Primary Reflexes and Their Influence on Behaviour
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The Human Nociceptive Withdrawal Reflex The Human Nociceptive Withdrawal Reflex Improved Understanding and Optimization of Reflex Elicitation and Recording PhD Thesis by Ken Steffen Frahm Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark ISBN 978-87-92982-69-8 (paperback) ISBN 978-87-92982-68-1 (e-book) Published, sold and distributed by: River Publishers Niels Jernes Vej 10 9220 Aalborg Ø Denmark Tel.: +45369953197 www.riverpublishers.com Copyright for this work belongs to the author, River Publishers have the sole right to distribute this work commercially. All rights reserved c 2013 Ken Steffen Frahm. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the Publisher. Contents Preface vii Acknowledgements ix English summary xi Danish summary xiii List of abbreviations xv Introduction 1 1.1 The Nociceptive Withdrawal Reflex ......................................... 2 Aims 7 2.1 Overview of study aims ............................................................. 9 2.2 Papers ...................................................................................... 10 Methods 11 3.1 Reflex monitoring (study I) ..................................................... 11 3.2 Noxious stimulation (study I & II) .......................................... 15 3.3 Mapping the neural activation in the sole of the foot (study -
Focusing on the Re-Emergence of Primitive Reflexes Following Acquired Brain Injuries
33 Focusing on The Re-Emergence of Primitive Reflexes Following Acquired Brain Injuries Resiliency Through Reconnections - Reflex Integration Following Brain Injury Alex Andrich, OD, FCOVD Scottsdale, Arizona Patti Andrich, MA, OTR/L, COVT, CINPP September 19, 2019 Alex Andrich, OD, FCOVD Patti Andrich, MA, OTR/L, COVT, CINPP © 2019 Sensory Focus No Pictures or Videos of Patients The contents of this presentation are the property of Sensory Focus / The VISION Development Team and may not be reproduced or shared in any format without express written permission. Disclosure: BINOVI The patients shown today have given us permission to use their pictures and videos for educational purposes only. They would not want their images/videos distributed or shared. We are not receiving any financial compensation for mentioning any other device, equipment, or services that are mentioned during this presentation. Objectives – Advanced Course Objectives Detail what primitive reflexes (PR) are Learn how to effectively screen for the presence of PRs Why they re-emerge following a brain injury Learn how to reintegrate these reflexes to improve patient How they affect sensory-motor integration outcomes How integration techniques can be used in the treatment Current research regarding PR integration and brain of brain injuries injuries will be highlighted Cases will be presented Pioneers to Present Day Leaders Getting Back to Life After Brain Injury (BI) Descartes (1596-1650) What is Vision? Neuro-Optometric Testing Vision writes spatial equations -
Central Nervous System
MCQ : Central Nervous System Section 1 General Functional Organization of the Nervous System 1 ) The central nervous system includes all the following components, except :- a- spinal cord b- medulla oblongata c- autonomic ganglia d- diencephalon 2 ) The central nervous system is connected with the peripheral nervous system by all the following types of nerve fibers, except :- a- postganglionic autonomic fibers b- preganglionic autonomic fibers c- somatic motor fibers d- autonomic sensory fibers 3 ) The sensory system is involved in all the following, except :- a- initiation of reflex movements b- initiation of voluntary movements c- learning processes d- initiation of emotional responses 1 MCQ : Central Nervous System Section 2 Sensory System and Sensory Receptors 1) The two-element sensory receptors differ from other types of receptors in being:- a- more numerous b- more widely spread in the body c- more sensitive d- composed of specialized cells at the sensory nerve terminals 2) Sensory receptors are classified functionally according to the following criteria, except :- a- their location in the body b- the nature of tissues in which they are found c- the nature of stimuli acting on them d- their connection with cerebral coretx 3) Most sensory receptors :- a- are stimulated by different types of stimuli b- are stimulated only by specific stimuli c- posses a high threshold for their specific stimuli d- only ‘b’ and ‘c’ are correct 4) A specific stimulus produces a receptor potential by :- a- inhibiting Na + influx into receptor b- inhibiting -
What's the Connection?
