UDC 025.4(05) Vol. 6 (1979) No.3 INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION

A Journal Devoted to Concept Theory, Organization of Knowledge and Data, and to Systematic Terminology

Editors

Dr. I. Dahlberg. Frankfurt, FRG (Edltor·in·Chief) Prof. Dr. Dr. A. Diemer, Dusseldorf, FRG Prof. A. Neelameghan, Bangalore, India Prof. J. M. Perreault, Huntsville, Ala., USA co·sponsored by . FID/CR . IFLA International Office for UBC

in collaboration with

Prof. A. T. Campos, Brasilia, Brazil Dr. A. I. Cernyi, Moscow, USSR Dipl.Math. H. Fangmayer, Ispra, Italy Dipl.Volksw. O. Gekeler. Ulm. FRG Prof. E. de Grolier, Paris. France Prof. Dr. F. Lang, Vienna, Austria Conl.Eng. Y. Nakamura, Tokyo, Japan Prof. Dr. Ph. Richmond, Cleveland, USA Prof. F. W. Riggi, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA Dr. E. Scibor, Warsaw, Poland Prof. A. Serrai, Roma, Italy Prof. Dr. D. Soargel, College Park, Md., USA Prof. Dr. R. Sakal, Stony Brook, N.Y., USA Prof. B. C. Vickery, London, England The Forschungsabt. Information und Ookumentation des PhllolOphilChen Instituts, Universitiit DUlleldorf, FRG (Dir. Prof. Dr. N. Henrichs) The Gasellschaft liir Klallifikation e.V., Frankfurt, FRG (repres. Dr. R. Fugmann, Hoochlt, FRG) and Infoterm, Vienna, Austria (Mr. H. Felber)

~ K·G· Saur MUnch.n • New York' London' Pari.

ISSN 0340·0050 /Intern. Classificat. 6 (1 979) No.3, p. 149-21 0 (Miinchen, November 1979) INTE RNATlONAl ClASSI FICATlON Vol. 6 (1979) No.3 UDC 025.4 (051

INTERNATIONAL Contents CLASSIFICATION A Journal Devoted to Concept Theory, Organization of Knowledge and Data, Editoral and to Systematic Termino logy Classification Planning 149 Editor. Letter to the 149 Editorial Office: c/o Or, I. Dahlberg, Woogstr. 36a, 0-6000 Frankfurt 50, Ar ticles Tel.: (06 111 5236 90 F. W. Riggs : A new paradlgm for social sCience termmology ISO Issue frequency: 3x/ann. 1. M. Perreault: Llblary of Congress Subject HeadIngs a new manual ...... 158 Publisher: K. G. Saur Verlag KG 1. N. Sengupta: Some observations on the forthcoming 19th edition Pbssenbacherstr. 2 b, POB 71 1009, of the Dewey Decimal Classification CDDC) Scheme .. 170 0·8000 Munchen 71, H. Karlgren: Viewdata - something to be crazy about? 172 Fed. Rep. of Germany, Tel. (0891 79 89 01. Reports and Communications Telex 52 12067 saur d W. Dahlberg; Classification and Cognition 177 F. W. Riggs: INTE RCONCEPT aims redefined 178 Annual Subscription Rates: I. Dahlberg; Classification topics at 1979 ASIS Conference . 179 OM 54,�. For members of national or Software developments in cluster analysis and identification 180 international classification societies or M. A. Gopinath: Classification teaching in India (add. information) 180 groups OM 32,-. Single issue: OM 22,­ Research Project Announcement 180 Advertising prices 1/74

Bank Account Nos.: Infoterm News K. G. Saur Verlag KG H. Picht: Co-operation of the Nordic Countries - NORDTERM. 181 Postscheckkonto Munchen 2061 41·804 TermNet activities . 182 (BLZ 700 10080); Bayer. Hypotheken­ Fu ture meetings 183 und Wechselbank Munchen, 3388662 18LZ 700 200t I Book Reviews AJI rights reserved. Printed in .. . .. J. Aitchison (Camp.): Unesco Thesaurus (I. Dahlberg) . . . 184 the Federal Republic of Germany 1979 J. E. Wojciechowski (Ed.): Conceptual Basis of the Classification Printed by Hain-Druck KG, 0-6554 of Knowledge. Proc. Ottawa 1971 (Dickson) ...... 185 Meisenheim/G Ian F. Bartelt : Authority lists for the assignment of subject headings (1 . Dahlberg). 187

Classification Literature 6 (1979) No. 3. Nos. 4734-51 11 188

Cumulated Index to Vols . 4-6 (I 977-1979) (without Class. LiL) K· G· Saur Miinchen Q. Alphabetical Index .206 New York · london· Paris Form and Subject Index . .207 0

Editors Dip!. Math. Hermnnn Fangmeyer, Euratom CCR Forschungsabteilun.g Information und Dokumen­ Dr. phil. Ingetraut Dahlberg, 0·6000 Frankfurt S0, C. E. T. 1. S. (European Scientific Information lation des Philosophischen Instituts der Universitit Woogstr. 36a, FRG Processing Centre), 1-21020 Ispra (Varese) Italy DUsseldorf, D-4000 Dusseldorf, Universitatsstr. 1, FRG, Prof. Dr. phil. Norhert Henrichs Prof. Dr. med. Dr. phil. Alwin Diemer, Philosophi­ Dip!. Volksw.Otto Gekcler, Burgunderweg 9, sches Institut der Untversiliit Dusseldorf, 0-4000 0-7900 Ulm Gesellschaft fUr Klassifikation e. V. represented by Dusseldorf I, Universitatsstr.I, PRG Prof. Eric de Grolier, Conseil lnternational des Dr. R. Fugmann, Hoechst AG, Wissenschaftliche Dokumentation, 0-6230 Frankfurt 80, FRG Prof. Jean M. Perreault, University Library, Univer­ Sciences, I, rue Miollis, F-75 Paris 15e, Fl'lInce sity of Alabama, P. O. B. 2600 Huntsville. Alabama Prof. Dr. Friedrich Lang, IBM, A-1040Wien, Infoterm. clo oster. Normungsinstitut, Postfach 130, 35801, USA Margarethenstr.3/4, Austria A-I02l Wien, Mr. H. Felher Prof. Arashanipalai Neelamegh:m, Documentation Yukio NakamUra, Authorized Consulting Engineer, Research and Training Centre (DRTC) 31, Church 14-8 Nisilcata-I BunkYo-Ku, Tokyo 113, Japan Street, Bangalore-560001, India Prof. Dr. Phyllis Richmond, School of Library co-sponared by Science, Case Western Reserve UniVersity, Cleveland, Authors of this issue - FID/CP (. c!demtion Internationale de Documen­ Ohio, 44106, USA Mr. W. Dahlberg, Woogstr. 36a, D-6000 Frankfurt tation, Committee on Classification Research), Prof. Dr, F. W. Riggs, Department of Political 50 address see Prof. A. Neelameghan Seience, Univ. af Hawaii at Manoa,2424 Maile Way, Mr. A. J. Dickson, Ealing College of Higher Educa­ - International Federation of Library Associations Honolulu, Hawaii, USA tion, St. Mary's Road Ealing,London W5 5RF and Institutions (IFLA) International Office for Dr. Eugen Seibor, Institut informacji Naukowej, England UDC, Director: Mrs. D. Anderson, c/o The British Technicznej i Ekonomicznej OINTE), AI. Niepod­ Mr. M. A. Gopinath, DRTC, 31 Church Street, Ban­ LibtaIY, Ref. DiY., London WClB 3DG, England leg loki 188, Warszawa, Poland galore 560 001 India Prof. Alfredo Serrai, Director, Biblioteca Casana­ Dr. Hans Karigren, Prasident der Sallskapet for tense, Via S.lgnazio 52,1-00186 Roma, Italy Klassifikationsforskning, Skriptor AB, SMer­ malmstorg 8. S-104 65 Stockhelm Prof. Dr. Dagobert Soergel, School of Library and Prof. 1. M. Perreault, see Editors Information Services, University of Maryland, Mr. H. Picht, Handelshojsk�len, Copenhagen, Den­ College Park, MD., 20742, USA ConsultingEditors muk Prof.Asterio T.Campos, Departamento de Biblio­ Prof. Dr. Robert R. Sakal, State University of New Prof. Dr. F. W. Riggs, see Consulting Editors tcconomin, Univcrsidade de Brasilia, Brasilia DF, York, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA Mr. I. N. Sengupta, Scientist-in.(:harge, Library and Brazil Prof. Bryan C. Vickery, School of Library, Archive Documentation, Indian Institute of Ex perimen­ Dr. A.I. Cernyj, VlNITI, Moscow A-219, and Information Studies, University Co!iege, Gower tal Medicine, 4, Raja Subodh Mullick Road, Baltijskaja ul. 14, USSR Street, London WC 1, England Jadavpur, Calcutta- 700032,lndia UDC 025.4 (05)

INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION Vol. 6 (1979) No.3, p. 149-210, Nov. 1979

A Journal Devoted to Concept Theory, Organization of Knowledge and Data, and to Systematic Terminology

Publisher: K. G. Saur Verlag KG, P.O. Box 711009, Possenbacherstr. 2b, 0·8000 Munchen 71 Tel.: (089) 798901, Telex 5212067 saur d

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Contents page

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Riggs, F.W.: A new paradigm for social science terminology. Sengupta, I. N.: Some observations on the forthcoming 19th In: Intern. Classifieat. 6 (1979) No. 3, p. 150-158, 3 app. edition of the Dewey Dedmal Classification (DDC) scheme. In: Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 p. 170-172, 7 refs. Terminology is concerned with the naming of concepts, and hence both with the meanings of words and with the need to The paper critically reviews some to the recommendations of signify concepts unambiguously.Truce terminological paradigms the Committee on "DDC Additions, Notes and Decisions" for are examined: normative, analytic, and synthetic. The close its 19th edition. It is observed that the policy of following the relation of normative terminology to conceptoiogy is explained principle of continuity and integrity of numbers has not been and the intimate association of analytic terminology with consistently followed in cases of class numbers 900, area notations lexicology is also examined. By contrast, the idea of synthetic -41 and -42 and total revision of schedules for the life sciences terminology as the best bridging model is supported. The estab­ (560-590). While commenting critically on the recommendations lishment of a new computerized terminology bank for the social made by the DDC Editorial Policy Committee in respect of the sciences, as proposed by UNESCO's INTERCONCEPT project, is above mentioned entries, the paper also discusses the great diffi� reported as an important development favoring the feasibility and culties libraries using the DDC will have to face for reclassification usefulness of synthetic glossaries in selected subject fields of the of a cognizable area of their collections due to these major changes social sciences. (Author) Which are going to be implemented in the 19th edition of the DDC Scheme. (Author)

Perreault, J. M.: Library of Congress Subject Headings: a new manual. Karlgren, H.: Viewdata - something to be crazy about? In: In­ In: Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No.3, p. 158-169, 12 refs. tern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3, p. I72-176 Many of the failings of Library of Congress SUbject Headings are Information retrieval via an (almost) ordinary home television examined in the context of L. M. Chan's new manual on that set as public utility opens up fascinating perspectives. But is it influential system. While the system itself is strongly criticized, really such a long step forward? The technology is essentially the manual is highly recommended as a guide to practice; the conservative. What makes Viewdata so attractive? Doesit, in fact, major criticism directed at the latter is that it only sporadically possess any distinctively innovative traits at all? Is the achievement attempts to be critical of the system. (Author) instead the absence of complications, a T-Ford solution where an established technology is given large-scale low-cost application, now'! The author concludes that for better or for worse, Viewdata can make an important impact on technical and social develop­ ERRATUM: ment and well deserveskeen attention from information scientists as well as from economists and politicians. (Author) Three misprints occured in one title in the last issue! Please correct I.C. 6 (1979) No.2, p. 85 to read: Reverse Retrieval: Toward Analogy Inferences by Mechanized

Classification. (Instead of "Reserve ... " ) We regret this very much, as well as some other misprints in that issue.

