Cryogenics in Space - a Review of the Missions and Technologies
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9 Xenon Handling and Cryogenics
9 Xenon Handling and Cryogenics 9.1 Overview The Xe handling and cryogenics strategy of LZ derives strongly from the successful LUX program and takes maximum advantage of key technologies demonstrated there: chromatographic krypton removal, high-flow online purification, high-efficiency two-phase heat exchange, sensitive in situ monitoring of Xe purity, and thermosyphon cryogenics. In many cases, the primary technical challenge of the LZ implementation is how to best scale up from LUX. Two classes of impurities are of concern: electronegatives such as O2 and H2O that suppress charge and light transport in the TPC, and radioactive noble gases such as 85Kr, 39Ar, and 222Rn that create backgrounds that are not amenable to self-shielding. Both types of impurities may be found in the vendor- supplied Xe, and both may also be introduced into the detector during operations via outgassing and emanation. The purity goals are summarized in Table 9.1.1. We have three mitigation techniques to control these impurities. First, electronegatives are suppressed during operations by continuous circulation of the Xe in gaseous form through a hot (450 oC) zirconium getter. Gettering in the gas phase is made practical by a two-phase heat exchanger. A metal-diaphragm gas pump drives the circulation and the system is capable of purifying the entire Xe stockpile in 2.3 days. Second, the problematic radioactive species, 85Kr and 39Ar, which have relatively long half-lives (10.8 years and 269 years, respectively) and no supporting parents, can be removed from the vendor-supplied Xe prior to the start of operations. -
Cryogenics in Space
— 37 — Cryogenics in space Nicola RandoI Abstract Cryogenics plays a key role on board space-science missions, with a range of applications, mainly in the domain of astrophysics. Indeed a tremendous progress has been achieved over the last 20 years in cryogenics, with enhanced reliability and simpler operations, thus matching the needs of advanced focal-plane detectors and complex science instrumentation. In this article we provide an overview of recent applications of cryogenics in space, with specific emphasis on science missions. The overview includes an analysis of the impact of cryogenics on the spacecraft system design and of the main technical solutions presently adopted. Critical technology developments and programmatic aspects are also addressed, including specific needs of future science missions and lessons learnt from recent programmes. Introduction H. Kamerlingh-Onnes liquefied 4He for the first time in 1908 and discovered superconductivity in 1911. About 100 years after such achievements (Pobell 1996), cryogenics plays a key role on board space-science missions, providing the environ- ment required to perform highly sensitive measurements by suppressing the thermal background radiation and allowing advantage to be taken of the performance of cryogenic detectors. In the last 20 years several spacecraft have been equipped with cryogenic in- strumentation. Among such missions we should mention IRAS (launched in 1983), ESA’s ISO (launched in 1995) (Kessler et al 1996) and, more recently, NASA’s Spitzer (formerly SIRTF, launched in 2006) (Werner 2005) and the Japanese mis- sion Akari (IR astronomy mission launched in 2006) (Shibai 2007). New missions involving cryogenics are the ESA missions Planck (dedicated to the mapping of the cosmic background radiation) and Herschel (far infrared and sub-millimetre observatory), carrying instruments operating at temperatures of 0.1 K and 0.3 K, respectively (Crone et al 2006). -
25 Years of Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS)