WHAT’S THE CONNECTION? Sharon Winter Lake Washington High School Directions for Teachers 12033 NE 80th Street Kirkland, WA 98033 SYNOPSIS Students elicit and observe reflex responses and distinguish between types STUDENT PRIOR KNOWL- of reflexes. They then design and conduct experiments to learn more about EDGE reflexes and their control by the nervous system. Before participating in this LEVEL activity students should be able to: Exploration, Concept/Term Introduction Phases ■ Describe the parts of a Application Phase neuron and explain their functions. ■ Distinguish between sensory and motor neurons. Getting Ready ■ Describe briefly the See sidebars for additional information regarding preparation of this lab. organization of the nervous system. Directions for Setting Up the Lab General: INTEGRATION Into the Biology Curriculum ■ Make an “X” on the chalkboard for the teacher-led introduction. ■ Health ■ Photocopy the Directions for Students pages. ■ Biology I, II ■ Human Anatomy and Teacher Background Physiology A reflex is an involuntary neural response to a specific sensory stimulus ■ AP Biology that threatens the survival or homeostatic state of an organism. Reflexes Across the Curriculum exist in the most primitive of species, usually with a protective function for ■ Mathematics animals when they encounter external and internal stimuli. A primitive ■ Physics ■ example of this protective reflex is the gill withdrawal reflex of the sea slug Psychology Aplysia. In humans and other vertebrates, protective reflexes have been OBJECTIVES maintained and expanded in number. Examples are the gag reflex that At the end of this activity, occurs when objects touch the sides students will be able to: or the back of the throat, and the carotid sinus reflex that restores blood ■ Identify common reflexes pressure to normal when baroreceptors detect an increase in blood pressure. -
The Leg Cross Flexion-Extension Reflex: Biomechanics, Neurophysiology, MNRI® Assessment, and Repatterning
Po R t a l t o n e u R o d e ve l o P m e n t a n d le a R n i n g t h e o R y a n d h i s t o R y o f m n R i ® R e f l e x i n t e g R a t i o n The Leg Cross Flexion-Extension Reflex: Biomechanics, Neurophysiology, MNRI® Assessment, and Repatterning Elvin Akhmatov, MA, Ph.D. Student, Orlando, FL, USA; Jakub Buraczewski, PT, MNRI® Core Specialist; Denis Masgutov, Director of SMEI , Poland Introduction wo separate reflexes, Phillipson’s Withdrawal and Leg Cross Flexion-Extension, are eas- ily confused because they have similar motor Tpatterns and are elicited by stimuli that can appear to be alike and usually manifest at the same time. The authors’ purpose is to distinguish clearly between these two reflexes and to present detailed information on the one they refer to as the Leg Cross Flexion-Extension Reflex. The other reflex, often con- Elvin Akhmatov Jakub Buraczewski Denis Masgutov fused with Leg Cross Flexion-Extension, goes by sev- eral names: Phillipson’s Withdrawal, Phillipson’s Leg Flexion, Crossed Extensor, and Leg Withdrawal Reflex, among others. For clarity in this paper, the other reflex will be referred to as Phillipson’s Withdrawal. On the neurophysiological level, these two reflex patterns present the work of two different nerve tracts – tactile and proprioceptive, activated and processed by different receptors. The Leg Cross Flexion-Extension Reflex is extremely important for overall sensory-motor integration, mo- tor programing and control. -
Spontaneous Motility Disorders and Postural Control in Infants (0-6
Medical Rehabilitation (Med Rehabil) 2015, 19 (1), 25-33 eISSN 1896–3250 ISSN 1427–9622 © AWF Kraków Spontaneous motility disorders and postural control in infants (0-6 months of life) with a history of perinatal disorders Zaburzenia motoryki spontanicznej oraz kontroli posturalnej u niemowląt (0-6 miesiąc życia) z obciążonym wywiadem okołoporodowym Magdalena Czajkowska FinMed, Rehabilitation Center, Szczecin, Poland Key words early physiotherapy intervention, neonatal reflexes, Vojta method, standard pattern, segmental extension, locomotion Abstract Newborn infants with a history of perinatal neurological conditions require special monitoring. Their psychomotor development