Continental Europe North- and South America United Kingdom, Africa, France (except France) Oceania, Asia (except Far and Far East Countries East Countries) K. G. SAUR Verlag KG K. G. SAUR, Publishing Inc. CLlVE BINGLEY Ltd. & K. G. SAUR Editeur P6ssenbacherstra�e 2b 175 Fifth Avenue K. G. SAUR Ltd. S.A.R.L. D-8000 Mtinchen 71 New York, N. Y. 10010 1-19 New Oxford Street 38, rue de Bassano Fed. Rep. of Germany USA London WCIA INE F-75008 Paris Tel. (089) 79 89 01 Tel. (212) 477-2500 United Kingdom France Telex 5 212 067 saur d Telex 238386 kgsp ur Tel. 01-404 48 18, Tel. 72355-18 Telex 24 902 bingle g Telex Iso Bur. 6 30144 EURIM4

a European conference on innovation in primary publication: impact on producers and users

23 - 26 March 19S0 Palais des Congres, Brussels, Belgium

The fourth in the important series of international conferences organised by Aslib with the Association Nationale de la Recherche Technique, Bibliotheque Royale de Belgique, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Dokumentation, NOBIN and NORDFORSK takes as its theme Innovation in Primary Publication: Impact on Producers and Users. Of intense interest to the information profession, the subject is of no less concern to the publishing world, and the intention is to open up this whole new area of involvement and to bring producers and users face to face in a creative dialogue. The sessions (conducted in English, French and German with simultaneous translation) are structured to create � an interplay of interest, with keynote and commenting papers, while even more strongly this dichotomy is reflected in the d·,sciplines from which the speakers are drawn: publishing (Dr A ft1'� A Manten, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company; Gordon '..". ""- . Graham, Butterworth and Company; Th Oltheten, Staats­ drukkerij, The Hague; Paul Asser, STM; A Rutgers, PUDOC; Professor A J Meadows, University of Leicester); libraries (M B Line, British Library; Dr F G Kaltwasser, Bayerische Staats­ bibliothek; Dr H Vervliet, Antwerp University Library; Miss �it� Elin Tornudd, Helsinki University of Technology); inform­ ation services (Dr A K Kent, Chemical Society; R D Mannix, �14t Unilever Research Laboratory; Udo Schutzack, G ID; Georges Van Slype, Bureau Marcel van Dijk); a formidable array of �\ll fl)� pioneers in the new technologies·{M Conruyt, CETT, Rennes; Professor J W Senders, University of Toronto; John M Straw­ horn, Automation Industries, Inc; Dr Murray Turoff, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Keith Wharton, Keith Wharton Consultants). It will require great foresight and wisdom to achieve the mastery of such a wave of new developments as it �J� breaks over the information and publishing scene and this can be confidently expected from the closing speaker, Professor -f' III I' J Derek de Solla Price. As in the past of this series, a large and dist'mguished attendance, from Europe and worldwide, is expect�d. For further inform­ -\--ffII� ation and copies of the programme apply to: � ��-#

The Conference Organiser, Aslib, 3 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PL Tel 01 235 5050 Telex 23667 London l1' II .1 � t I next step to a more frequent getting together for better EDITORIAL understanding and closer co-operation, until perhaps some day - as proposed by P. N. Kaula (see the report on Classification Planning the 3rd Annual Conference of the Gescllschaft flir Klassi­ fikation, p. 177) - an international classification society In late August a huge volume from India arrived on my will be established. desk - the proceedings of the Third International Study There could be a regional classification conference Conference on Classification Research, Bombay, 6-11 every year, say 1983 in South America, 1984 in Australia, Jan. 197511 What a big job and accomplishment of our 1985 in? Indian fr iends _. first of all: congratulations! We know What should be the topics and the aims of these con­ that the unfortunate delay in publication was also ferences? Let's look at the rich fountain displayed to us due to the decision of the FID to have the papers reviewed through the recommendations of the Bombay FID/CR again by non-attendants of the conference ; however, the Conference: there are so many partial problems needing comparison with the program shows that this post-ex­ solutions that well-organized conferences could become amination did not lead to any omissions; only those inspiring occasions for attempts at such solu tions. papers which have been published somewhere else in the But there is more to do for us than looking back to meantime were replaced by their abstracts. 1975. Look for instance only into this issue of I.C.: the What many of us have been waiting for so many years article by F. Riggs ("A new paradigm for social science has now become a reality and a basis for fu ture activities. terminology") shows a way to overcome the language The proceedings of the 2nd FID/CR Study Conference problems, not by a control of terms but by a control of in Elsinore 1964 published in Denmark 1965 had de­ the concepts for which these terms play the role of an termined quite considerably the program of classification access point. It is through knowing OUf concepts, our research in the years to follow, especially by its "Conclu­ knowledge units, that we can proceed in the organization sions and Recommendations"2. At the 1975 Bombay of knowledge areas and knowlcdge systems. Doesn't this Conference on the topic "Ordering Systems for Global "new look" open up gateways to new research endeavors? Information Networks" recommendations were issued Or, take a look at H. Karlgren's article on Viewdata likewise3; they may now - as a part of the published (pp. 172-176). The use of this presumably forthcoming proceedings - be related to the people and the 54 papers information retrieval tool in our homes depends on the of tltis gathering and they may challenge us to reexamine classification system going with it. To rely qn terms be­ the topics for fu rther research in our field. comes quite costly then - as it already is in OUf on-line A reexamination of these recommendations - by no searches. We need to rethink very soon. But if we do this means outdated yet in our slowly advancing field of we also find new and better ways to master those prob­ classification - seems also timely regarding the next lems with which the articles by J. Perreault on the Library international FID/CR Study Conference, planned for of Congress Subject Headings (p. 158-169) and by 1. N. 1982. Research results in the forthcoming years can then Sengupta (p. 170-172), well known for his research on be presented to a "global" international audience. citation indexing, but here concerned with the DDC 19 In the meantime, however, national and regional activities changes, are struggling. and conferences will take place. Just recently , at the Let us start to plan the future! Send us your reactions, Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information your comments, your ideas, your proposals! We shall Science (ASIS) in Minneapolis, the Special Interest Group publish what you think should be done in order that our (SIG) on Classification Researchlayed down its topics for field may develop - not in the last place so that all the next ASIS conferences in Pittsburgh, Anaheim, and other fields may develop too! Ingetraut Dahlberg Denver, and it was decided to hold then, in May 81 in Denver, a Joint ASIS/SIGICR and FID/CR North-Ameri­ 1 For bibliographical data see p. 190 (item 4780) of this issue can Regional Group Conference. (See the report on this 2 Atherton, P. (Ed.): Classification research. Proceedings of the Second International Study Conference, Elsinore, 14-18 conference and decisions on p. 179 of this issue.) Sept. 1964. Kopenhagcn: Munksgaard 1965. 563 p. Regional organization of classification may be the 3 See also International Classification 2 (1975) No.1, p. 37-41

Letter to the Editor

Dear Editor, I am grateful to Helmut Knoll for his interesting identical is valid, but could not explain the drastic dis­ comments I on a recent paper of mine.2 However, he crepancies we reported. misses the main point of the paper: services such as Yours sincerely, INPADOC and WPI rely on theIPC's assigned by national Dr. C. Oppenheim patent offices for their su bj ect indexes. It does not matter Lecturer in Information Science, The City University to these services whether the IPC's are assigned as a St. John Street, London ECIV 4 PB, England primary classification or as a secondary one. Thus, it was valid to compare the way the British Patent Office Knoll, H. Letter to the Editor.In: Intern. Classifieat. 6 (1979), and the US Patent Office assign IPC's. p. 2 2 Carpenter, A. M., Jones, M., Oppenheim, C.: Consistency of Knoll's point that differences in Patent Office pro­ use of the International Patent Classification. In: Intern. Ctas­ cedures could lead to "equivalent" patents not being sifieat.5 (1978), p. 30-32.

Intern. Classifieat. 6 (1979) No.3 Editoral 149 cal heresy. Siding with the lexicographers, she question· ed Humpty's cavalier attitude toward words: they can only mean, she thOUght, what established usage shows Fred W. Riggs they have always meant. University of Hawaii,Honolulu What might be called the 'Alice/Humpty dialectic' can be posed in more academic terms by referring to its disciplinary foundations, evolving on the one side out of linguistics, and on the other out of philosophy. Within A New Parad igm for Social the camp of linguistics there are a variety of related Science Terminology disciplines, such as semantics, sociolinguistics, psycho� linguistics and language planning that can all claim as one of their associates the subject field called 'Iexi· cology'. Riggs, F. W.: A new paradigm for social science In the other camp,relating to philosophy, we find the terminology . field of logic, philosophy of science, and classification In: Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3,p.150-158, research. In this context there has emerged a subfield 3 ann. that focuses on the analysis of concepts, including their Terminology is concerned with the naming of con­ relation to science as theoretically significant units of cepts, and hence both with the meanings of words knowledge, and their relation to empirical observations and with the need to signify concepts unambigu· as judged by "operational" or "denotative" criteria. So ously. Three terminological paradigms are examin­ far this subfield has not established its autonomy, al· ed: normative, analytic, and synthetic. The close though its problems are much discussed in the literature relation of normative terminology to conceptology of its parent disciplines. For the purposes of this paper, is explained and the intimate association of ana­ it is convenient to coin a word, conceptology, to be lytic terminology with lexicology is also examined. defined as the systematic study of concepts. Philosophi· By contrast, the idea of synthetic terminology as cally, conceptology might rest on the theory of 'con· the best bridging model is supported. The estab· lishment of a new computerized termin.ology bank ceptualism', but it is probably as much at home with for the social sciences, as proposed by UNESCO's the antagonistic theories of 'realism' and 'nominalism'. INTERCONCEPT project, is reported as an im· Conceptology as a field, however, is open to different portant development favoring the feasibility and philosophical approaches and need not be linked with usefulness of synthetic glossaries in selected sub­ any one of them. ject fields of the social sciences. (Author) The relation between lexicology and conceptology - which is my present concern - arises because of their reciprocal interaction. Among the various meanings of "But 'glory' doesn't mean 'a nice knockdown words are the concepts used in political and other social argument: "A lice objected. sciences. Hence from the lexical side, the study of words "When 1 Use a word," Humpty Dumpty said in a leads to questions about the concepts they sometimes rather scornful tone, 'U means just which 1 choose it designate. From the opposite side, the analysis of con­ , to mean - neither more nor less. . cepts remains tongue�tied until it has names for each "The question is," said Alice, ''whether you can concept. Such names are typically composed of words, make words mean so many different things. " which may be created, like 'conceptology' or 'slithy' to 'The questio n is," said Humpty Dumpty, "which serve one's purposes, or they may well be familiar words, is to be master - that's all. " like 'glory', appropriated to mean new things. from Through the Looking Glass, by Lewis Carroll In order to visualize the relationships that have just been postulated, a diagram may be helpful, as shown in Figure 1. 1. Alice versus Humpty Dumpty - the basic dialectic LINGUISTICS PHILOSOPHY Alice and Humpty Dumpty pose a dialectic that remains Ta. a hang·up to the present day. If Lewis Carroll saw the semmliC,l soc lOg� solution, he did not present it in his fable for children, linguistics k: SCIence but I believe we can now find it in the subject field I � called 'terminology'!, or rather in one of three different psycho· latguage claSSific tion research linguistics planning terminological paradigms. 'i' To present Caroll's dilemma in the words of his prota· lexicology ::;;.�=====±:) conceptoiogy1 ,",t_�, "'I gonists, we find Alice taking the position of a lexicolo· Fig. 1: Basic disciplines and fields gist, Humpty Dumpty that of a 'conceptologist', if we may also claim his prerogative of coining words. Humpty explained that "to 'gyre' is to go round and round like 2. Terminology as a linking field a gyroscope". As for 'slithy,' it is a portmanteau, he said, packing Terminology is a subject field that can,potentially, build two meanings into one word: 'lithe' and 'slimy'. For the a bridge between lexicologyand conceptology. The defi· concept defined as "a nice knockdown argument" he nition of "terminology" is simply the study of terms. offered the term, 'glory', despite its other meanings. Unfortunately, the word 'term' has so many meanings For Alice such improvisations appeared to be a lexi� that it is typically used ambiguously and the word 'ter·

