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Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Shilu Cu–Mo Deposit in the Yunkai Area, Guangdong Province, South China and Its Implication

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Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Shilu Cu–Mo Deposit in the Yunkai Area, Guangdong Province, South China and Its Implication ÔØ ÅÒÙ×Ö ÔØ Geochronology and geochemistry of the Shilu Cu–Mo deposit in the Yunkai area, Guangdong Province, South China and its implication Wei Zheng, Jing-wen Mao, Franco Pirajno, Hai-jie Zhao, Cai-sheng Zhao, Zhi-hao Mao, Yong-jian Wang PII: S0169-1368(14)00365-5 DOI: doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.12.009 Reference: OREGEO 1405 To appear in: Ore Geology Reviews Received date: 4 December 2014 Accepted date: 11 December 2014 Please cite this article as: Zheng, Wei, Mao, Jing-wen, Pirajno, Franco, Zhao, Hai-jie, Zhao, Cai-sheng, Mao, Zhi-hao, Wang, Yong-jian, Geochronology and geochemistry of the Shilu Cu–Mo deposit in the Yunkai area, Guangdong Province, South China and its implication, Ore Geology Reviews (2014), doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.12.009 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Geochronology and geochemistry of the Shilu Cu–Mo deposit in the Yunkai area, Guangdong Province, South China and its implication Wei Zheng a*, Jing-wen Mao b, Franco Pirajno c, Hai-jie Zhao b, Cai-sheng Zhao d, Zhi-hao Mao a, Yong-jian Wang e a School of the Earth Science and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China b MLR Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China c Centre for Exploration Targeting, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6008, Australia d Technology and International Cooperation Department, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100812, China e CNNC Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, Beijing 100029, China *Corresponding author: Tel. +86-18810553516. Email address: [email protected] (Zheng Wei) ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT ABSTRACT Shilu is a large porphyry-skarn deposit in the Yunkai district in Guangdong Province, South China. The Shilu granitic intrusion in the mine area is a granodiorite which is genetically related to Cu mineralization. Plagioclase in the granodiorite has a zoned texture and is mainly andesine with minor amounts of labradorite, whereas the K-feldspars exhibit Carlsbad twins and some are also characterized by a zonal texture. K-feldspars from the granodiorite show high contents of Or (87–92 wt%) with minor Ab (8–13 wt%) and negligible An value of 0–0.3 wt%. Biotite can be classified as magnesio-biotite, and is characterized by Mg-rich [Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.54-0.60] and AlVI-low (average values = 0.11). Hornblende is chiefly magnesiohornblende and tschermakite. LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb age of the Shilu granodiorite is 107±0.7 Ma, which is consistent with molybdenites Re–Os age of 104.1±1.3 Ma. Geochemical data indicate that the Shilu granodiorite is silica-rich (SiO2 = 63.43–65.03 wt%) and alkali-rich (K2O + Na2O = 5.45–6.05 wt%), as well as calcium-rich (CaO = 4.76–5.1 wt%). Trace element geochemistry results show enrichments in large ion lithophile elements (e.g., Rb, K, and Ba) and depletions in some high field strength elements (e.g., Nb, P, Ta, andACCEPTED Ti). The total rare earth MANUSCRIPTelement (REE) content of the granodioritic rocks is low (∑REE < 200 ppm), and is characterized by light REE enrichment [(La/Yb)N > 9] and moderately negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.83–0.90). These mineralogical, geochronological, and geochemical results suggest that the Shilu granodiorite has a mixed crust-mantle source with a geochemical affinity to I-type granitoids. Hornblende thermobarometry yielded magmatic crystallization temperatures of 686–785ºC and crystallization pressures between 1.0 and 2.34 kbar, which is converted to depths in a range of 2 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 3.31 to 7.71 km. Biotite thermobarometry yielded similar temperatures and lower pressures of 680–780ºC and 0.8–2 kbar (depth 2.64–6.6 km), respectively. The parent magma had a high 87 86 oxygen fugacity. The Shilu granodiorite has a relatively low εNd/t-t value and high ( Sr/ Sr)i value, and Nd isotopes yield two-stage depleted mantle Nd model ages of 969–1590 Ma. Our new data, combined with previous studies, imply that the granodiorite and the associated Shilu Cu–Mo deposit was formed in an extensional environment, closely related to remelting of residual subducted slab fragments in the Jurassic. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 3 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Keywords: Shilu Cu–Mo deposit, Mineral chemistry, LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb dating, Yunkai area, South China ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 4 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1. Introduction Porphyry-skarn copper deposits are an economically important copper resource supplying about 75% of the world’s copper (Sillitoe, 2010). Such deposits form above subduction zones and are preferentially associated with calc-alkaline magmas (Cooke et al., 2005; Sillitoe, 2010). Numerous porphyry-skarn copper deposits occur in eastern China along a NE–SW trending belt. Previous studies indicate that China’s Mesozoic porphyry-skarn copper deposits formed mainly in two periods: 180–135 Ma and 125–90 Ma (Mao et al., 2011, 2013, 2014) (Fig. 1a). The Shilu copper deposit is a typical porphyry-skarn copper deposit located in the Yangchun basin of western Guangdong province, China. Previous studies mainly focused on the geological characteristics of the Shilu Cu–Mo deposit (Yu et al., 1988; Sun et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2008; Zhao et al., 2012), but little research has been conducted on geochemical characteristics of the Shilu intrusion (Ma et al., 1985; Li et al., 2000). In addition, there is controversy over the timing of the granodioritic intrusion in this deposit. Three ages, 122 Ma (Rb–Sr), 126 Ma (U–Pb), and 99–101 Ma (40Ar–39Ar), have been reported for the granodiorite (Yu et al., 1988). Moreover, the mineralogical characteristics, physical and chemicalACCEPTED conditions, source, tectonicMANUSCRIPT environment and evolution of the Shilu granodiorite rocks are still not very clear. Herein, we present a systematic mineralogical, precise LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb geochronological, and geochemical study of the Shilu intrusion. We use these data to constrain the timing, petrogenesis, and tectonic setting of magmatism of the Shilu Cu–Mo deposit, which in turn enhances our understanding of the dynamics of Mesozoic magmatism in the Yangchun basin of western Guangdong province. 5 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2 Regional geology The Yunkai (Fig. 1b) is an important tungsten–tin–copper and polymetallic metallogenic area of South China. Several intense magmatic events and related mineralization have been recognized (Cai et al., 2002). Recent exploration work indicates that Mesozoic rift basins controlled the distribution of mineralization, and that the majority of the ore deposits are located in and around Cretaceous or Cretaceous–Tertiary basins, including the Luoding, Huaiji, and Yangchun basins (Mao et al., 2011a, b). Yangchun is a NE–SW-trending fault-bounded basin with a sequence of Triassic rocks forming a synclinorium (Li et al., 2000). The Yangchun basin is located in the southwest of South China fold belt (Ren et al., 1990), at the junction of Yunkai block and central Guangdong block (Fig.1b). Bounded by Wuchuan–Sihui fault, the northwest of Yangchun basin is the Yunkai ancient uplift zone in which thick flysch and flyschoid sediments accumulated from Sinian to Cambrian, forming the basement of the region. The Caledonian orogenic movement and associated regional metamorphism gave rise to the formation of greenschistACCEPTED facies–amphibolite MANUSCRIPT facies metamorphic rocks, and the formation of migmatites in some localities of the area (Zhang et al., 1993). Since the Caledonian, the Yangchun basin experienced several tectonic movements, related to Indo-China, Yanshan, Himalayan tectonics with dominant NE–NNE trending structures. Cai et al. (2001; 2002) believed that the Mesozoic lithosphere in western Guangdong experienced three stages of tectonic evolution, namely, collision and compression (224–265 Ma), transition from compression to extension (154–163 Ma) and finally extension (80–120 Ma). The complex 6 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT structural features in the area, provide suitable channel ways for the emplacement of endogenic polymetallic deposits. So far, more than 50 deposits have been found in the basin and surrounding areas, including the Shilu Cu–Mo deposit, the Mange’ling Cu–Fe deposit, the Yingwuling W–Sn polymetallic deposit, and the Chadi Pb–Zn deposit. 3 Ore deposit geology Shilu (111°38'37"E, 22°10'22"N) is a porphyry-skarn Cu–Mo deposit with average grades of 0.91% Cu, 0.21% Mo, 12.52 g/t Ag, 11.20% TFe, and 2.33% S (tonnage information not available at the time of writing). The stratigraphic sequence in the Shilu mine area comprises Carboniferous rocks and Quaternary sediments (Fig. 1c). The Carboniferous rocks are widespread in the south, east, and southwest of the Shilu basin and mainly comprise limestone and arenaceous shale. The principal structures in the mine area consist of NE- to NNE-trending compressional faults and inferred NW- to NNW-trending transtensional faults (Sun et al., 2008). The Shilu granodiorite is closely related to the mineralization and distributed in the north and center of the mine area. The NE- and SE-trending granodioritic intrusion has an ACCEPTEDirregular ellipsoidal shape MANUSCRIPT with an outcrop area of 4.7 km2, and intrudes middle–upper Carboniferous dolomite and dolomitic limestone (Fig. 1c). In cross section the intrusion is a nearly vertical cylinder with a high angle contact with the country rocks, but locally the granodiorite contacts with the country rocks exhibit irregular shapes (Fig.
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