is determined by the potential damage to the structure of their immature nervous system, perinatal hypoxia or disharmony in motor development. However, muscle tension disorders and minor postural control issues, in the light of the high plasticity of the brain, can be independently adjusted. What is more, in most cases infants need help from the moment of birth, and the first signs of irreg- ularities occur within the first weeks of life. The first signs of disturbances in motor development are frequently found by an infant’s parents or guardians. They have the opportunity to observe the infant in natural settings, such as during care, play or feeding. Care- ful clinical examination performed by a pediatric neurologist takes into account an assessment of the child’s eye contact, spontane- ous motor activity and support and erectile mechanisms, and also evaluates the child’s neonatal reflexes and postural reactions (in the case of a diagnosis by Vaclav Vojta). Early physiotherapy intervention shall take action when the first signs of delayed motor de- velopment appear in the infant. -
Spinal Reflexes Marte Rydland a Reflex Is a Protective Response to Stimulus That Does Not Require Conciousness Reflexes
Spinal reflexes Marte Rydland A reflex is a protective response to stimulus that does not require conciousness Reflexes Elements of a reflex arc: 1. Receptor 2. Afferent pathway 3. Integration center 4. Efferent pathway 5. Effector Types of reflexes 1. Stretch reflex → Protects from overstretching 2. Golgi tendon reflex → Protects from over contracting 3. Withdrawal reflex → Protects from potentially harmful stimuli Muscle fibers Types of muscle fibers Extrafusal fibers Intrafusal fibers ▪ Outer layer ▪ Encapsulated in sheaths to form ▪ Provide the force for muscle muscle spindle contraction ▪ Innervated by ɣ-motoneurons ▪ Most of skeletal muscle ▪ Smaller than extrafusal fibers ▪ Innervated by ⍺-motoneurons ▪ Too small to generate force ▪ Attach to tendons ▪ Sensory receptors: Detect the stretch of a muscle Intrafusal fibers – Muscle spindle Nuclear bag fibers Nuclear chain fibers • Have nuclei collected in a "bag" • Have nuclei arranged in series region • Are more numerous than nuclear • Onset of stretch bag fibers • Dynamic changes = LENTGH & • Sustained stretch VELOCITY • Static changes = LENGTH • Annulospiraling endings • Flower spray endings • Innervated by group Ia afferents • Innervated by group Ia + II SLOW afferents RAPID RAPID Renshaw inhibition • Inhibitory interneurons • Between LMN/AMN’s • Negative feedback loop • Removes “noise” • Prevents hyperactive muscle contraction How to move a limb? • Antagonizing muscles must do the opposite • Flexors vs. extensors • Reciprocal innervation • Inhibiting interneurons 1. Stretch reflex (myotatic reflex) Stimulus: stretching of the muscle 1. Intrafusal fiber 2. Type Ia sensory fiber (afferent nerve) 3. Monosynaptic 4. α motor neurons (efferent nerve) 5. Extrafusal muscle fibers = Agonist muscle contracts = Antagonist relaxes Knee jerk reflex 2. Golgi tendon reflex (inverse stretch) Stimulus: contraction of the muscle 1. -
The Plantar Reflex
THE PLANTAR REFLEX a historical, clinical and electromyographic study From the Department of Neurology, Academic Hospital 'Dijkzigt', Rotterdam, The Netherlands THE PLANTAR REFLEX A HISTORICAL, CLINICAL AND ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC STUDY PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE GENEESKUNDE AAN DE ERASMUS UNIVERSITEIT TE ROTTERDAM OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS PROF. DR. B. LEIJNSE EN VOLGENS BESLU!T VAN HET COLLEGE VAN DEKANEN. DE OPENBARE VERDED!GING ZAL PLAATS VINDEN OP WOENSDAG 16 NOVEMBER 1977 DES NAMIDDAGS TE 4.15 UUR PREC!ES DOOR JAN VAN GIJN GEBOREN TE GELDERMALSEN 1977 KRIPS REPRO - MEPPEL PROMOTOR: DR. H. VAN CREVEL CO-PROMOTOR: PROF. DR. A. STAAL CO-REFERENTEN: PROF. DR. H. G. ]. M. KUYPERS PROF. DR. P. E. VOORHOEVE Aan mijn ouders Aan Carien, Maarten en Willem CONTENTS page GENERAL INTRODUCTION 15 CHAPTER I HISTORY OF THE PLANTAR REFLEX AS A CLINICAL SIGN DISCOVERY - the plantar reflex before Babinski 19 - the toe phenomenon . 21 - Joseph Babinski and his work 24 ACCEPTANCE - the pyramidal syndrome before the toe reflex 26 - confirmation . 