2. Der Android Als Anthropomorphes Imitat Und Negativfolie Innerhalb Einer Anthropologischen Differenz Bei Philip K

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2. Der Android Als Anthropomorphes Imitat Und Negativfolie Innerhalb Einer Anthropologischen Differenz Bei Philip K MASTERARBEIT Titel der Masterarbeit „Was es bedeutet, (nicht) Mensch zu sein“ Über die Rolle des Androiden innerhalb einer zu der Maschine hin formulierten anthropologischen Differenz in Philip K. Dicks Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? und ihre Rezeption in Blade Runner. verfasst von David Hoffmann, BA angestrebter akademischer Grad Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2017 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt A 066 941 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt Masterstudium Philosophie Betreut von Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Anna Monika Singer ii ¡Quién, quién, naturaleza, levantando tu gran cuerpo desnudo, como las piedras, cuando niños, se encontrara debajo tu secreto pequeño e infinito! (Juan Ramón Jiménez) iii 1. Einleitung ........................................................................................................................... 1 2. Der Android als anthropomorphes Imitat und Negativfolie innerhalb einer anthropologischen Differenz bei Philip K. Dick ........................................................................ 9 2.1. Androiden, von Flötenspielern zum Science-Fiction Tropus des anthropomorphen Roboters ............................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.1. Die Uncanny Valley ............................................................................................ 13 2.1.2. Exkurs: Der Doppelgänger als das Unheimliche in der Psychoanalyse ............. 16 2.2. Der Parkplatz von Philip K. Dicks schizoiden Androiden in der philosophischen Garage .................................................................................................................................. 20 2.2.1. Philip K. Dick, ,Garagenphilosoph‘ ................................................................... 20 2.2.2. Kybernetische Präliminarien: Eine kurze Loop durch eine Handvoll Entwicklungen .................................................................................................................. 25 2.2.3. Die Figur des Androiden als Metapher .............................................................. 29 2.2.4. Der Android, das authentisch Menschliche und die Technologie in The Android and The Human (1972) ..................................................................................................... 33 2.2.5. Die Entstehung der Figur des Androiden in Do Androids? ................................ 38 2.2.6. Die Androiden in der Vier-Kammern Metapher ................................................. 40 2.3. Cartesische Automaten .............................................................................................. 43 2.3.1. Die bêtes-machine: Tiere ohne Affekt und ohne Schmerz im Feld einer Anthropologischen Differenz ........................................................................................... 45 2.3.2. Speziesismus und Descartes ............................................................................... 47 2.3.3. Descartes, Do Androids? und Sherryl Vints Traum vom elektrischen Gattungswesen ................................................................................................................. 50 2.4. Der Android als Hybrid ............................................................................................. 57 2.4.1. Die Geburt des Cyborgs aus dem Körper der Astronautin ................................. 57 2.4.2. Ein Manifest für Cyborgs ................................................................................... 59 2.4.3. Der Beitrag des Androiden in Do Androids? zu einem exklusiven Menschenbild innerhalb dichotomer Hierarchien .................................................................................... 62 2.4.4. Technofetischismus, Sexismus und das emanzipative Potential der Gynoiden . 69 2.5. Zwischenresümee ...................................................................................................... 76 3. Die Sicht des Anderen, Replikanten in Blade Runner ..................................................... 78 3.1. Blade Runner (1982) – Blade Runner (2007) ............................................................ 79 3.2. Die Figur des Replikanten als Überwindung der Frage danach, was es bedeutet Mensch zu sein? ................................................................................................................... 81 3.3. NEXUS 6 als humanoides Werkzeug, ein Gedankenexperiment .............................. 89 4. Resümee ......................................................................................................................... 101 5. Appendix ........................................................................................................................ 