150 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No . 3 Riggs - Social Science terminology minology' itself is often used to mean a collectivity of variety of possible meanings and attitudes. Indeed, some­ terms. Here, however, 'term' is used for an interfacing times authors deliberately evoke several meanings simul· concept: when a word signifies a concept, then it is a taneously, as when they write metaphorically, use puns, term, but not otherwise. Conversely, when a n{lffie is write poetry, or engage in political rhetoric. Thus Oy selected for a concept, then that name is a 'term'. Cor� contrast with the norm of univocalism, they revel in the respondingly, as a term links word and concept, so ter­ evocativeness of words. To untangle the evocations of a minology, as a field of study, links the related fields of word is a challenge relished by lexicographers, and ana­ lexicology and conceptology. The essential character of lytic terminology accepts a similar task. this linking relationship can be visualized quite simply, Steering dangerously between this Scylla and Charyb­ as shown in Figure 2. dis, sy nthetic tenninology seeks a standpoint that, curi­ ously, is still unnamed. The concept I have in mind is the LEXICOLOGY TERMINOLOGY CONCEPTOLOGY possibility that, although a word has a variety of senses, ABC the intended sense should be unequivocally apparent from the context of use. Actually, this is the implicit Fig. 2: Terminology as a necessary link ideal of all scholarly or scientific writing. A chemical 'element' is known unambiguously by chemists to be It appears that there are three main approaches to quite different from a mathematical, musical,or military terminology, which roughly correspond to the areas 'element'. When a word evokes only its intended mean­ marked by the letters A, B, and C in Figure 2. These ing, it does not at the same time evoke all its other pos­ terminological approaches or paradigms can be referred sible senses, and yet it need not be univocal. to as: analytic, for A; sy nthetic, for B; and normative, We need, then, a third word to stand, between 'evoca­ for C. As we shall see, the analytic approach assimilates tive' and 'univocal', for an intermediate concept, to de­ to lexicology; the normative approach fuses with con­ signate just one among several possible meanings of a ceptology; but the synthetic paradigm forcefully estab­ word. An archaic form of the word, 'evoke' is 'evocate', lishes its autonomy and provides the most substantial and it might well be revived to serve as a technical term linkage between lexicology and conceptology. The main for this concept. The Latin roots, 'vox' and 'vocare', substantive argument of this paper consists of an attempt meaning 'voice' and 'to call' have evolved into a large to sustain this position, which is reasserted in Figure 3. family of related English words, such as 'vocabulary', 'vocalize', 'invoke', and 'equivocal', in addition to 'uni­ vocal', 'evocative', and now, 'evocal'. Accordingly, like LEXICOLOG TERMINOLOGY CONCEPTOLOGY Humpty, we may choose to make 'evocate' mean the / invoking of one, but not all, the senses of a word. Many analytic synthetic normative meanings of a word are evoked concurrently, but only terminology terminology terminology one of its meanings at a time, by definition, can be evocated. If a word has only one meaning, it could be Fig.3: Three terminological paradigms 'univoked,' but this possibility is as unlikely as this word In order to make sense out of the definition of 'tenn' is strange! (Persuasive stylistic objections have been which follows, it is important to consider first the se­ raised to the use of an archaic form of a word for a new mantic problem faced by lexicologists and terminolo­ meaning. Perhaps a different prefix, e.g. 'syn�' to reso� nate gists. This problem arises because words almost always with 'synthetic' might be preferable - giving us have more than one meaning - or "sense", to use the then 'synvoke' and 'synvocalism' as an admitted neo­ word favored by lexicographers. This characteristic of logism for the required new concept. If unacceptable, words is called 'multivalence'. In order to understand then what alternative?) what a word means, its context of use has to be con� The possibility of evocating (not evoking or univok­ ing) the meanings of words lies behind the theory of sidered. If someone says, "The Spring term has ended," synthetic terminology. (Appendix A gives the various or "The first term in this algebraic equation ...", or the of these words as a crutch to memory.) To visual­ "middle tenn in a syllogism," one will readily under­ forms stand the difference between the senses of 'term' in ize the relationships just postulated, we can represent these three expressions, and know also that 'term' in them schematically, as in Figure 4: 'terminology' must mean something quite different. Recognition of this fact underlies analytic terminology. LEXICOLOGY __------__ CONCEPTOLOGY A contrasting pOint of view is sometimes adopted by TERMINOLOGY conceptologists, who would find life much easier if for every concept there could be a unique name not used analytic synthetic liormative for any other concept. The conceptological slogan is: t t t "one meaning, one word, and one word, one meaning." evocative evocal univocal This ideal or norm of a one·to-one relation between Fig.4: Ty pes of tenninology words and concepts is referred to, technically, as 'uni­ vocalism'. A word is univoca12 if it has only one pos� 3. Defining 'tenn' in tenninology sible meaning. Normative tenninology tends to embrace this ideal. In order to evocate (not evoke) the meaning of 'term' in In practice, as lexicologists quickly point out, uni­ 'terminology' we need to determine which of its possible vocalism is both impossible and unnecessary. All words meanings is the appropriate one in this context. Some· are evocative in the sense that they call to mind a times 'term' is used in place of 'word', and sometimes in

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979)·No. 3 Riggs - Social Science terminology 151 place of 'concept'. Both are clearly not the intended and no doubt by other words, such as 'name', 'expres­ meaning of 'term' in our context, nor are these meanings sion', 'label',etc. supported by dictionary definitions. If we turn to Clearly different words or expressions can be used to Webster's Unabridged Dictio nary we shall find that eight signify precisely the same concept. Indeed, the relation leading senses of 'term' have been identified by Webster's of concepts to terms mirrors that of words to senses: in lexicographers. Only the eighth of these senses is intend­ both cases it is one to many - each concept can have ed here. The dictionary defines this sense as follows: many terms; and each word can have many senses. Had "a word or expression that has a precisely limited Alice held her looking glass to Humpty, she might have meaning in some uses, or is peculiar to a science, art, seen the point. profession, trade, or special subject ... When several expressions are used as terms for the Clearly implied by this definition is the proposition same concept they form a "term. family". Members of a that although a word may have several senses, only one term family are synonymous terms. In our illustration, of them is intended when it is used as a term. Hence a 'term', and 'technical term' are synonymous terms, but word is a term only when it designates one of its possi­ they are synonymous terms only when used in contexts ble meanings. To establish the context of this usage, we which show that they both designate the same concept. use the expression 'technical term' to show that the Synonymous terms are not synonyms - an apparent word, 'term" is used in this eighth sense. Note that tech­ paradox which becomes clear when we think about it.

nical terms may be quite familiar words � they need not Dictionaries often list a set of words that have similar be neologisms or exotic forms. However, they may re­ meanings and they call such sets, 'synonymies'. Each quire context indicators, or what Webster calls a "pre­ word in a synonymy has its own cluster of meanings

cisely limited meaning in some uses ...H If this meaning (senses). It would indeed be strange if all the senses of of 'term' is well understood, then it will become appar­ each word in a synonymy were identical, yet we still ent why a 'term' is not ambiguous, althoughthe form of call the words in such a set 'synonyms'. Indeed, typical­ the term, - i.e. the word used to express it - may have ly 'synonyms' are words with similar, but not identical multiple meanings. Consequently, to evocate a word is meanings. When two expressions are used to designate to use it as a term, unequivocally, even though the word exactly the same concept we can then - and only then­ is multivalent (or should we say 'multivocal'?). think of them as 'synonymous terms'. (The more con­ This statement may still seem paradoxical. Let us, ventional distinction between 'synonyms' and 'near therefore, consider the point more fully. We may do so synonyms' makes the same point, but less precisely.) with the help of Figure 5. The selection of an appropriate term is determined by the context of its use. In the context of terminoiogy, we CONCEPTS use 'term' only in the sense of the name of a concept, or a technical term. So evocated, the word 'term' becomes � P Q R S unambiguous. Outside of such a context, however, it might be necessary to use a more cumbersome expres­ A A(Q) sion, like 'technical term', to distinguish the intended WORDS B B(P) B(Q) B(R) B(S) meaning of 'term' from others evoked by the same word. This leads to a useful distinction between synonymous C C(Q) terms that are unambiguous out of context (STOC), and other members of the same term family that are unam­ D D(Q) biguous only in context (STIC).

Fig. 5: Word/Concept Matrix If terms are available which are unambiguous out of context, one might wonder why they are not always used. The answer is given by the principle of '1east ef­ The point, to repeat, is that words may designate fort". If a term has to be used very often, we want to concepts, and only then are they terms. The letters A, B, have a short and easy-to-remember word for it. To illus­ C, D, in Figure 5, are used to symbolize different words. trate, consider this example: in mathematics a 'set' may By contrast, the letters P, Q, R, and S are used to sym­ be infinite or finite, but computer scientists have no use bolize different concepts. for infinite sets. Accordingly they could use 'set' in con­ Taking a row first, we can imagine that the word, B, text to mean 'finite set'. Communicating among them­ in different contexts, has four senses. Thus B(P) is the selves, no ambiguity would arise from using the shorter word, B, in a context that tells us it designates concept form, but if mathematicians are to be addressed, then P. Similarly B(Q) is the same word B, in a context that the longer form, 'finite set',- would be more expedient. gives it the meaning, Q. 'Finite set' and 'set' are by no means synonyms, but Now consider the column, Q, and imagine that in they can be used as synonymous terms. Similarly 'term' addition to signifying this concept by the use of B(Q), is a convenient and unambiguous form to use in a ter­ we can also use the word,A, in a suitable context, A(Q), minological discussion, but out of context, 'technical or the word D, in context D(Q), to mean the same thing. term' would be a more suitable expression. Let us illustrate by substituting some actual words for We can now consider the three paradigms of terminol­ the alphabetic symbols. We have already seen that the ogy: the normative the analytic, and the synthetic. Es­ word, 'term' has eight senses. Two of them are 'logical sentially nonnative terminology wants all terms to be term', used in logic, and 'technical term', used in termi­ STOC's, I.e. Synonymous Terms Out of Context, and nology. If we think about the concept of a 'technical hence to be expressed univocal/yo By contrast, analytic term', we will see that it can also be signified by 'term', terminology can accept the idea that all terms are