26 - a curious eponym in Holland 28 - false positive findings? 29 - false negative findings 29 FLEXION AND EXTENSION SYNERGIES - the Babinski sign as part of a flexion synergy . 31 - opposition from Babinski and others . 33 - ipsilateral limb extension with downgoing toes versus the normal plantar response . 36 - crossed toe responses . 36 - tonic plantar flexion of the toes in hemiplegia 37 RIVAL SIGNS - confusion . 39 - different sites of excitation 39 - stretch reflexes of the toe muscles 41 - spontaneous or associated dorsiflexion of the great toe 42 - effects other than in the toes after plantar stimulation 42 THE PLANTAR RESPONSE IN INFANTS - contradictory findings 43 - the grasp reflex of the foot . -
Reflex A18 (1)
REFLEX A18 (1) Reflex Last updated: April 20, 2019 MONOSYNAPTIC REFLEXES: STRETCH REFLEX ...................................................................................... 1 POLYSYNAPTIC REFLEXES: WITHDRAWAL REFLEX ................................................................................ 7 Reflex - simplest form of coordinated movement - rapid, stereotyped, involuntary (automatic), neurally* mediated response to sensory stimulus (that requires quick reaction at involuntary level). *by relatively simple neuronal network MONOSYNAPTIC REFLEX ARC – sensory neuron synapses directly on motoneuron: POLYSYNAPTIC REFLEX ARC – įsiterpia interneuronai (excitatory or inhibitory) – refleksas gali apimti visą kūną! Some reflexes (esp. spinal and brain stem reflexes) are normally elicited only in DEVELOPING NERVOUS SYSTEM. as higher motor centers mature, these reflexes are suppressed. these reflexes reemerge if damage to higher motor centers occurs (unmasking of such reflexes is good example of hierarchical organization of motor system). MONOSYNAPTIC REFLEXES: stretch reflex STRETCH REFLEX - when skeletal muscle is stretched*, it contracts (short phasic contraction - reflex is also termed phasic stretch reflex) to oppose lengthening. * by tapping tendon with reflex hammer harder muscle is stretched, stronger is reflex contraction. sense organ is muscular spindle. muscles involved in precise movements contain large numbers of spindles (vs. muscles involved in posture maintenance). NEUROTRANSMITTER at central synapse is GLUTAMATE. Reaction time - time between stimulus and response. reaction time in knee jerk is 19-24 ms. REFLEX A18 (2) central delay - time taken to traverse spinal cord (for knee jerk it is 0.6-0.9 ms; since minimal synaptic delay is 0.5 ms, only one synapse could have been traversed). MUSCULAR SPINDLES – fusiform end organ: 3-10 much smaller skeletal muscle fibers (INTRAFUSAL FIBERS) enclosed by capsule: INTRAFUSAL FIBERS: more embryonal in character, have less distinct striations. -
Spinal Cord Functions and Spinal Reflexes
5 th Lecture Lectureth ∣ The PhysiologyTheTeam Spinal Cord Functions and Spinal Reflexes Objectives: ❖ Appreciate the two-way traffic along the spinal cord. ❖ Describe the organization of the spinal cord for motor functions (AHC, Interneurons & neuronal pool). ❖ Describe the physiological role of the spinal cord in spinal reflexes & reflex arc components. ❖ Classify reflexes into superficial & deep, monosynaptic & polysynaptic. ❖ Describe withdrawal reflex and crossed extensor reflex. ❖ Recognize the general properties of spinal cord reflexes. Done by : ❖ Team leader: Rahaf AlShammari, Fatima Balsharf, Colour index: Abdulelah AlDossari, Ali AlAmmari. ● Important ❖ Team members: Noura AlKadi, Rahaf AlShunaiber, ● Numbers Reem AlQarni, Rinad AlGhoraiby, Sara AlSultan, Shahad ● Extra AlTayyash, Shahad AlZahrani, Wejdan AlBadrani َ َوأن َّل ْي َسَ ِلْ ِْلن َسا ِنَ ِإََّلَ َما َس َع ىَ How nervous system functions? Higher brain or ● Collection of sensory input cortical level ● Central integration Lower brain or ● Motor output subcortical level Spinal cord level Higher brain or Control all lower centers, thought processes, cortical level memory All are conscious Lower brain or Subconscious activities of the body are subcortical level controlled in the lower areas of the Brain; the medulla, pons, mesencephalon, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. subconscious Spinal cord level 1. walking reflexes All are reflexes 2. withdrawal reflexes without thinking 3. anti gravity reflexes 4. Reflexes that control of blood vessels gastrointestinal, urinary/defecation. The Spinal Cord The spinal cord has 31 pairs of spinal nerves Each spinal nerve has has ventral & dorsal roots : ● The dorsal (posterior) root contains afferent (sensory) nerves coming from receptors. ● The cell body of these neurons is located in dorsal (posterior) root ganglion ( DRG). -
