Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo. Malgré vos occupations, vous avez consacré vos précieux temps et donné des conseils pour l’amélioration et la validation de la soutenance de ce mémoire. Je vous adresse mes reconnaissances plus sincères. - Madame Noromalala RASOAMAMPIONONA RAMINOSOA Professeur au Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, qui malgré ses nombreuses responsabilités, a accepté d’être le Président de Jury de ce mémoire. Permettez-moi de vous exprimer toutes mes gratitudes. - Madame Marie Jeanne RAHERILALAO, Maître de Conférences et Enseignant Chercheur au Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, qui accepte d’être l’examinateur de ce mémoire. Je vous adresse mes remerciements les plus vifs. - Madame Jeanne RASAMY RAZANABOLANA, Maître de Conférences et Enseignant-Chercheur au Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, qui ne refuse pas d’être l’examinateur de ce mémoire. Permettez-moi d’exprimer toutes mes gratitudes. - Monsieur Miguel VENCES, Professeur, Docteur, à l’Université Technishe Carolo Wilhelmina de Braunshweig. Vous m’avez formée à conduire une étude, aussi bien sur terrain qu’en théorie, dans le domaine de l’Herpetologie. Vous avez également fourni des soutiens matériels et financiers pour la réalisation de ce travail de recherche. Permettez-moi de vous adresser mes remerciements sincères. - Monsieur David VIEITES, Docteur, à l’Université de Madrid, Initiateur du projet auquel fait partie cette étude et Encadreur sur terrain. Je vous adresse mes remerciements chaleureux. - Monsieur Achille Philippe RASELIMANANA, Maître de Conférences, Enseignant- Chercheur au Département de Biologie Animale de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, Encadreur et Rapporteur de ce mémoire, qui malgré ses nombreuses responsabilités, ne ménage pas ses précieux efforts, temps et connaissances. Cet ouvrage ne serait jamais soutenable sans votre formation ainsi que vos innombrables conseils et corrections. Monsieur, je vous adresse toutes mes vives reconnaissances. J’adresse également mes remerciements à - Tous les Enseignants-Chercheurs et les Personnels Administratifs à la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, qui m’avaient aidée à suivre les processus d’étude depuis la première année. Je vous prie d’accepter mes remerciements dévoués. Je tiens à remercier « Conservation International » de Madagascar qui est la source du financement de cette étude. Je dédie ma profonde reconnaissance à mon mari Dina Malala RAVELONKASINA, mes deux enfants Finoana Nomenjanahary RAVELONKASINA et Zinasoa Nasandratry Ny Avo RAVELONKASINA, tous les membres de ma famille, tous mes amis et mes collègues qui m’ont offert des soutiens spirituel, moral et matériels pour la réalisation de ce mémoire. Merci beaucoup à vous tous! Résumé Une étude phénologique d’Anodonthyla montana (MICROHYLIDAE) et de Mantidactylus madecassus (MANTELLIDAE), amphibiens endémiques de la haute altitude (2000 - 2600 m) du Parc National d’Andringitra, a été menée dans la partie centrale et sur le versant Ouest de ce massif. L’objectif principal est d’évaluer l’état des populations en fonction de la saison, afin de pouvoir formuler des recommandations pour leur conservation. Boby et Bory ont été choisis comme sites d’étude. L’étude a été effectuée en saison sèche, du 5 au 26 octobre 2006 et en saison humide, du 11 au 28 février 2007. Des observations directes sur itinéraire échantillon et de fouille systématique des microhabitats ont été utilisées pour la recherche et l’échantillonnage. La technique de capture - marquage - recapture a été optée pour étudier la densité. Pour Anodonthyla montana , la densité est plus élevée durant la saison humide (1707 à 9040 contre 293 à 427 individus par hectare pendant la saison sèche). Pour Mantidactylus madecassus, elle est plus forte pendant la saison sèche (7600 à 8700 contre 4300 individus par hectare pendant la saison humide). La reproduction pourrait être soit discontinue mais plus étendue soit continue mais le pic se trouve en saison humide pour Anodonthyla montana et en saison sèche pour Mantidactylus madecassus . Dans une population d’ Anodonthyla montana , il existe autant d’individus mâles que de femelles alors que dans celle de Mantidactylus madecassus, le sexe femelle prédomine. La taille varie entre 19,6 à 42,6 mm chez Anodonthyla montana . Elle est de 23,4 à 39,9 mm chez Mantidactylus madecassus . Les femelles sont plus grandes et plus lourdes que les mâles chez les deux espèces. Mots clés : Madagascar, Andringitra, Amphibiens, Anodonthyla montana, Mantidactylus madecassus , phénologie. i Abstract A phenological study of Anodonthyla montana and Mantidactylus madecassus , two endemic amphibian species of the Andringitra high massif, has been conducted in the central portion and the Southern Slope of this National Park. The main goal is to assess population size and its seasonal variation for eventual conservation. Boby and Bory, have been chosen as study sites. Researches are carried out during dry season, from 5 th to 26 th October 2006 and in wet season, from 11 th to 28 th February 2007. Active searching and microhabitats examination along line transects have been used as a sampling and survey methods. Capture - mark - release- recapture has been opted to evaluate density. In A. montana, density is highest in the wet season (1707 to 9040 versus 293 to 427 individuals per hectare in dry season). For M. madecassus, it is highest in the dry season (7600 to 8700 versus 4300 individuals per hectare). Reproduction of both species could be discontinuous but it extend on both seasons or continue but it is maximal during the wet season in A. montana and during the dry season in M. madecassus . Females and males have the same proportion within population of A. montana but within M. madecassus, dominance of female has been detected. The average size of individuals ranged from 19,6 to 42,6 mm in A. montana whereas it varies from 23,4 to 39,9 mm in M. madecassus . In both species, female was very large and weighty than males. Keywords : Andringitra, Amphibians, Anodonthyla montana, Mantidactylus madecassus, phenology. ii SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 Partie I DESCRIPTION DU MILIEU D’ETUDE .......................................................... 3 I.1 Localisation géographique .................................................................................. 3 I.2 Relief et géologie ................................................................................................ 5 I.3 Climatologie ......................................................................................................
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