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Encountering Difference

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NICOL FOULKES SAVINETTI Encountering Difference The experience of Nordic highly skilled citizens in India ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Board of the School of Social Sciences and Humanities of the University of Tampere, for public discussion in the Lecture Room Linna K 103, Kalevantie 5, Tampere on June 6th, 2015, at 12 o’clock. UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE NICOL FOULKES SAVINETTI Encountering Difference The experience of Nordic highly skilled citizens in India Acta Universitatis Tamperensis 2060 Tampere University Press Tampere 2015 ACADEMIC DISSERTATION University of Tampere School of Social Sciences and Humanities Finland The originality of this thesis has been checked using the Turnitin OriginalityCheck service in accordance with the quality management system of the University of Tampere. Copyright ©2015 Tampere University Press and the author Cover design by Mikko Reinikka Distributor: [email protected] https://verkkokauppa.juvenes.fi Acta Universitatis Tamperensis 2060 Acta Electronica Universitatis Tamperensis 1552 ISBN 978-951-44-9815-2 (print) ISBN 978-951-44-9816-9 (pdf) ISSN-L 1455-1616 ISSN 1456-954X ISSN 1455-1616 http://tampub.uta.fi Suomen Yliopistopaino Oy – Juvenes Print 441 729 Tampere 2015 Painotuote I can handle your telling me what I did or didn‟t do. And I can handle your interpretations, but please don‟t mix the two. If you want to confuse any issue I can tell you how to do it: Mix together what I do, with how you react to it. Tell me that you‟re disappointed, with the unfinished chores you see, But calling me “irresponsible” is no way to motivate me. And tell me that you‟re feeling hurt, when I say “no” to your advances, But calling me a frigid man won‟t increase your future chances. Yes, I can handle your telling me what I did or didn‟t do, And I can handle your interpretations, but please don‟t mix the two. Marshall Rosenberg Nonviolent Communication (1995:25) Acknowledgements Raising my son is giving me a new understanding of how complex human beings are, how divergently we are affected by our social and natural environment and, more poignantly, how we are influenced by the people around us. And let us not forget the part that is unique, and just the self. I consider myself fortunate that the „self‟ that I possess today has been influenced by countless wonderful individuals, many of whom I shall mention here. I would say that this is perhaps the most pleasurable section of the manuscript to write as it requires me simply to put on paper all of the people to whom I owe a debt of gratitude for their input not only for the duration of the thesis production, but also before. I begin by thanking Elli Heikkilä and Professor Swati Shirwadkar for taking the time out of their busy schedules to read through the manuscript and evaluate the quality and value of my work to academia and wider society. Thank you to both of you for your expertise and Elli Heikkilä particularly for agreeing to be my opponent and making the trip to Tampere to engage in discussion with me and others present. The methodologies that I chose to use in this work required intensive interaction with different institutions and individuals who managed to take time out of their busy lives to help me with the PhD endeavor. I would need a further chapter in the manuscript to name them all. In Finland there are four main institutions I must thank. The Finnish Doctoral Program on Labour and Welfare Studies, LabourNet, first welcomed my thesis idea when they opened up for international applications for membership and funding. LabourNet also funded a significant portion of the process. Particularly in the early years, the members and supervisors at LabourNet provided me with so many other important things as well: collegiality, expert opinion, social support, a research community. In particular I must say to Pertti Koistinen, thank you for being such a strong, faithful, supportive, inspiring supervisor, mentor and friend. Tiina Ristikari, thank you for being my virtual soulmate throughout this journey and beyond; you too are an inspiration. Saara Koikkalainen, thank you for your steadfastness, your belief in and promotion of my work and your friendship. I also received funding from the Academy of Finland‟s Future of Work and Wellbeing Program (2008-2011) through my participation in the Spatial Citizenship in Europeans Labour Markets project group. As well as the academic benefits of working together with such a strong team of professionals, I very much enjoyed my social interactions with my dear mentors and colleagues Professor Asko Suikkanen, Professor Seppo Koskinen, Anni Vilkko, Saara Koikkalainen, Timmo Tammilehto, Hannu Mikkola and Marja Katisko. I think we learned a lot from each