152 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Riggs - Social Science terminology STIC's, i.e. Synonymous Terms In Context,and hence to other, or mistaken for twins. To illustrate, the Inter­ be understood evocally. national Congress of Applied Linguistics (AILA) has Synthetic terminology shares some features of both recently established a new section, #13, named, "Lexi­ analytic and normative terminology, but rejects some cology, Lexicography, Terminology". When it met in aspects of each. It shares the conceptual orientation of Montreal a year ago, it discussed twelve papers, only two normative terminology,but rejects its univocalism - by of which appear to have directed attention to termino­ means of the synonymous terms (Le. term family) it logical problems, and they did so in a linguistic frame­ proposes alternative means to signify each concept. It work. Subsequently the Commission has been split,form­ ther�fore shares the permissiveness of analytic terminol� ing a separate Commission on Terminology. ogy but rejects its evocativism, its lexical orientation. Obviously much that interests lexicographers about a Recognizing that words can in context express a multi� word is irrelevant to terminology: its structural and plicity of concepts unambiguously, it focuses on the grammatical properties, its etymology and orthography, concepts to be signified, rather than the words that for example. The overlap occurs at the point where the designate. While insisting that each concept have at least various senses of a word are defined. A technical differ� one STOC, it also accepts the use of STICS. Its basic ence can be used to distinguish between these semi­ orientation is that of evocalism. twins, namely the structure of entries. Each paragraph Or record in a dictionary is called an 'entry', and is headed 4. The nonnativeparadigm by an 'entry word'. What follows is the text, within which is embedded a number of

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Riggs - Social Science terminology 153 There is another practical difference between lexi­ comprehensive review of the various meanings previously cology and analytic terminology: the former is concern­ assigned by different authors to a word. Such 'explica· ed only with established usages but the latter picks up tive' definitions typically add to the number of senses of many senses of a word that have been stipulated by a polyseme. Moreover, they generate controversy to the scholars and are infrequently used. This difference cor­ degree that earlier authors or their followers respond by responds to a semantic contrast between 'homonyms' attempting to justify their own original definitions. and 'polysemes'. Most words, as we have noted, are While the Kroeber and Kluckholn example illustrates multivalent - they have more than one meaning. Typi­ the need for analytic glossaries, it also shows how an un­ cally it is easy to distinguish between the familiar mean­ conscious mixture of conceptology and lexicology leads ings of a word. To tell the 'Fall term' from a 'technical to unfortunate results. Much of this book is, in fact, an term' or the 'senior class' from a 'social class' presents no analysis - no doubt intrinsically useful - of the various difficulties. In such ordinary language usages, words are concepts called 'culture', showing their theoretical and homonymous, it is easy to evocate each of their separate historical relations with each other. My point is that the meanings. Normally, moreover, there are not many of conceptual analysis could have been carried out more them, as we can see by looking at typical dictionary efficiently and clearly if an analytic glossary had been entries. prepared first. Then, in a subsequent, and separate, dis­ By contrast, in scholarly work, especially in the social cussion of the various concepts of 'culture', each could sciences, we have to examine a far more complicated have been referred to more easily and unambiguously. situation which results from 'terminological overload­ Although analytic terminology all too easily falls into ing'. By this expression I refer to the unbridled prolifera­ the pattern set by lexicology, and sometimes spills over tion, by stipulation, of new technical senses for familiar into conceptual analysis, it has yet another drawback words. The phenomenon arises because social scientists, which we can see when we take the user's point of view. when they identify a new concept, prefer to use a We have to ask who is the audience or the client for an familiar expression to signify it. Normally they select analytic glossary. One potential user is immediately ap· words whose previously established senses are similar to parent, namely the information specialist trying to estab­ the new sense. lish a viable information service. The analytic glossary When two or more senses of a word are so similar, so facilitates identification of the various concepts authors marginally differentiated from each other,that it is diffi­ have in mind when they use an overloaded word. It can cult to decide which is intended, we speak of the word augment, without displacing, the thesaurus or controlled as a 'polyseme'. This term comes from the polysemantic vocabulary, as a retrieval tool. use of words, thereby generating the problem of 'poly­ From the point of view of scholars as authors, how­ semy'. The word 'role', to take an example, may be de­ ever, an analytic glossary has limited utility. It spills over liberately used metaphorically and polysemantically. into many different subject fields, while giving only frag· However, specialists in the various subject fields of mentary information about the concepts used in any sociology, psychology, social-psychology and political particular field. What, from the user's point of view, ap­ science may also take considerable pains to disentangle a pears to be far more helpful is, instead, a synthetic glos­ few of the many possible meanings of this word in order sary. Let us, therefore, take a closer look at the para­ to use them in a scientific analysis. The question raised digm of synthetic terminology which, I believe, avoids in analytic terminology is how to do this most expedi­ the main traps found in both normative and analytic tiously. One possible solution is to prepare an 'analytic terminology, and substantiates the autonomy and utility glossary', which is to say a glossary in which all the of terminology as a linking field between lexicology and different concepts signified by a word are defined in conceptology. separate entries, and the term family of each is identi­ fied, hopefully with at least one synonymous term out 6. The synthetic paradigm of context (STOC) so that the concept can be easily identified whenever ambiguity arises. The basic content of a synthetic glossary is a set of The need for this kind of glossary can be readily entries defining the important concepts used distinctive­ illustrated by reference to a book by two anthropolo­ ly in a subject field. Two problems arise when we con· gists, A. L. Kroeber and Clyde Kluckholn. The book, sider how to produce such a glossary. which is called, Culture: A Critical Review of Co ncepts The first relates to the selection of entries: how can and Definitions (Vintage, 1963) contains over 160 for· we distinguish between the concepts that are distinctive mal definitions of 'culture', classified into seven major for a subject field, and others borrowed from a parent categories, some of which are also divided into sub­ discipline or even from ordinary language. One way to classes. The contexts of use of these various 'concepts' solve this problem may be to examine the index of are discussed and, in the conclusion, the authors set standard text books and note the words that have a forth their own definition, giving what they consider to technical meaning in the field concerned, as compared be the essential meaning of 'culture', (p. 357). with those that do not. Sometimes the distinction is What Kroeber and Kluckholn have done,therefore , is plainly marked in the index. Consider, for example, the not to prepare an analytic glossary but rather to give us first page of the index for John Lyons, Semantics, Vol. I a book-length 'explicative' definition of 'culture'. No (Cambridge, 1977), which is reproduced as App. B of doubt the expression, 'explicative definition' can be this paper. The fact that a word is used as a technical given several interpretations, but the sense intended here term in semantics is clearly marked by the use of aster­ is that of a text which offers a new definition augmented isks, and a page number in bold face - clear enough in by extensive conceptual analysis, after a more or less the original text - points to the definition. The number

154 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Riggs - Social Science terminology of page references after an index term also gives a rough other audible vocal expressions made, for example, when measure of the importance of a concept in its field, sug� singing, laughing,crying, or communicating with animals, gesting the need to look first at such terms when con­ i.e. all 'phonic sounds'. In this context it might, there­ structing a systematic glossary. Terms which are not fore, appear useful to include in the glossary a definition starred in the Lyons' index can be ignored since they re­ of this central concept, accompanied by a technical fer to words whose meaning, presumably, can be deter­ term, e.g. 'phone'. Note also that 'phonetic' is used for mined outside the field of semantics. For example, (4.) but not as a singular word form for (2.). 'abstraction' and 'agglutinating' are used by Lyons in a As Figure 7 also shows, two different concepts (2. technical sense, but 'adverb' and 'accent' are not. and 6.) are both signified by the same word, 'phonetics', Some authors also give glossaries in their books. Rob­ and two other concepts (5. and 7.) are also signified by ert Hall's Essay on Language, (Chilton, 1968) is an ex­ one word, 'phonemics'. No doubt in most contexts of ample. A page from his glossary is appended as Annex C. use, it will be easy enough to determine which of these As Hall admits, the terms given in his glossary are idio­ meanings is intended. However, in situations where the syncratic - reflecting the usages given in his book, with context does not clearly show which meaning of 'pho­ no claim to exhaustiveness. Nevertheless, such a list netics' or 'phonemics' is intended, it would be helpful to could be taken as a preliminary indication of the con­ have a synonymous term for use out of context (STOC), cepts that at least onc linguist considers distinctive for e.g. 'phone' for (2.), 'phonetic science' for (6.), 'pho­ his field. nemic structure' for (5.) and 'phonemic science' for (7.). The Hall glossary also gives us a clue to the second On the basis of such considerations, the glossary in difficulty confronted by anyone preparing a synthetic Figure 7 might be rewritten 1 with some additions, and a glossary. Its basic arrangement resembles that of a dic­ new notation, as in Fig. 8. tionary. Thus, although it is clearly intended to be a The systematic arrangement of concepts, by their de­ glossary of important concepts in a subject field, it looks finitions, enables us to discover some eleven different more like a lexical than a terminological product. The notions all of which may be of value in linguistics. Al­ difference is not merely a question of format and style. though some of these concepts are omitted from Hall's As we have seen, the entries in any glossary, based on glossary, he covers six of them with two words, each in terminological principles, offer 'concept-entries' rather two word-forms. The example shows that it is easy to than 'lexical-entries" if we use these terms to distinguish devise eleven different terms so that all of the concepts between an entry based on concept definition, and one identified in Figure 8 can be unambiguously signified oriented to an entry-word (see Fignre 6). This distinc­ out of context (i.e. by STOC's). tion, and its logical implications for the systematic ar­ Moreover, such an arrangement facilitates the writing rangement of concepts in a synthetic glossary, can be of definitions that are simple and unambiguous. If the illustrated quite well by taking a look at several entries term, 'phones', has been well defined, then it is easy to in Hall's glossary where entry words are followed by define concepts (2b) an d (4b) in which the word, more than one sense. Virtually at random, consider the 'phones', is used for an entailed concept, i.e. a defining entries headed by the words: 'phoneme', 'phonemics', characteristic. 'phonetic', and 'phonetics'. Let us first arrange the con­ If a comparison between Figures 7 and 8 is made, it cept definitions in a more or less logical sequence an d will be seen that a change in the numbering scheme (no­ see what problems we encounter. tation) brings out the logical relation between concepts more sharply. The structural arrangement has led to the No. DEFINITION OF CONCEPT TERMS USED identification of gaps (la, 2a,2c, 3b, and 4a) which were BY HALL not included in Hall's glossary but may well be useful concepts in linguistics. The possible ambiguities which 1. speech-sound 2. speech-sounds of a given language phonetics arise from using the same term for more than one con­ 3. significant unit of speech-sound phoneme cept in the same field (1b & 4b) and (3b & 4c) can easi­ 4. pertaining to speech-sounds phonetic ly be overcome by proposing STOC's, as shown in Figure 5. structure and organization of the signifi­ 8. Moreover, Figure 8 brings out the point that whereas cant speech-sounds of a language phonemics 'phonemics' is used for both the study and structure of 6. the study of speech-sounds as such phonetics 7. the study of significant speech-sounds phonemics phonemes (3b & 4C) but not for their attributes, 'pho­ netics' is used for the study and attributes of phones - Fig. 7: Data from Hall's glOSSal)' but not for their structure. Each word, in short, could be used for three concepts (attributes, structure, and study) Since the word 'speech-sounds' occurs as -a key of phones and phonemes respectively, but in Hall's element in all of the definitions which follow, but is not glossary, each word is used for two of these concepts, itself defined,one wonders if its meaning is self-evident, but not the same pair in each case. Figure 8 also shows or can be understood as a lexical primitive by means of that the use of 'phonetic' for (2b) precludes its unam­ its dictionary definition. Actually, the expression does biguous use for the singular of (Ib), a difficulty easily not appear in ordinary desk dictionaries, nor in the overcome by using the singular and plural forms of Oxford English Dictionary, but Webster's unabridged 'phone(s)'. Similarly, one can see that the use of 'pho­ gives it three senses: the first by a lengthy definition, nemic' for concept (2c) was omitted from the Hall glos­ and the other two as synonymous with 'phoneme', an d sary, although it might well have been included. 'phone'. The definition of 'phone' comes closest to what Let me now re-emphasize the point that a synthetic I believe Hall's intentions were - it includes all the glossary with term families does not imply the need to sounds made in ordinary speech in any language,but not abandon using familiar terms, such as those in Hall's