2525 YearsYears ofof IndianIndian RemoteRemote SensingSensing SatelliteSatellite (IRS)(IRS) SeriesSeries Vinay K Dadhwal Director National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), ISRO Hyderabad, INDIA 50 th Session of Scientific & Technical Subcommittee of COPUOS, 11-22 Feb., 2013, Vienna The Beginning • 1962 : Indian National Committee on Space Research (INCOSPAR), at PRL, Ahmedabad • 1963 : First Sounding Rocket launch from Thumba (Nov 21, 1963) • 1967 : Experimental Satellite Communication Earth Station (ESCES) established at Ahmedabad • 1969 : Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) established (15 August) PrePre IRSIRS --1A1A SatellitesSatellites • ARYABHATTA, first Indian satellite launched in April 1975 • Ten satellites before IRS-1A (7 for EO; 2 Met) • 5 Procured & 5 SLV / ASLV launch SAMIR : 3 band MW Radiometer SROSS : Stretched Rohini Series Satellite IndianIndian RemoteRemote SensingSensing SatelliteSatellite (IRS)(IRS) –– 1A1A • First Operational EO Application satellite, built in India, launch USSR • Carried 4-band multispectral camera (3 nos), 72m & 36m resolution Satellite Launch: March 17, 1988 Baikanur Cosmodrome Kazakhstan SinceSince IRSIRS --1A1A • Established of operational EO activities for – EO data acquisition, processing & archival – Applications & institutionalization – Public services in resource & disaster management – PSLV Launch Program to support EO missions – International partnership, cooperation & global data sets EarlyEarly IRSIRS MultispectralMultispectral SensorsSensors • 1st Generation : IRS-1A, IRS-1B • -
Cryogenics – the Basics Or Pre-Basics Lesson 1 D
Cryogenics – The Basics or Pre-Basics Lesson 1 D. Kashy Version 3 Lesson 1 - Objectives • Look at common liquids and gases to get a feeling for their properties • Look at Nitrogen and Helium • Discuss Pressure and Temperature Scales • Learn more about different phases of these fluids • Become familiar with some cryogenic fluids properties Liquids – Water (a good reference) H2O density is 1 g/cc 10cm Total weight 1000g or 1kg (2.2lbs) Cube of water – volume 1000cc = 1 liter Liquids – Motor Oil 10cm 15W30 density is 0.9 g/cc Total weight 900g or 0.9 kg (2lbs) Cube of motor oil – volume 1000cc = 1 liter Density can and usually does change with temperature 15W30 Oil Properties Density Curve Density scale Viscosity scale Viscosity Curve Water density vs temperature What happens here? What happens here? Note: This plot is for SATURATED Water – Discussed soon Water and Ice Water Phase Diagram Temperature and Pressure scales • Fahrenheit: 32F water freezes 212 water boils (at atmospheric pressure) • Celsius: 0C water freezes and 100C water boils (again at atmospheric pressure) • Kelvin: 273.15 water freezes and 373.15 water boils (0K is absolute zero – All motion would stop even electrons around a nucleus) • psi (pounds per square in) one can reference absolute pressure or “gage” pressure (psia or psig) • 14.7psia is one Atmosphere • 0 Atmosphere is absolute vacuum, and 0psia and -14.7psig • Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) is 20C (68F) and 1 atm Temperature Scales Gases– Air Air density is 1.2kg/m3 => NO Kidding! 100cm =1m Total weight -
Cryogenicscryogenics Forfor Particleparticle Acceleratorsaccelerators Ph
CryogenicsCryogenics forfor particleparticle acceleratorsaccelerators Ph. Lebrun CAS Course in General Accelerator Physics Divonne-les-Bains, 23-27 February 2009 Contents • Low temperatures and liquefied gases • Cryogenics in accelerators • Properties of fluids • Heat transfer & thermal insulation • Cryogenic distribution & cooling schemes • Refrigeration & liquefaction Contents • Low temperatures and liquefied gases ••• CryogenicsCryogenicsCryogenics ininin acceleratorsacceleratorsaccelerators ••• PropertiesPropertiesProperties ofofof fluidsfluidsfluids ••• HeatHeatHeat transfertransfertransfer &&& thermalthermalthermal insulationinsulationinsulation ••• CryogenicCryogenicCryogenic distributiondistributiondistribution &&& coolingcoolingcooling schemesschemesschemes ••• RefrigerationRefrigerationRefrigeration &&& liquefactionliquefactionliquefaction • cryogenics, that branch of physics which deals with the production of very low temperatures and their effects on matter Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition, Oxford University Press (1989) • cryogenics, the science and technology of temperatures below 120 K New International Dictionary of Refrigeration 3rd edition, IIF-IIR Paris (1975) Characteristic temperatures of cryogens