ED368492.Pdf
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 368 492 PS 6-2 243 AUTHOR Markel, Howard; And Others TITLE The Portable Pediatrician. REPORT NO ISBN-1-56053-007-3 PUB DATE 92 NOTE 407p. AVAILABLE FROMMosby-Year Book, Inc., 11830 Westline Industt.ial Drive, St. Louis, MO 63146 ($35). PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom Use (055) Reference Materials Vocabularies/Classifications/Dictionaries (134) Books (010) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC17 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Adolescents; Child Caregivers; *Child Development; *Child Health; *Children; *Clinical Diagnosis; Health Materials; Health Personnel; *Medical Evaluation; Pediatrics; Reference Materials; Symptoms (Individual Disorders) ABSTRACT This ready reference health guide features 240 major topics that occur regularly in clinical work with children nnd adolescents. It sorts out the information vital to successful management of common health problems and concerns by presentation of tables, charts, lists, criteria for diagnosis, and other useful tips. References on which the entries are based are provided so that the reader can perform a more extensive search on the topic. The entries are arranged in alphabetical order, and include: (1) abdominal pain; (2) anemias;(3) breathholding;(4) bugs;(5) cholesterol, (6) crying,(7) day care,(8) diabetes, (9) ears,(10) eyes; (11) fatigue;(12) fever;(13) genetics;(14) growth;(15) human bites; (16) hypersensitivity; (17) injuries;(18) intoeing; (19) jaundice; (20) joint pain;(21) kidneys; (22) Lyme disease;(23) meningitis; (24) milestones of development;(25) nutrition; (26) parasites; (27) poisoning; (28) quality time;(29) respiratory distress; (30) seizures; (31) sleeping patterns;(32) teeth; (33) urinary tract; (34) vision; (35) wheezing; (36) x-rays;(37) yellow nails; and (38) zoonoses, diseases transmitted by animals. -
Understanding Primitive Reflexes and Their Role in Growth and Development: a Review
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE REVIEW ARTICLE ISSN: 2456-8090 (online)provided by International Healthcare Research Journal (IHRJ) International Healthcare Research Journal 2017;1(8):243-247. DOI: 10.26440/IHRJ/01_08/123 QR CODE Understanding Primitive Reflexes and Their Role in Growth and Development: A Review MANOJKUMAR JAISWAL1, RAHUL MORANKAR2 A Reflexes are set motor responses to specific sensory stimuli. In newborns and young infants these primitive reflexes are an important B assessment tool. Children with a distinctive reflex are difficult to treat. This includes a large category in which primitive reflexes are S retained longer than necessary. Certain reflexes may not appear at appropriate age of development. Many neurological conditions are characterized by aberrations in reflex actions. However, there is scarcity of data for high-risk infants pertaining to this topic. T Dental treatment becomes challenging in these individuals and sometimes due to lack of compliance even necessary emergency R dental treatment is difficult to carry out. A KEYWORDS: Primitive Reflexes, Infantile Reflexes, Growth and Development C T K INTRODUCTION Primitive reflexes can be defined as an automatic to the stimulus.3 movement beginning as early as 25-26 gestational weeks mediated via brainstem and are fully GENERAL BODY REFLEXES present at birth. Their persistence beyond 6 Moro reflex: It was first demonstrated by Ernst months of age can result in immature pattern of Moro. It is an involuntary response present in its behavior. With maturation of central nervous complete form by 34th week (third trimester) and system, voluntary motor activities replace the remains in incomplete form in premature birth.