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United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Page 1 of 17 United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Ecological Site Description Section l: Ecological Site Characteristics Ecological Site Identification and Concept Site stage: Provisional Provisional: an ESD at the provisional status represents the lowest tier of documentation that is releasable to the public. It contains a grouping of soil units that respond similarly to ecological processes. The ESD contains 1) enough information to distinguish it from similar and associated ecological sites and 2) a draft state and transition model capturing the ecological processes and vegetative states and community phases as they are currently conceptualized. The provisional ESD has undergone both quality control and quality assurance protocols. It is expected that the provisional ESD will continue refinement towards an approved status. Site name: Wet Meadow / Andropogon gerardii - Sorghastrum nutans ( / big bluestem - Indiangrass) Site type: Rangeland Site ID: R067BY038CO Major land resource area (MLRA): 067B-Central High Plains, Southern Part MLRA 67B, Eastern Colorado MLRA 67B-Central High Plains, Southern Part is located in eastern Colorado. It is comprised of rolling plains and river valleys. Some canyonlands occur in the southeast portion. The major rivers are the South Platte and Arkansas which flow from the Rocky Mountains to Nebraska and Kansas. Other rivers in the MLRA include the Cache la Poudre and Republican. The rivers have many tributaries. This ecological site is traversed by I-25, I-70 and I-76, and U.S. Highways 50 and 287. Major land uses include 54% rangeland, 35% cropland, and 2% pasture and hayland. Urban and developed open space, and miscellaneous land occupy approximately 9% of the remainder. Cities in this area include Fort Collins, Greeley, Sterling, and Denver. Other cities include Limon, Cheyenne Wells, and Springfield. Land ownership is mostly private. Federal lands include Pawnee and Comanche National Grasslands (U.S. Forest Service), Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site (National Park Service), and Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service). State Parks include Cherry Creek and Chatfield Reservoirs, and Barr and Jackson Lakes. This region is periodically affected by severe drought, including the historic “Dust Bowl” of the 1930s. Dust storms may form during drought years, in windy periods. Elevations range from 3,400 to 6,000 feet. The Average annual precipitation ranges from 14-17 inches per year, and ranges from 13 inches to over 18 inches, depending on location. Precipitation occurs mostly during the growing season, often during rapidly developing thunderstorms. Mean annual air temperature (MAAT) is 48-52°F. Summer temperatures may exceed 100°F. Winter temperatures may be sub-zero, and snowfall varies from 20-40 inches per year. Snow cover frequently melts between snow events. Page 2 of 17 Ecological Site Concept This site occurs where a seasonal and/or perennial water table exists in river valleys and plains. The variability in water table provides a mosaic of drier and wetter areas on a meadow site. This provides a diversity of non-hydrophytic and hydrophytic vegetation. Primary grasses are warm-season tallgrasses with secondary cool-season midgrass and grass-like plants. Forbs and shrubs are a minor component. Physiographic Features This site occurs on floodplains of the river valleys and drainageways on the plains. There is an influential water table associated with this site. Landform: (1) Flood plain (2) Drainageway Minimum Maximum Elevation (feet): 3600 5600 Slope (percent): 0 3 Water table depth (inches): 6 24 Flooding Frequency: Occasional Frequent Duration: Very brief Brief Ponding Depth (inches): 0 0 Frequency: None None Runoff class: Negligible Low Aspect: No Influence on this site Climatic Features Average annual precipitation across the MLRA extent is 14 to 17 inches, and ranges from 13 inches to over 18 inches, depending on location. The average is 15 inches. Precipitation increases from north to south. Mean Annual Air Temperature (MAAT) is 50°F in the northern part and increases to 52°F in the southern part. Portions of Morgan and Weld counties (in the northern part) are cooler and drier, the MAAT is 48°F, and average precipitation is 13 to14 inches per year. Two-thirds of the annual precipitation occurs during the growing season from mid-April to late September. Snowfall averages 30 inches per year, area-wide, but varies by location from 20 to 40 inches per year. Winds are estimated to average 9 miles per hour annually. Daytime