Triple point Normal boiling Critical Cryogen [K] point [K] point [K] Methane 90.7 111.6 190.5 Oxygen 54.4 90.2 154.6 Argon 83.8 87.3 150.9 Nitrogen 63.1 77.3 126.2 Neon 24.6 27.1 44.4 Hydrogen 13.8 20.4 33.2 Helium 2.2 (*) 4.2 5.2 (*): λ Point Densification, liquefaction & separation of gases LNG Rocket fuels LIN & LOX 130 000 m3 LNG carrier with double hull Ariane 5 25 t LHY, 130 t LOX Air separation by cryogenic distillation Up to 4500 t/day LOX What is a low temperature? • The entropy of a thermodynamical system in a macrostate corresponding to a multiplicity W of microstates is S = kB ln W • Adding reversibly heat dQ to the system results in a change of its entropy dS with a proportionality factor T T = dQ/dS ⇒ high temperature: heating produces small entropy change ⇒ low temperature: heating produces large entropy change L. -
The Space-Based Global Observing System in 2010 (GOS-2010)
WMO Space Programme SP-7 The Space-based Global Observing For more information, please contact: System in 2010 (GOS-2010) World Meteorological Organization 7 bis, avenue de la Paix – P.O. Box 2300 – CH 1211 Geneva 2 – Switzerland www.wmo.int WMO Space Programme Office Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 85 19 – Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 84 74 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.wmo.int/pages/prog/sat/ WMO-TD No. 1513 WMO Space Programme SP-7 The Space-based Global Observing System in 2010 (GOS-2010) WMO/TD-No. 1513 2010 © World Meteorological Organization, 2010 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate these publication in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chairperson, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Tel.: +41 (0)22 730 84 03 P.O. Box No. 2300 Fax: +41 (0)22 730 80 40 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] FOREWORD The launching of the world's first artificial satellite on 4 October 1957 ushered a new era of unprecedented scientific and technological achievements. And it was indeed a fortunate coincidence that the ninth session of the WMO Executive Committee – known today as the WMO Executive Council (EC) – was in progress precisely at this moment, for the EC members were very quick to realize that satellite technology held the promise to expand the volume of meteorological data and to fill the notable gaps where land-based observations were not readily available. -
Design of the Wavefront Sensor Unit of ARGOS, the LBT Laser Guide Star System
UNIVERSITA` DEGLI STUDI DI FIRENZE Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Scuola di Dottorato in Astronomia Ciclo XXIV - FIS05 Design of the wavefront sensor unit of ARGOS, the LBT laser guide star system Candidato: Marco Bonaglia arXiv:1203.5081v1 [astro-ph.IM] 22 Mar 2012 Tutore: Prof. Alberto Righini Cotutore: Dott. Simone Esposito A common use for a glass plate is as a beam splitter, tilted at an angle of 45◦ [:::] Since this can severely degrade the image, such plate beam splitters are not recommended in convergent or divergent beams. W. J. Smith, Modern Optical Engineering. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Large Binocular Telescope . 2 1.2 LUCI . 4 1.3 First Light AO system . 5 1.3.1 Angular anisoplanatism . 8 1.4 Wide field AO correction . 9 1.5 Laser guide star AO . 10 1.5.1 Limits of LGS AO . 11 1.5.2 Rayleigh LGS . 13 1.6 LGS-GLAO facilities . 14 1.6.1 GLAS . 15 1.6.2 The MMT GLAO system . 15 1.6.3 SAM . 18 2 ARGOS: a laser guide star AO system for the LBT 21 2.1 System design . 22 2.2 Study of ARGOS performance . 29 2.2.1 The simulation code . 30 2.2.2 Results of ARGOS end-to-end simulations . 36 3 The wavefront sensor dichroic 43 3.1 Effects of a window in a convergent beam . 43 3.2 Aberration compensation with window shape . 47 3.2.1 Effects of a wedge between surfaces . 48 3.2.2 Effects of a cylindrical surface . -
+ Return to Flight Implementation Plan -- 12Th Edition (8.4 Mb PDF)