other, and my memories of our meetings are extremely warm and strongly cultural – I felt immersed in Finland and Finnishness when I was together with you and I thoroughly enjoyed it! Thank you. The School of Social Sciences and Humanities at the University of Tampere funded the project at different stages. Thank you to Dean Risto Kunelius, and also to the staff at the Department of Social Policy for making my visits to Tampere so pleasant, and for helping me with various practicalities of being a distance „student‟ at the faculty. The Finnish Work Environment Fund provided me with a finishing grant which ended up spanning two years because of my pregnancy and the birth of my son, Giulian. Thank you to the various members of staff there who helped me at different stages of the funding and who showed great enthusiasm and support for my work. Spending time in India was a potent reminder of the stark differences in life course human beings have as a result of being born in a particular place, at a particular point in time, in a man or a women‟s body, and how complicated life can be if one cannot or chooses not to follow socially constructed behavioral norms of the time. Thank you to the people of India for giving me such an enriching experience of South Asia, and an even stronger appreciation of the life that came to me by chance. The Institute of Social and Economic Change (ISEC) in Bangalore contributed to the success of this project in many ways. The course I took there through the Nordic Centre India was, in short, one of the best moves I have ever made. During the time I spent at ISEC completing the course and on subsequent fieldwork visits, I met truly inspirational people, learned a whole heap about myself as well as India and academia. Thank you to my fellow visiting scholars Irmelin Joelsen, Kristina Westermark, Riika Aminoff, Pirjo Niskanen, Mary Breeding and Johanna Höffken for your acceptance, warmth and encouragement at various stages along this journey; thank you to all of the Indian PhD students at ISEC for welcoming me so wholeheartedly and for sharing your worlds and insights with me, in particular Mainak Mazumdar and Khalid Wasimm; thank you Professor Gayathri Davi and Lekha Subaiya for your professionalism, for sharing your experiences of India and life in India, and your friendship; and thank you to the faculty members, staff and grounds staff who also contributed greatly to my unique experience in Bangalore. The last institute I would like to mention that has been hugely instrumental in the production of this thesis and my professional growth is the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies – NIAS which is located in Denmark. I was introduced to NIAS by my dear friend and faithful supporter Kimberly Nightingale back in 2010. I struggle to find the words to express just how important the institute and the people in it have been to me on a professional and personal level over the years. Thank you to the director Geir Helgesen for welcoming me to NIAS in the first instance. You, Cecilia Milwertz, Gerald Jackson, Katrine Herold, Marie Yoshida, Ida Nicolaisen and Inga-Lill Blomkvist have been my constants since I started at NIAS supporting and encouraging me through many ups and downs, and in your own ways have exposed me to Danish academia and the workings of academic institutions, new aspects of the publishing world, and networking in the Nordic region. Thank you to Bernd Wunsch for the technical support. Thank you to numerous co-PhD‟ers at NIAS who I have shared the boat with at different points in time, in particular Bo Ærenlund Sørensen who has been a great officemate (and Microsoft Office Assistant!!) in the final stages of the work, and Sanna Schliewe for your interest in my project from inception to completion – I have benefited greatly from both of your scholarly expertise and professionalism, and being around your calm, warm personalities. Thank you to numerous researchers and Master‟s students, past and present, including Kimberly Nightingale, Alexandra Kent, Min Dongchao, Vera Altmeyer and Christian Stampe Jensen for your advice, support and friendship. Lastly, thank you to Stig Toft Madsen for your collegiality, friendship and your eccentricity. I must also thank profusely the great number of informants who provided me with the material this thesis is made of as well as a wealth of background data. Thank you to the members of the Overseas Women‟s Club, the Bangalore Expatriate Club and the Delhi Network for welcoming me and allowing me to conduct my research at your events and meet-ups. Thank you to all of the informants from Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands Germany, UK and other places around the world who shared details of your personal and professional lives with me and helped me to understand your individual migration experiences.
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