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Riggs .- Social Science terminology 155 No. DEFINITION OF CONCEPT STOC: SYNONYMOUS STIC: HALL'S TERMS OUT OF CONTEXT TERMS la. Any audible product of human speech phonic sound organ lb. Phonic sound(s) used in any language phone(s) phonetic(s) Ie. Phones used as functional equivalents phoneme phoneme 2a. Pertaining to phonic sounds phonic 2b. Pertaining to phones phonal phonetic 2e. Pertaining to phonemes phonemic 3a. Structure and organization of phones phonetic structure 3b. Structure and organization of phonemes phonemic structure phonemics 4a. The study of phonic sounds phonic science 4b. The study of phones phonetic science phonetics 4e. The study of phonemes phonemic science phonemics Fig. 8: Revision of Figure 7

glossary, but it does offer the possibility of reducing The most typical kind of a technical glossary is ty pe D: ambiguity by suggesting synonymous terms that can be alphabetically arranged entry words are followed by the used, Qut of context, to supplement or clarify the mean­ definitions of one or more senses of each word - but ing of word�forms that are used as terms for more than only one preferred term is given for each concept. Other one concept, as 'phonetics' and 'phonemics' are in Hall's terms, if given, are typically marked as unacceptable or glossary. deprecated. This type of glossary combines the worst It would, of course, be presumptuous for a non�lin­ features of the analytic and normative paradigmas. Its guist to suggest conceptual innovations to linguists or alphabetical (or semasiological) approach leads to the even to propose new terms for their established con­ preparation of independent definitions, which are there­ cepts. The illustration is intended, rather, to suggest how fore unnecessarily lengthy and confusing, and its uni- or a systematically structured synthetic glossary could be one-term method ('univocalism') leads to its rejection by used in any subject field both to identify needed con­ writers who simply prefer to use different terms for cepts and to improve their definitions. At the same time some of the defined concepts. it can indicate several options that might be used to Glossaries of ty pe C reflect the normative paradigm. signify these concepts. They have the advantage of a classified (onomasiological) Unfortunately, we do not have many synthetic glos­ structure of interdependent definitions which permits saries in the social sciences to use as examples. One the use of technical terms defined in one entry to be reason may be that the cost of preparing them is greater employed for characteristics of other definitions - i.e. as than the cost of creating analytic glossaries, though not, entailed terms. However, the one-term character of such I would think, more than the cost of compiling lexically glossaries - which may well lead to the acceptance of sound dictionaries, or even normative glossaries - if the term standards in some fields of technology and the political struggles that accompany their preparation are natural sciences - almost certainly contributes to the counted as costs. rejection of such glossaries by social scientists. A more important reason, I should think, is the wide­ Ty pe B glossaries resemble ordinary dictionaries in spread lack of knowledge of synthetic terminology. their alphabetical arrangement of entry words and they Once the possibility of treating words evocally, rather permit more than one term per concept. This makes than evocatively or univocally, is understood, and the them more acceptable to social scientists, but the se­ possibility of using terminology as a link between lexi­ masiological sequence of entries makes it difficult to cology and conceptology is also grasped, interest in the write interdependent definitions which reveal the sys­ preparation of synthetic glossaries should increase, and tematic relations between concepts, and accordingly the financial support may correspondingly be found. definitions also tend to be unnecessarily complicated. Such glossaries probably reflect the use of the analytic paradigm, Finally, ty pe A glossaries, recommended here for use in the social sciences, are based on the sy nthetic para­ digm. Their classified (onomasiological) arrangement of 7. Summary: typesof glossaries single-concept entries permits maximum simplicity and To summarize the foregoing discussion of different para­ clarity in the definition of a set of interdependent con­ digms or formats for use in glossary construction, the cepts. Moreover, by providing a set of synonymous simple two-by-two matrix inFig.9 may prove suggestive: terms, each marked to show its appropriate contexts of use, the glossary is more likely to be accepted by social scientists who manifest , a strong attachment to their Muititerm One-termZ (More than one term (Only one tenn far own, somewhat idiosyncratic, vocabularies. for each concept) each concept) In the foregoing discussion of different models or paradigms for terminological work in the social sciences, Classified A C (onomasioiagical) the usual, type D, glossary has not been mentioned be­ cause it should surely be avoided. The normative and Alphabetical B D analytic paradigms, leading to glossaries of type C and (semasialagical) B, have each their appropriate uses, but the synthetic, type A glossary is recommended here as the form best Fig. 9: Ty pes of glossaries suited to meet the terminological needs of social scien-

156 Intern. Classifica-t. 6 (1979) NO. 3 Riggs - Social Science terminology tists. Perhaps, once it has been tried, it will also seem evocative or univocal; advantageous for use in some other fields of knowledge Humpty �· thesis was stipu/ative, as well. Alice's antithesis, lexicographical; In order to create such type A glossaries on an inter­ They failed, between them, to find the slithy synthe­ active basis with users in a subject field community, the sis: facilities of a computerized terminology bank seem to evocal and synthetical. be needed, for reasons which will next be mentioned. Notes:

The word, 'terminology', is sometimes used to mean the 8. A terminology for the social sciences bank terms of a subject field. Here, however, it is used for a differ­ A new kind of resource for terminological work has been ent meaning, namely a subject field concerned with the study of terms. The word 'term' also has a variety of meanings: the created in the form of computerized information ser­ one intended here is that of a word or expression used in a vices that provide records of terms with their definitions, precisely limited sense, as in one of the social sciences. Ter� including bibliographic sources an d identification of sub­ minology is often subsumed under 'lexicology ' or 'conceptol­ ject fields in which the recorded concepts are used. Such ogy', but its true role is that of a link between these two fields of knowledge. The linguistic subfield of lexicology is a data base and information service is usually called a concerned with the meanings of words in use; conceptology 'terminology bank'. As of 1977, when the World Guide a<; a branch of philowphy includes the analysis of concepts, to Terminological Activities (cited above) was published, their relations to science as units of knowledge and as work� there were some 16 banks in operation, and an addition­ ing tools. 2 In preference to 'univocal' which designates the concept of al seven were being planned. In 1979 a network of ter­ 'one concept per term, we may use 'one-term' (or 'uni-tenn') minology banks, called TermNet', was established, and which expresses the idea of using only one term per concept. provisions are being made for the reciprocal exchange of By contrast, in preference to 'multivocal' - standing for data in machine-readable form. words having several meanings - we should use a term like, of the established terminology banks, however, 'multi-term' to represent the possibility of one concept hav­ None ing several terms. Note, though, that the term, 'uniterm', as focus on the concepts and terms used by social scien­ w.ed in information science, designates a different concept. tists. Fortunately, one of the planned projects is 3 For further information on INTERCONCEPT see Intern. UNESCO'S INTERCONCEPT' which will, precisely, Classificat. 5 (1978) No. 2, p. 102. make social science terminology the focus of its atten­ 4 COCTA stands for the Committee on Conceptual and Ter­ minological Analy.<;i<; ; see also Intern. Classificat. 5 (1978) tion. The goal of this project is to provide a centrally No. 3, p. 166. available data base in which any group of scholars can 5 IPSA =: International Political Science Association. enter its key concepts and terms, and retrieve publish­ Appendix A: able glossaries in systematic order, with an alphabetical index, that can be inexpensively reproduced and fre­ GLOSSARY ON THREE MODES OF WORD USE quently revised. When this proposed data base becomes la. to summon up all the meanings of a word to evoke available and expands, it should become possible for lb. to summon up just one of the meanings of a users to retrieve, on-line, information about the terms word to evocate 1c. to use a word in its only meaning to univoke and concept definitions used by specialists in a growing 2a. attribute of a word whose meanings can be variety of subject fields. Thus the economy and preci­ evoked evocative sion of systematic glossary construction should increase 2b. attribu te of a word one of whose meanings can as the data base becomes established. It should be added be evocated evocal that no one expects that a terminology bank, like the 2c. attribute of a word having only one meaning univocal 3a. the evocative use of words evocatively proposed INTERCONCEPT system, would be tapped on 3b. the evocal use of words evocally an everyday basis by scholars who should, instead, have 3c. the univocal use of words univocally access to printed glossaries generated as INTERCON­ 4a. the practice of using words evocatively CEPT outputs. The users of INTERCONCEPT should be (metaphorically) evocativism 4b. the practice of using words evocally evocalism those engaged in the preparation of glossaries, and others 4c. the practice of using words univocally univocalism interested in terminological and retrieval problems. 5a. one who evokes evoker Translators and public agencies are also potential clients 5b.one who evocates evocator of such a data base, but there is no need to discuss this 5c. one who univokes univoker aspect of the proposed service here. 6a. attribute of a context which permits a word's meanings to be evoked evocable If and when the INTERCONCEPT project is actually 4 6b.attribute of a context which permits only one launched, COCTA hopes to be able to work as an inter­ of the pQ.ssible meanings of a word to be mediary with various research committees of IPSA 5, and evocated evocatory other scholarly groups, to supply guidelines and techni­ 6c. attribute of a situation in which a word is uni­ vocal, and hence can be understood out of cal assistance so as to facilitate the production of syn­ context univocable thetic glossaries that can, in fact, be used to improve the Needles�' to say, many of the terms suggested in this glossary are quality and communicability of scholarly writing, and not established - they are stipulated for the purposes of this also to enhance the capacity of retrieval services to help paper. However, all of the concepts defined in this glossary are scholars find what they are looking for . useful for terminology and, by whatever terms they may be To conclude this paper we might revert to the Alice/ signified, we need to add them to OUf repertoire. More specifical­ ly, the concepts - those based on the verb, 'to evocate' - are Humpty dialectic attributed to Le""is Carroll,proposing essential for terminological work ill the synthetic paradigm, and the lines that follow as a valedictory toast: the lack of established terms for them puts scholars in the un­ tenable position of supposing that there is no intermediate Alice and Humpty posed the dia lectic: option between the equally false contraries of evocativism (me­ analytic or normative, taphorical language), and univocalism.