winds are generally stronger than at night, and occasional strong storms may bring periods of high winds with gusts to more than 90 mph. High-intensity afternoon thunderstorms may arise. The average length of the freeze-free period (28°F) is 155 days from April 30th to October to 3rd. The average frost-free period (32°F) is 136 days from May 11th to September 24th. July is the hottest month, and December and January are the coldest months. Summer temperatures average 90°F and occasionally exceed 100°F. Summer humidity is low and evaporation is high. Winters are characterized with frequent northerly winds, producing severe cold with temperatures occasionally dropping to -30°F or lower. Blizzard conditions may form quickly. For detailed information, visit the Western Regional Climate Center website: Western Regional Climate Center>Historical Data>Western U.S. Climate summaries, NOAA Coop Stations>Colorado http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/summary/Climsmco.html Eastern Colorado was strongly affected by extended drought conditions in the “Dust Bowl” period of the 1930’s, with recurrent drought cycles in the 1950s and 1970s. Extreme to exceptional drought conditions have re-visited the area from 2002 to 2012, with brief interludes of near normal to normal precipitation years. Long-term effects of these latest drought events have yet to be determined. Growth of native cool-season plants begin about April 1 and continue to mid-June. Native warm-season plants begin growth about May 1 and continue to about August 15. Regrowth of cool-season plants occur in September in most years, depending on moisture. Note: The climate described here is based on historic climate station data in the past 30 to 50 years, and is averaged to provide an overview of annual precipitation, temperatures, and growing season. Future climate is beyond the scope of this document. However, research to determine the effects of elevated CO2 and/or heating on mixed-grass prairie ecosystems, and how it may relate to future plant communities (i.e. potential shifts in dominant and sub-dominant groups, changes in growing season length, responses of cool-season and warm-season grasses, etc.) is on-going. Averaged Frost-free period (days): 129 Freeze-free period (days): 150 Mean annual precipitation (inches): 15.89 Monthly Precipitation (Inches): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec High 0.48 0.47 1.29 2.06 3.04 3.05 3.07 2.97 1.58 1.69 0.85 0.49 Medium 0.27 0.28 0.69 1.25 1.93 2.11 2.13 1.92 1.01 0.70 0.44 0.28 Low 0.11 0.10 0.34 0.58 1.17 1.30 1.32 1.13 0.50 0.32 0.20 0.14 Page 3 of 17 Monthly Temperature (°F): Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec High 43.4 46.4 55.4 63.7 73.3 83.6 90.2 87.8 79.4 66.7 52.7 42.8 Low 13.5 16.4 24.3 32.1 42.4 51.6 57.3 55.9 46.2 33.8 22.3 13.7 30 Year Annual Rainfall (inches): 1981 N 1982 N 1983 N 1984 N 1985 N 1986 N 1987 N 1988 N 1989 N 1990 N 1991 N 1992 N 1993 N 1994 N 1995 N 15.24 15.13 16.97 15.59 14.68 13.69 17.02 13.14 14.65 16.99 16.42 16.51 15.4 13.19 18.42 1996 N 1997 H 1998 N 1999 N 2000 N 2001 N 2002 D 2003 N 2004 N 2005 N 2006 N 2007 N 2008 N 2009 N 2010 N 14.51 19.95 14.69 18.27 12.04 14.77 9.74 13.37 16.69 15.36 15.07 15.32 14.25 18.71 14.96 D-Drought N-Normal H-Heavy Climate stations: (1) BRIGGSDALE [USC00050945], Weld County CO 80611. Period of record 1981-2010 (2) BRIGHTON 3 SE [USC00050950], Adams County CO 80601. Period of record 1981-2010 (3) BYERS 5 ENE [USC00051179], Adams County CO 80103. Period of record 1981-2010 (4) CHEYENNE WELLS [USC00051564], Cheyenne County CO 80810. Period of record 1981-2010 (5) FLAGLER 1S [USC00052932], Kit Carson County CO 80815. Period of record 1981-2010 (6) FT MORGAN [USC00053038], Morgan County CO 80701. Period of record 1981-2010 (7) GREELEY UNC [USC00053553], Weld County CO 80631. Period of record 1981-2010 (8) KIT CARSON [USC00054603], Cheyenne County CO 80825. Period of record 1981-2010 Page 4 of 17 (9) NUNN [USC00056023], Weld County CO 80648. Period of record 1981-2010 (10) SPRINGFIELD 7 WSW [USC00057866], Baca County CO 81073. Period of record 1981-2010 (11) LIMON WSMO [USW00093010], Lincoln County CO 80828. Period of record 1981-2010 Influencing Water Features There is a seasonal and/or perennial water table that influence the kinds and amounts of vegetation on this site. The variability in water table provides a mosaic of drier and wetter areas on a meadow. This provides a diversity of non-hydrophytic and hydrophytic vegetation on the site. The water table in some areas is artificially induced, caused by seepage from nearby irrigation ditches, canals, and/or reservoirs.
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