110 5.1. Inhaltsangabe von Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968) ..................... 110 5.2. Erwähnte Erzählungen Dicks ............................................................................... 112 6. Literaturverzeichnis ........................................................................................................ 113 iv 6.1. Bibliographie ........................................................................................................... 113 6.2. Internetquellen ......................................................................................................... 119 6.3. Filme ........................................................................................................................ 120 v Danksagung und Vorbemerkung Diese Abschlussarbeit wurde wie das Studium, das ihr voranging, mit dem Wissen verfasst, dass sie nur durch die Arbeit und Mühen anderer möglich war. Als Nutznießer einer privilegierten Position, dem diese Möglichkeit zukommt, möchte ich mich allen voran bei jenen, mir Unbekannten bedanken, die ihre Lebenszeit investierten, und mir ermöglichten, mich mit Dingen zu beschäftigen, an deren Wert ich glauben kann und die auch mein Interesse nicht nur zu wecken, sondern auch über lange Zeit zu halten im Stande waren. Einigen Freund*innen, die mich während des Schreibens unterstützt und ertragen haben, sei als nächstes gedankt. Besonders Iris, die mir ins Bewusstsein gebracht hast, dass Dinge getan gehören, um gehört zu werden, Klemens und Lisa, die mir während der mühseligen Momente des Schreibens die Qualitäten einer Sauna und eines Glases Rotwein aufzeigen konnten, Raffaela für die gute Laune, die sie unentwegt verbreitet, Lea für die gute Musik, die sie unentwegt verbreitet, Johanna für den regen intelektuellen Austausch, Melanie für das umfassende Lektorat, Annette für ihre liebevolle Hilfe und das Vertrauen in mich. Außerdem möchte ich mich bei meiner Mutter, meinem Vater und meinem Stiefvater für ihre langjährige Unterstützung bedanken. Meinen unzähligen Geschwistern dafür, dass sie da waren, besonders Anna, Luzia und Pia, deren Blicke in die Arbeit und deren Gesellschaft mir viel gebracht haben. Meiner Großmutter Wilhelmine, deren kritisches Bewusstsein und große Wissensneugier bis in ihr hohes Alter ich stets bewundert habe. Meiner Großmutter Anna, deren allen Umstände zuwidere lebenslange positive und heitere Einstellung mit Freuden ich miterlebt habe. Leider konntet ihr beiden den Abschluss nicht mehr miterleben und euren Senf dazugeben. Horst Friessner dafür, dass er mir ermöglicht hat, vor dem Philosophie-Master den Bademeister zu machen, und Rudolf Neuböck, dass er in jungen Jahren mein Interesse für die Philosophie geweckt hat. Ganz besonderer Dank gilt noch der illustren Mittwochsrunde, deren umfassendes technikphilosophisches Verständnis viel bewirkt hat, besonders für Bellas und Christophs Einwände. Vor allem sei jedoch meiner Betreuerin Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Anna Monika Singer gedankt, die mir mit offenen und kritischen Rückmeldungen eine intensive Auseinandersetzung mit dem vorliegenden Thema ermöglicht hat. Danke. vi In dieser Arbeit wird soweit möglich ein generisches Femininum verwendet, wobei sämtliche Bezeichnungen, falls nicht anders gekennzeichnet, Geschlechtsneutral zu verstehen sind. Von dem generischen Artikelgebrauch sind Darstellungen und Figuren wie Androiden oder Replikanten ausgenommen, deren Gegenstandscharakter, wie er beispielsweise innerhalb einer Erzählung vorkommen kann, dadurch betont werden soll. Der Artikelgebrauch bei Begriffen wie die Maschine, der Computer oder der Roboter sei hierbei ein Orientierungspunkt. (12) überaus-tage sind das, das programm, jetzt fragt es noch, ob ich ein mensch bin. ich fühle mich nicht so / ich stimme zu. du bist rar geworden um mich, ein phantom und mein zuckender schmerz / ist vollkommen digital. ich hänge – ich hänge an dir wie am strom ein verlängerungskabel wenn's ruckelt / ich sage dann: du, das sind die überaus-tage, ich rage geradezu in die wand. (Sina Klein: überaus-tage-elektroauslässe) vii 1. Einleitung Roboter haben längst Eingang in unseren Alltag gefunden. Sie regulieren Raumtemperaturen, steuern Autos, drehen, fräsen und befördern Werkstücke in Fabriken, saugen Wohnzimmerböden oder unterhalten uns. Viele jener Roboter, die Arbeiten für uns übernehmen, sind mehrachsige, (re-)programmierbare industrielle Maschinen, welche einer repetitiven, für Menschen oftmals gefährlichen oder eintönigen Aufgabe nachgehen. Andere wiederum sind als solche gar nicht erkennbar und fügen sich nahtlos in unsere Umwelt ein oder bestechen gerade dadurch, dass sie hervorstechen und zu spielerischer Interaktion ermutigen. Ihre Form scheint sich im besten Fall nach Kriterien einer Nutzbarkeit in der jeweiligen Sparte zu richten. Lediglich ein geringer Bruchteil real
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