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Riggs - Social Science terminology 157 Appendix B: Asterisks indicate technical terms; bold type denotes the page number where a technical term is introduced. abstracted*, 132 Jean M. Perreault abstraction*, 131 The Library , University of Alabama in Huntsville accent, 108, 255 acoustic signal, 46 addressee, 34, 37, 53, 55 adverbs, 294 Library of Congress Subject affective, 108 affective meaning*, 175 Headings: a New Manual agglutinating*, 72, 73 alienable possessives*, 312 allophone, 233 alternation, 74 ambiguity, 38, 151, 190 Perreault, J. M.: Library of Congress Subject Head­ ings: new manual. (Extract from John Lyons: Semantics, Vol. 1. Cambridge Univ. a Press, 1977.p. 357) In: Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3, p. 158 -169 Many of the failings of Library of Congress Sub­ Appendix C: ject Headings are examined in the context of L. M. - phoneme: a significant unit of speech-sound. Chan's new manual on that influential system. phonemic transcription: a set of graphemes used so as to repre­ While the system itself is strongly criticized, the sent accurately the phonemes of a language; nonnally en­ manual is highly recommended as a guide to prac­ closed in slant lines: e.g. /kit! cat. phonemics: (1) the study of significant units of speech"sound; tice; the major criticism directed at the latter is (2) the structure and organization of the phonemes of a that it only sporadically attempts to be critical of given language. the system. (Author) phonetic: pertaining to speech-sounds, without reference to their phonemic function or organization. phonetic transcription: a set of graphemes used so as to repre­ sent accurately the speech-sounds of a language, whether they have phonemic significance or not; normally enclosed in I. Introduction square brackets: e.g. ['k'ret} cat. phonetics: (1) the study of speech-sounds as such; (2) the When I began this essay on the failings of the Library 0/ speech-sounds of a given language. Congress Subject Headings phonology: (1) the study of the phonetics. phonemics, and all (LCSH), I saw it as a review other aspects of the sounds of human speech (including of Lois Mai Chan's recent book (I) on that system. As it supra-segmental features); (2) the structure and organization developed, it became apparent to me that I was using the of the phonological features of a given language. book as a sort of diagnostic probe into the system: the (Extract from Robert A. Hall: All Essay 011 Language. (Chilton real focus had moved beyond the book to the system Books, 1968) that it describes. That description is fuller and deeper than has ever before been accomplished or even attempt­ Ranganathan Award for Classification Research ed, but its own focus is more the piece-by-piece work­ (1979-80) ings of the system than its overall theory; but since, in Nominations are invited for the Ranganathan Award the minds of many, that theory is shaky or even in total for Classification Research (1979-80). disarray, it seemed a great misfortune that Chan's nota­ The Award consists of a Certificate of Merit awarded bly keen analytic abilities were not directed more to­ to a person chosen by the FID/CR, every two years, for an outstanding contribution in the field of Classification ward the discernment of the outlines of the theoretical in recent years. framework of LCSH (however rudimentary or implicit), In accordance with the FID/CR Terms-of-Reference, toward the explanation of the bases of its strengths and Classification means "any method for recognizing relations, weaknesses, and most of all toward suggestions for its generic or other, between items of information regard­ less of degree of hierarchy used, and of whether those further strengthening through elimination of those methods are applied in connection with traditional or weaknesses. computerized informations systems" . This essay then is not a systematic examination of Work done (published or unpublished) nor earlier LCSH's strengths and weaknesses, nor yet an attempt at than 1 August 1976 may be submitted or nominated for the theory called for above, but rather a view of aspects consideration. There is no restriction in respect of age, sex, or nationality of the author of tIle work . ! of controversy within LCSH as seen through the lens of The submission or nomination should mention the Chan's book, sometimes in line with her own cirticisms, special points as to why the work deserves to be considered more often just because she describes a flaw without for the award . making the appropriate criticism. The closing date for receiving nominations will be 1 March 1980. The works and nominations should be sent to the Chairman, FID/CR, C/o Documentation Research Despite its vast currency in American bibliothecalf and Training Centre CDRTC), Indian Statistical Institute, bibliographical usage, both in itself (in libraries), by its 31 Church Street, Bangalore 560 001, India. example (Sears ' List a/Subject Headings) (2) , and by its The Ranganathan Award Sub-Committee will review application to the organization of printed subject biblio­ all the works and nominations received for consideration; and it will make a decision as to which work should receive graphies, - despite not only these p 0 siti v e indica­ the Award. The Sub-Committee reserves the right not to tions of its virtual supremacy, but also despite the n e g­ make an Award if such a decision is warranted. The decision at i v e indications implied by the fact that resistance to of the Sub-Committee is final; and it is not subject to it has historically spurred on the creation of other, more appeal. 'modern', systems of verbal search strategization, from

158 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Perreault - LeSl-l - new manual Un iterms to thesauri; despite the interest shown by the same observantness together with penetrating many American subject-cataloguers in PRECIS as a sub­ (and constructive) criticism has been so beautifully stitute for il' (and the Library of Congress administra­ characteristic of her periodical publications on LCSH tion's decision not to be so radical as to drop LCSH in (4-7); nor should we ignore these same good character­ favor of PRECIS, even when offered the chance of istics in her annual reviews of the general domain (8), making a dramatic switch to coincide with the closing of nor (even though I am far more impressed here by her its own card catalog and with the adoption of AACR2); evidences than by her conclusions) in her paper on - despite all this evidence of a position of hegemony corporate vs. title entry for serial publications (9). The that would seem to demand more than mere historical attitude taken in these papers, had it been manifested in explanation founded on the enduring acceptance of the the book under review, could have been an even mare Library of Congress's card distribution service, there has powerful impetus than that toward the radical improve­ been no real attempt before Chan to see LCSH in any ment of LCSH ace0 r din g to p r inc i pies that light more penetrating than the merely anecdotal or in is so sorely needed. LCSH is indeed undergoing radical regard to some single aspect of its ramifying complex­ changes, but the lack of thoroughgoing principles for ities, no attempt to see t h r 0 ugh its complexities to these changes makes it unsafe to call these changes im� its principles, no attempt so see why it has on the one provements - and it is clear that Chan well knows this hand become so dominant and has on the other aroused when she argues, in favor of systematicity, that "A logi­ so much opposition. Not that the attempt is likely to be cally and consistently constructed system is easier to very successful, whoever undertakes it, since even more learn and master than one given to irregularities and than its sister mountain-chain (no mere mountain of exceptions to rules" p.149, and then goes on to point subject headings or classification codes could adequately out that principles themselves need to form a system to serve as metaphor for this much variety, this much non­ produce the sought result: "a move towards free synthe­ uniformity), the Library of Congress classification, sis without corresponding development of rigorously­ LCSH has grown by accretion: it can be seriously ques­ definedcitation formulae can create havoc." tioned whether it is imbued with principles such that it An aspect of Chan's treatment of LCSH to which I can be mad e transparent (since all agree that it is not give very high marks is in regard to the question of prima fa cie so), whether its principles can ever be mined whether 'the convenience of the public' is the highest out of the mountain-range fa stnesses of its external criterion available by which to judge a subject heading shape and refined into anything like systematicity. language, to which she replies (with a quotation from Dunkin) that the users' preferences are too variable and

2. The qualifications of the author transient to serve as supreme criteria p. 23. Later, Chan points out that while it could be helpful (as advocated Chan does not, in the book under review, take a thor­ by Haykin) to know '''the approach used by many read­ oughgoingly critical attitude. There is criticism, both ers of different backgrounds"', such knowledge is utopi­ overt and covert ; but for the most part she is content to an of achievement, while on the other hand "a strict describe and not always even to explain. But for all that reliance on consistency and regularity ... (Le., predict­ her book is the most important, in its narrower domain, ability) might ." produce a new level of convenience" that has yet been published ; and even in the larger do­ p. 148. main of search strategization in general it is one of the But before I undertake my more substantive criticism of most important of the decade, even though not (who Chan (and, a fortiori, of LCSH itself), let me point out a few ever is?) wholly successful. pedagogical flaws (in the order not of their importance but of their occurrence in the book): The symbol x (Le., seen from) is This lack of an attitude of constant critical attention, used on p. 71 but not defined till p. 87. On p. 122 the 'direct' however, in no way implies any lack of an abservant eye. place subdivision technique is being discussed, the list of coun­ To note a random parir of examples, note first the good tries for which, "instead of the name of the country, the name distinction p. 1712 between -Periodicals and -Year­ of the appropriate first-Qrder political subdivision " is to be em­ books. These subdivisions are all too often assigned quite ployed, consists of "Canada, Great Britain, Malaysia, the Soviet Union, the United States, or Yugoslavia", while on p. 67 and p. whimsically to annual publications that fall into the 133 and elsewhere only Canada, Great Britain, the U.S.S.R., and title-genre 'annual reviews of .. ./yearbook of .../advances the U.S. are enumerated in precisely the same connection. On in .../ progress in ... '; if the Library of Congress cata­ p. 141 we are being shown replicas of forms for the establish­ loguers would keep Chan's distinction in mind, improve­ ment of new subject headings, but the tcrms related to the target ment would be instant: yearbooks "do summarize the heading as equivalents and as superordinates are signified resp. as "See ref. from" and "See also ref. from", instead of what is in year", periodicals "do not summarize the year". fact the universal practice, namely x and xx. On p. 305 we are To go on from this abstract characterization and show how to told of a change in practice : "The jurisdictions United States and tell whether each such title does or does not summarize is really Great Britain which used to be abbreviated are not spelled out, outside Chan's purpose, but two helpful diagnostics are (a) the regardless of their location in the heading", but on the very same sort of bibliography each articles includes: is it largely confined page there occurs the heading Labour Party (Gt. Brit.), an exam­ to references from one recent year, or is it broadly retrospective? ple (but, alas, not so indicated) of the superseded practice. In the s. v. and (b) is the table of contents for each volume of the same title Index, Biography, subtypes are listed with no mention of "True biography", which is discussed as a specific subtype on largely repetitive? p. 190 (and which besides is not mentioned in the Glossary); in Note secondly the examples p. 89 of missing x-refer­ the Glossary s. vv. Pre-coordination and Synthesis mutual see-also ences from natural to inverted word-order and vice versa . references are lacking; and s. v. Subject catalog we are told that Chan's sharp eye and careful compilation of examples it consists of "subject entries only", namely that it is "The sub­ ject portion of a divided catalog" - but we have been told noth­ and counter-examples is at work here, but the reason for ing about any such arrangement in the tcxe. I do not regard my expectation (and for my disappointment) at the these as major defects in the book, I just wish that Chan's (un)­ generally uncritical descriptiveness of the book is that usually observant eye had been directed as much toward her own