NASA’s Implementation Plan for Space Shuttle Return to Flight and Beyond A periodically updated document demonstrating our progress toward safe return to flight and implementation of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board recommendations June 20, 2006 Volume 1, Twelfth Edition An electronic version of this implementation plan is available at www.nasa.gov NASA’s Implementation Plan for Space Shuttle Return to Flight and Beyond June 20, 2006 Twelfth Edition Change June 20, 2006 This 12th revision to NASA’s Implementation Plan for Space Shuttle Return to Flight and Beyond provides updates to three Columbia Accident Investigation Board Recommendations that were not fully closed by the Return to Flight Task Group, R3.2-1 External Tank (ET), R6.4-1 Thermal Protection System (TPS) On-Orbit Inspection and Repair, and R3.3-2 Orbiter Hardening and TPS Impact Tolerance. These updates reflect the latest status of work being done in preparation for the STS-121 mission. Following is a list of sections updated by this revision: Message from Dr. Michael Griffin Message from Mr. William Gerstenmaier Part 1 – NASA’s Response to the Columbia Accident Investigation Board’s Recommendations 3.2-1 External Tank Thermal Protection System Modifications (RTF) 3.3-2 Orbiter Hardening (RTF) 6.4-1 Thermal Protection System On-Orbit Inspect and Repair (RTF) Remove Pages Replace with Pages Cover (Feb 17, 2006) Cover (Jun. 20, 2006 ) Title page (Feb 17, 2006) Title page (Jun. 20, 2006) Message From Michael D. Griffin Message From Michael D. Griffin (Feb 17, 2006) -
“Is Cryonics an Ethical Means of Life Extension?” Rebekah Cron University of Exeter 2014
1 “Is Cryonics an Ethical Means of Life Extension?” Rebekah Cron University of Exeter 2014 2 “We all know we must die. But that, say the immortalists, is no longer true… Science has progressed so far that we are morally bound to seek solutions, just as we would be morally bound to prevent a real tsunami if we knew how” - Bryan Appleyard 1 “The moral argument for cryonics is that it's wrong to discontinue care of an unconscious person when they can still be rescued. This is why people who fall unconscious are taken to hospital by ambulance, why they will be maintained for weeks in intensive care if necessary, and why they will still be cared for even if they don't fully awaken after that. It is a moral imperative to care for unconscious people as long as there remains reasonable hope for recovery.” - ALCOR 2 “How many cryonicists does it take to screw in a light bulb? …None – they just sit in the dark and wait for the technology to improve” 3 - Sterling Blake 1 Appleyard 2008. Page 22-23 2 Alcor.org: ‘Frequently Asked Questions’ 2014 3 Blake 1996. Page 72 3 Introduction Biologists have known for some time that certain organisms can survive for sustained time periods in what is essentially a death"like state. The North American Wood Frog, for example, shuts down its entire body system in winter; its heart stops beating and its whole body is frozen, until summer returns; at which point it thaws and ‘comes back to life’ 4. -
Cryogenic Transport Trailers
CRYOGENIC TRANSPORT TRAILERS Worthington Industries delivers end-to-end solutions for storing and transporting cryogenic liquids. Our high- quality custom trailers are manufactured at our production facility in Theodore, Alabama. Worthington's transport trailers are customized to meet your unique needs and designed to operate for years to come, which means dependable fleets with lower transportation, maintenance and refurbishment costs. We’re always seeking new ways to increase your productivity, performance and value. Our trailers feature lightweight aluminum or stainless steel liners for the safe transportation of the specialty liquefied gases such as: • Liquid Nitrogen (LIN) • Liquid Argon (LAR) • Liquid Oxygen (LOX) • Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) • Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) OUR ENGINEERS WILL WORK WITH YOU TO DETERMINE THE BEST CONFIGURATION FOR YOUR OPERATION. LIN LAR LOX LH2 LNG Spec ATL8400-33PE ATL5150-40PH 6000STL-40PE 17900STL-165P ATL12800-70P (Engine drive) (Hydraulic drive) (Engine drive) ATL8400-33PH (Engine drive 6000STL-40PH (Hydraulic drive) available) (Hydraulic drive) ATL8400-33PL (Electrical drive) Gross Capacity (gallons) 8,400 5,150 6,000 17,900 12,800 Pressure (PSI) 33 40 40 165 70 Inner Vessel Material Alum Alum SS SS Alum Outer Vessel Material Alum Alum C or C/SS C or C/SS C or C/SS *Alum = Aluminum, SS = Stainless Steel, C = Carbon Steel ASME CERTIFIED, ASME U STAMP, NATIONAL BOARD CERTIFIED, DOT-APPROVED (#CT-13707), REPAIR OR BUILD TO MC -331, MC-338 anD CGA-341 4075 HAMILTON ROAD THEODORE, ALABAMA 36582 P: 844.273.7517 [email protected] WORTHINGTONINDUSTRIES.COM/TRANSPORTTRAILERS © 2018, Worthington Industries Inc. 07/18 CRYOGENIC TRANSPORT TRAILER REPAIRS Worthington Industries offers full rehab as well as DOT inspection and certification of cryogenic trailers in our Theodore, Alabama facility. -