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Perreault -- LCSH - new manual 159 work as toward LCSH itself; the usual reviewer's verbiage goes, I that it can construct very elaborate headings and thus think, 'When the inevitable revised edition appears, we trust avoid the LCSH practice of mUltiple headings when that .. .'. These are all relatively minor matters, except that they may be particularly confusing to a class of readers to whom the the document is monothematic, an d can at the same book will doubtless be highly recommended, namely library time manage to collocate similar subdivisions, while school students (and not necessarily only to "advanced library avoiding terminological vagaries of the isolates them­ science students", as is indicatcd in the Preface). Thus the use of selves (or so at least it is claimed). But much that the the introductory phrase 'pedagogical flaws' rather than, say, Library of Congress is up to these days plays right 'formal flaws'. Formal flaws do occur, of course: on p. 70 an ex­ into the hands of PRECIS's sometimes not-critical­ ample is given which evidences a miscounting of the long enough supporters, except for the beginnings (at long last) of a more reasonable attitude on free synthesis ..- at dashes in the LCSH list : France-History-Revolution, the same time that the grouping of subdivisions is suffer­ 1789-1900 (whatever that could mean !); that such a ing from the low level of computer sophistication being mistake is possible shows well that the promulgators of provided to LCSH users (who will tend to file in imita­ LCSH should be more concerned about such matters of tion of the published authority document, if they do not 'schedule'-intelligibility than they seem to be. But the computer-file by means of MARC-provided programs), point that Chan makes with this example, namely that and at the same time that terminological vagaries are the Library of Congress is chucking overboard one of the growing apace. most fundamental (and usefu I) principles of file­ But the sequence of subordinate facets implies a rela­ order, namely general-before-special, is correct. That it is tion between these facets and the topic itself that they deplorable is obvious at least to me, but its deplorability subtend; just what is the nature of this relation? Haykin grows when we realize that this counter-productive imagines, as quoted on p. 62, that - [place] does not change is coming about not because of any conclusion "'limit the scope of the subject matter as such"', but about either 'the convenience of the public' or systema­ merely '''providers] for its arrangement in the catalog"'; ticity, but because the computer program that would re­ whereas Coates is far closer to being on the right track : tain general-before-special is a bit more difficult: the ... in the alphabetical subject catalogue the degree of subject program can call for earlier dates to come first both as specification and the mechanics of arrangement arc simply in i t i a I and as t e r min a I (I789-1793 is 'ear­ two aspects of a single operation. One decides upon a particu­ lier' then 1789-1799), or for earlier in i t i a I dates lar heading and by the same token determines the position of to come first while later t e r min a 1 dates come the entry in the catalogue. Haykin's dictum is a half·truth: 'music' inMusic-Europe fi rst (I789-1799) is 'broader' than 1789-1793) -­ but it is clear to see that to treat all date-numbers is not limited in scope in just the same way that it would alike makes for a simpler and hence cheaper program be if changed to 'musical instruments' or 'musical form' or - though not for a more service-effective one. Chan 'music of the spheres' ; but it is limited indeed (in quite does not deplore this, unless she assumes that to de­ a different way) as against Music simpliciter, which con­ scribe a foolishness to those who know can call forth cerns the topiC without any geographic focus. The only one reaction: deploring. She perhaps forgets that typical implicitness of most non-analytico-synthetic books do fall into the hands of those who do not know. indexing languages surfaces here: 'music' simpliciter dif­ Formality again more than substantiality is basic to minor fers from 'music' in 'music in Europe' in that the second filing errors in the Glossary s.v. Gassed catalog and Class entry, implie s a historico-descriptive treatment that the which, in that order, imply letter-by-letter filing, whereas s. v. first does not suffer from. Nor would matters be differ· Refer from reference and Reference, in that order, imply word­ ent with a term from a different domain, such as 'phy­ by-word filing. But the example of filing quoted at 325 from Rather is more substantive, and may also involve the computer sics' vs. 'physics in Europe' or-'psychology' vs. 'psycholo­ as culprit. Under the heading German literature we see the fol­ gy in Europe'. The confusion may be between - Europe lowing subdivisions: and, say, - Bibliography; form subdivisions do not limit - 17th century the scope of the preceding topic at all, they only tell us - 20th century - Addresses, essays, lectures something about the work - as against the place sub­ - History and criticism division, which tells us something about the concept(s) - Yearbooks with which the work is concerned. This does not mean - Alsace that 'arrangement in the catalog' is unimportant ; it is in That numbers must either precede or follow letters in the collat­ fact quite central to the whole enterprise, since without ing sequence is obvious, and therefore that the dated period sub· divisions precede the form subdivisions is acceptable. But it is intelligible arrangement in the catalogue, retrieval is also true that something more than the letter/number distinction impossible - and intelligible arrangement in the file as is at work in order for -Alsace to come aft e r -Yearbooks: a whole is ultimately grounded on the syntagmatic ar­ there must be a non-printing facet symbol. Therefore, there is no rangement of the parts of the individual subject head­ in·principle impossibility against having the facet sequence 'form/period/place', rather than that which Rather displays, ings. 'period/form/place' - and if such sophistications can be brought At p. 64 Chan indicates (though not in these terms) about here, why must general-before-special be sacrificed to our that topical subdivision should involve synthesis between modern-day Moloch? isolates from different hierarchies (foci from different facets), thus avoiding the appearance of articulated 3. How are subject headings made, and what for? alphabetico-direct headings (such as make up LCSH) being in some sense alphabetico-classed headings, which To mention the sequence of facets lands us nicely in the latter are "of [the] genus-species or thing-part type." She thick of the real controversy about subject headings, goes on to advert to common usage as preventing Physi­ namely the syntagmatic/constructive/relational aspects. cal research in parallel to the acceptable Chemical re­ Right here, after all, is the primmy advantage of PRECIS, search, and to report that "In order to ensure greater

160 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Perreault - LCSH - new manual uniformity among newly established headings, current element" p. 25, but the examples tend to overlap: for policy requires the use of the form [topie]-Research", choice of form we are shown "'Inoculation of plants,' a very salutary decision, since whenever two solutions 'Plant inoculation,' and 'Plants-Inoculation"', which are available, that which can apply to a 11 cases is to be show entry-element problems as well; the sensible con­ preferred to that which applies only to so me, because clusion p. 47 is that those not covered by the narrower solution must be treated by some other principle and thus in an inconsist­ unless the proposed phrase heading is very well known ent manner, while many users will perceive the problem­ by the informcd public in exactly that form, it is consider� cases as similar and will retrieve less than all that is rele­ ably more useful to establish the proposed new concept as a topical subdivision under tlte generic heading. vant by virtue of haVing expected a consistent solution. On p. 152 Chan gives an excellent summary of some of This does not, however, seem to be the direction of the the silly inconsistencies of punctuation in LCSH; she Library of Congress's current practice; LCSH seems finishes by pointing out that "Syntagmatic relationships more and more to contain Iong phrases in which are are expressed by relational words such as 'and,' 'in,' or hidden just such subordinate terms as would better have 'as,' and sometimes expressed in the form of subdivi­ been displayed by one or other of the traditional means sions." "Sometimes" is less pointed than 'in similar of explicit subordination. cases' would have been, for she is adverting to incon­ Going on from exact to partial synonymy, Cutter is sistency; but on p. 41 she had given, as examples of syn­ quoted to the effect that '''In choosing between two thesis, Boats and boating and Hotels, taverns, etc., in names not exactly synonymous, consider whether there both of which the 'and/et' are not really synthetic (i.e., is difference enough to require separate entry; if not, ' ... in relation to .. .'), but rather indicative of partial treat them as synonymous.'" p. 29. The appeal to func­ synonymy. In the same list of examples of synthesis we tionality is a red herring: the real doubt to raise about see Church and education in Connectieut and Church such a conflation centers on whether the difference is and labor-Italy, with no mention of the different con­ one in language itself or in the works that the library nectivity manifested in each (nor any reference to such a holds. Unfortunately, all too often there is a deleterious heading as [topic], Italian , which manifests yet another change-over�time phenomenon: what is at one time kind of connectivity); we are told that "the geographic entered under A-&-B but is really only about A, would aspect may be expressed either by the phrase [subject] in later (let's say in another edition, etc.) be entered under [location], or the subdivided form [subject]-[Iocation]." A when that had been established as a separate heading An inconsistency in LCSH practice has been shown, but - and no attempt is likely to be made, for reasons of not fully penetrated : the reader may take 'either/or' to economy or the like, to change the old entry (unless be incIus i v e (as Chan seems to mean) or as ex­ A-&-B had been discontinued as a valid heading). c 1 u s i v e (as is true in many such cases in LCSH). On Cutter's argument against specific and direct noun-&­ p. 53 we are told that "In some cases, the qualifier4 is adjective phrases, by the way, is quoted p. 56 in the case used as an alternative for a subdivided form", and we of Ancient Egypt, to which Chan rejoins that "A user can agree that such inconsistency is pernicious; but the acquainted with the rule of specific and direct entry examples given, "Marches (Voice with piano) but Sym­ should not find these headings unexpected", but neither phonies -Vocal score with piano", go off at a tangent, she nor Cutter (even though he would allow such hypo­ since the two subdivisions exemplified are themselves so thetical headings to be employed '''if due discrimination different, the first giving a further specification of the be used''') would be likely to tolerate extensions of such (musical) form-term ahead of it, the other a bibliographi­ a phrase to 'bibliography of Ancient Lower Egypt'. The cal form subdivision mentioning a mere redaction of the whole discussion of direct vs. inverted word-order in original score(s) - but Chan is indeed correct in calling phrases (Chan'S "entry element" problem) is really only neither of these true qualifiers. a symptom of the syndrome 'distributed relatives'; with it also is connected, as a palliative or attempted cure, multiple entry (to be discussed more fully below). What 4. More on the central issue: citation order must be remembered is that both direct and in­ In the consideration of synthesis, one of the most crucial verted phrases result in distributed relatives, and we matters to settle, in terms of valid and intelligible princi­ must ask ourselves, before we attempt to solve the ob­ ples, is that of citation order. Chan's grasp of citation vious and serious problem therein implied. whether we order's function and weight is firm, as shown by her de­ want a solution that can apply to a II caSes (which claration (as against those who would mistakenly insist means that our solution will have to be in terms of broad on a greater rigidity) that the following headings con­ ling u i s tic or logi c a I categories), or want to taining the same elements, deal with e a c h phrase on its own merits (which means Labor snpply-Research-United States that our solution will have to be in terms of narrow Labor supply -United States-Research bib I i 0 g raph i c a I characteristics). Angell's pro­ have different meanings p. 83. posal, quoted on p. 150, to use direct order if inversion In other words, not merely concepts but also the would put a word as "entry element" which would be o r d er a mang them constitute meaning. meaningless alone, is an example of a lingUistic solution. Related to the ambiguity mentioned above as so Principles that can serve to illuminate citation order often found in place subdivisions, Chan points out in­ seem rather cavalierly chosen by Chan, in that Prevost's consistency in the choice of the established form of a "noun rule" is mentioned on p. 58 (though it is not in­ complex heading: "in establishing a subject heading, dexed or listed in the bibliography), and PRECIS is in­ three choices are often required: name, form, and entry voked p. 80 to justify subdividing "a concrete subject"