Cryogenic Liquids
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY Cryogenic Liquids Safety Fact Sheet Fact General Cryogen Type of gas Cryogenic liquids are liquefied gases that are kept in their liquid state at very low temperatures. These liquids have boiling points below -238°F (-150°C) and are Argon (Ar) Inert gases at normal temperatures and pressures. Different cryogens become liquids under different conditions of temperature and pressure, but all have two common Helium (He) Inert properties: they are extremely cold and small amounts of the liquid can expand into very large volumes of gas. Hydrogen gas (H2) Flammable Nitrogen gas (N2) Inert Most cryogenic liquids and the gases they produce can be placed into three groups: Oxygen (O2) Oxygen Inert gases – These gases do not react chemically to any great extent and do not burn or support Methane (CH4) Flammable combustion. Carbon Monoxide Flammable gases – Produce a gas that can burn in air (CO) Flammable when ignited. Oxygen – Reacts explosively with organic materials; supports combustion. Hazards Cryogens can present one or more of the following hazards: Extreme Cold: Cryogenic liquids and their associated cold vapors and gases can produce effects on the skin similar to a thermal burn. Brief exposures can damage delicate tissues, such as the eyes. Prolonged exposure of the skin can cause a cold burn and frostbite. Asphyxiation: When cryogenic liquids form a gas, the gas is very cold and usually heavier than air; even if the gas is non-toxic, it displaces air. Oxygen deficiency (i.e. asphyxiation) can cause death and is a serious hazard in confined spaces. Toxicity: Each gas can cause specific health effects. -
Properties of Cryogenic Insulants J
Cryogenics 38 (1998) 1063–1081 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved Printed in Great Britain PII: S0011-2275(98)00094-0 0011-2275/98/$ - see front matter Properties of cryogenic insulants J. Gerhold Technische Universitat Graz, Institut fur Electrische Maschinen und Antriebestechnik, Kopernikusgasse 24, A-8010 Graz, Austria Received 27 April 1998; revised 18 June 1998 High vacuum, cold gases and liquids, and solids are the principal insulating materials for superconducting apparatus. All these insulants have been claimed to show fairly good intrinsic dielectric performance under laboratory conditions where small scale experiments in the short term range are typical. However, the insulants must be inte- grated into large scaled insulating systems which must withstand any particular stress- ing voltage seen by the actual apparatus over the full life period. Estimation of the amount of degradation needs a reliable extrapolation from small scale experimental data. The latter are reviewed in the light of new experimental data, and guidelines for extrapolation are discussed. No degradation may be seen in resistivity and permit- tivity. Dielectric losses in liquids, however, show some degradation, and breakdown as a statistical event must be scrutinized very critically. Although information for break- down strength degradation in large systems is still fragmentary, some thumb rules can be recommended for design. 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved Keywords: dielectric properties; vacuum; fluids; solids; power applications; supercon- ductors The dielectric insulation design of any superconducting Of special interest for normal operation are the resis- power apparatus must be based on the available insulators. tivity, the permittivity, and the dielectric losses.