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Perreault -- LCSH - new manual 161 by "an action"; the loci classici would have been Kaiser's also reference from it to the new-style coterminous theory of concretes and processes and Ranganathan's heading (the point will be discussed more fully below). categorial order 'personality: energy'; which are finally Whereas in the past a work on psychoanalysis of children mentioned on p. ISO (though the footnote leads only to would have received I. Child study and 2. Psychoanaly­ Needham's excellent but hardly original survey). That a sis, it would now receive I. Child analysis. After the better developed (or at least somewhat subtler) theory change takes place, and in the (highly likely) absence of of citation order and categorial analysis is needed can be a revision of previous double headings into single articu­ seen from the semi-defense of such a heading as Shake­ lated headings, the user must also look through the file speare, William, 1564-1616-Characters-Fathers p. 64; of each general heading to find works on the special it is said to be "of the genus-species type", and accord­ topic; his expectation of consistency will very likely pre­ ingly out of place in an alphabetico-direct system; re­ vent him from looking into the file of general headings course to the concept of dependent facets would have if he began his search at the articulated file, and vice been of greater explanatory value. It is true, of course, as versa. Thus the creation of such articulated headings Chan implies (though she offers no examples), that a (and their absorption of the corresponding general files) phrase would do the trick, e.g., Fathers in Shakespeare. is of the highest desirability in that it effects a far closer Citation order theory applies also to author/title entries, but match between heading and document and thus better anomalies in LCSH practice in cases of place names, etc. (based, exemplifies the principles of a system such as LCSH. i.e" that is, on author/title practice) are undetected, e.g., on p. 123: pre"coordination with references from related head­ Dyrham Park, Eng. (Avon) as against Buen Consejo, San Juan, ings, in these cases see-also references from the two P.R., in which the order of expansion from part to whole is intersected general headings (for the child psychoanaly­ pointlessly different. Rather is fairly explicitly aware of this nexus, as quoted on p. 326, but we still sec exemplified, in the sis-example) or from the one linguistically dissimilar Library of Congress practice , the useless grouping of Spurious heading (for the Aristotle example). and doubtful works at the end of the listing of an author's And to what extent will computers be able to do such separate authenticated works; the question is not asked by him updating as transcends the simple one-for-one transfor­ or by Chan, 'What user would look here, rather than under the normal author/title position for this work, since from the fact mation, at least in the case of subordinate elements that that he is looking under t his author for this title we can con­ are not linguistically identical or which do not have ex­ clude that he probably doesn't know that this works is no n­ plicit enumeration of all possible see-also links (cf. p.97, au thenticated?' "General References")? Chan cites Ganning on p. 32 to Some aspects of citation order seem to be implicit the effect that "all bibliographic records previously rather than explicit in LCSH (this has been mentioned linked to the old form of the heading would automati­ above in connection with place subdivision); it is true in cally be linked to the new form of the heading"; but a particularly striking way of such a heading as Erech , there is virtually no way, within the present format of Babylonia p. 255 for an archaeological work; were an LCSH, to make references between old and new forms archaeological document to concern itself with an occu· in such examples of consolidation as are given above, pied site the subdivision -Antiquities would have been even though change by one-far-one transformation and required ; that it does not (because this site is unoccu­ (sometimes) by expansion can be handled by the com­ pied?) seems worth mention, esp. in a chapter entitled puter. The bibliographical millenium has not arrived "SUbject Areas Requiring Special Treatment". simply in virtue of the availability of computers. That Chan's observant eye is at work not only on LCSH is evidenced by her remark, p. lSI that "The 5. Multiple headings and the like PRECIS system has not been in operation long enough to have accumulated the problems of obsolescent terms We are told, on the authority of the Ca taloging Service, as the Library of Congress has over the years." But the that When a new heading being established contains as part of the problem of obsolescence in LCSH is not merely that of heading an existing heading which consists of an obsolete one-for-one transformation (e.g., from Mohammedanism fo rm, the policy is to retain the obsolete term in the new to Islam) - there are syntagmatic as well as paradigmatic heading if the obsolete portion of the new heading appears changes over time. Chan points out p. 144 that "Split in initial position. The reason for retaining the obsolete term is to avoid confusion and to keep the original heading and the files" or some similar solutions are necessary "when the new heading together in the alphabetical file . ... However, if old heading is replaced by two or more new headings", the obsolete portion of the heading does not appear in the but never mentions an even more insidious change, that initial position, the current or preferred form is used ... p. 143 by consolidation. As will be seen when I discuss multiple Thus the new compound heading Moving-picture sequels headings more fully below, I am in favor of consolida­ (based on the old simple heading Moving-pictures) is at tion of multiple general headings into articulated head­ some distance from the new simple heading Motion pic­ ings more nearly coterminous with the documents they tures, whereas a new compound heading such as Vio­ surrogate; but librarians away from the bibliothecal lence in motion pictures is, by virtue of the non-entry Mecca on the Potomac, esp. those not blessed with com­ position of the changed element, no problem either of puter time (if indeed this can solve the problem), need form or of file arrangement. The reason adduced "for to be told that this problem exists and how to deal with retaining the obsolete term" as entry element of the new it. E.g., whereas in the past a work on Aristotle's episte­ compound heading is "". to keep the original [simple] mology would have received I. Aristoteles and 2. Know­ heading and the new [compound] heading together"; but ledge , Theory of, it would now receive 1. Aristoteles­ this seems strange and unnecessary if we can call on the Knowledge , Theory of and 2. Knowledge, Theory of p. computer to move all the old entries from Moving­ 197; what is being attempted in this second heading pictures to Motion pictures. If the computer is not could have been more economically achieved by a see· available, and if we plan a split file for the old and t\le

162 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Perreault .- LCSH - new manual new simple headings (see-also references both ways), the which seems better to "bring out various aspects" : condition obtains for an argument about where to put Bibliography-Bibliography-[topic] . the new compound headings; but the Library of Con­ e.g. 1. Bibliography-Bibliography-Outdoor recreatlOn gress's argument is certainly not the only one that could 2_ Outdoor recreation-Bibliography be made, and it is far from conclusive. Bibliography-Best books-[ topic] Allusion has been made in passing to multiple head­ e.g., 1. Bibliography-Best books-Economics ings as a feature of LCSH practice. There are more than 2. Economics-Bibliography one kind of multiple headings; as a rough-and-ready She also says that "Another recent change is the assign­ classification we can enumerate (a) cases where the ment of an additional biographical heading representing whole unitary subject cannot, by the rules of LCSH, be the class of persons with appropriate subdivisions to an comprehended in a single heading, thus forcing the use individual biography·' p. 27 . This is a multiple-heading of two or more headings to signify (post-<:oordmately) situation of yet another and far more pernicious kind; it the one complex or compound subject; (b) cases where will be discussed below as 'generic posting'. When she the unitary subject has several assymetrical features each later (p. 245-255) discusses multiple headings in gene­ of which is desired to be an entry element; (c) cases alogy and history she reports that what h s previousl where the unitary subject indicates a symmetrical rela­ � � only been given "headings of the type [tOPIC ]-[place] tion between two terms neither of which is primary are now given "an additional heading of the type [place] enough to justify treating it alone as the entry element -[topic]." This is ambiguous in that the re de might (true "duplicate headings"); (d) cases where the subject � : . expect, in addition to, say, 1. France-Antiquities, 2. of a single document is not unitary. Chan adverts to Antiquities-France. Even though this is not "a heading this potentially sense-destroying non-uniformity in the in the form of a phrase", it surely would be prohIbIted course of comparing (p. 25-26) LCSH's rather limited by the principle that disallows both "natural word or­ abilities to PRECIS's fabled permutations of a multi­ der" and "the inverted form'" p. 26. What is in fact word heading so as to treat every sought term in it as an intended is not that the same heading elements be entry element, but she points out that sought terms that inverted, but that an additional heading be sought by are not entry elements will at least sometimes be quasi­ the cataloguer, one that will treat the prepotent place entry elements in LCSH in that references (see or see­ as a subdivision; examples on p. 250-255 show that also) are made from them to the entry element of the instead of [topic]--[place] it would have been more pre­ target heading. But are multiple headings, despite the cise to say [more specific topic ]-[place], e.g., 1.France claims made for them by PRECIS proponents, really all -Antiquities and 2. Man, Prehistoric-France, or as she that valuable? Are they not really what it is precisely exemplifies p. 255: 1. Erech, BabyloniaS and 2. Pottery PRECIS's point to obviate? Chan bases her first two -lraq -Erech, Babylonia. What I cannot help but won­ examples p. 26 of "duplicate entry" . as that occurs in der is 'What does one do if there simply is no more LCSH, on the authority of Haykin, and they turn out specific archaeological focus in this document than has to belong to my kinds (c) and (a): L United States­ already been expressed as [place]-Antiquities?' I must Foreign relations-France and 2. France--Foreign rela­ therefore conclude that this new practice amounts to tions-United States; and 1. Gnatcatchers and 2. Birds­ the directive 'Be persistent enough, when cataloguing . California She has declared it to be an LCSH principle archaeological works, to find some topic that does not that "a heading in the form of a phrase may be entered begin with the place name denoting the site of the either in its natural word order or in the inverted form, excavation - if you possibly can.' but not both" p. 26; I must conclude that the qualifica­ On p. 159-163 Chan discusses "depth indexing" as tion "in the form of a phrase" needs to be exceedingly a partial justification of LCSH's multiple headings. In strong, since it is the only defense against all the multi­ one exemplified case these multiple headings (for the plicity of conceptually identical headings that could be document containing schedule 'c ' of the Library of desired to give nightmares to subject cataloguers, since Congress classification: Auxiliary Sciences of Hist.ory, what the Library of Congress (and Chan,I regret to say) comprising Civilization (CB), Archaeology (CC), Dlplo­ need is an awareness of the superficiality of the differ­ matics, Archives, and Seals (CD), Chronology (CE), ence between phrases and headings with subdivisions. As Numismatics (CJ), Epigraphy (CN) , Heraldry (CR), we saw above, Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616-Char­ Genealogy (CS), and Biography (CT)), for most of which acters-Fathers is conceptually identical to Fathers in a separate subject heading is assigned6. This approach Shakespeare; it is in principle possible to turn ever y (which, if applied thoroughgoingly across the board, subdivided heading into a phrase, however clumsy (and would mean that no general headings would ever be LCSH is showing us the way, as I lamented above). Thus assigned, since every general heading can be enumera­ to go on to say that "In ... headings with subdivisions, tively specified into all its elements, parts, sub-disci� exceptions to the practice of uniform headings are oc­ plines, etc.; and which would assuredly bulk out the casionally made" is to concede that the first statement, catalogue beyond the capacity of any library to house the declaration of principle, means nearly nothing. Chan all the resultant entries) seems to ignore the implicitly goes on to say p. 27 that hierarchical nature of LCSH with its see-also references, Haykin fails to distinguish the difference between duplic?te which is far more appropriately exemplified by the headings for the same subject, as in the ease of the foreign single heading assigned to the document c�ntai�ing relations headings, and duplicate entries applied to a particular schedule 'Q' of the Library of Congress c1asslficatton: work in order to bring out various aspects. Science, comprising General science (Q), Mathematics I fail to see the distinction too, but the examples Chan (QA), Astronomy (QB), Physics (QC), Chemistry (QD), next lists are of a different kind, namely my kind (b), Geology (QE), Natural history, Biology (QH), Botany

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Perreault - LCSH - new manual 163 (QK), Zoology (QL), Human anatomy (QM), Physiology The process of mind that seems to be at work here could (QP), and Microbiology (QR). In other cases, what looks go like this: 'If the syndesis that unites the several sub· like depth indexing" is often only a desperate attempt to ject headings in the catalogue into a system is allowed to concretize an absent heading at the intersection of all perish, there is clearly no system; there is no way that the general headings assigned to the one document; e.g. , we can force users of LCSH to make syndetic references; instead of the LCSH·absent heading Distributive justice therefore let us make each heading carry its system­ (hardly a new or unfamiliar concept!) we see the head· membership certificate around with it, by showing ings 1. Economics, 2. Social justice, and 3. Income where it fits in terms of the broader concepts that, when distribution assigned to the same document. This is intersected, concretize into it.' To me this is a total abro­ assuredly an incapacity of LCSH upon which PRECIS gation of the principles of alphabetico-directness; in· has been able to capitalize. deed, it is much akin to the alphabetico·classed ap· TJie c-oncept of aTtalytical cataloguing is aiso-brought inQ, but no proach' except that it does the same thing the latter particular policy or practice in this regard is imputed to the Li· does (with a single heading) with at least two headings brary of Congress; however, that there is some confusion in Chan's mind about these matters can be seen in that she also (with their subsumptive relation merely implied instead refers to the 'C'·schcdulc "depth indexing" as "analytical en­ of being made explicit, as with the alphabetico·classed tries", p. 163. heading). But, again, to return to Chan, though many That inconsistency is the rule of the day at the Library of libraries do not keep up with cross references, how is Congress is again caught by Chan's sharp eye: on p. 178 two ex­ any library to be expected to keep up with cross refer· amples of multiple headings for union lists are given: ences which may have been made as Haykin describes, 1. Periodicals-Bibliography-Union lists 2. Catalogs, Union -Brazil-Sao Paulo but which were made only at the Library of Congress 1. Periodicals-Bibliography�Union lists without being entered into the published authority 2. Libraries-New Jersey document on which all other libraries' practice was to - Comment, whether from Chan or myself, is superfluous! be based? If you look for Thomas Hooker, 1586-1647, you won't find him either in the latest or in any previous 6. Generic posting edition of LCSH. Thus the new practice, however sus· I have deferred discussion of what Chan mentions as pect as a product to be accepted and put into our cata· "biographical heading[s] representing the class of per· logues as it stands, can serve as a quasi-model of what sons" which are also to be assigned "to an individual would have been done under the old practice, and which biography" p. 27. As an example (probably not en· any library that wishes to can implement in that old countered by Chan , or her sharp eye would have caught (and superior) way. it for display in her book), the LCSHs assigned to Frank That some functionaries at the Library of Congress Shuffelton's biography Thomas Hooker, 1586-1647. can still manage to do what their principles call for is Princeton University Press, 1977 (BX 7260. H 596 S 55) seen in that are If ... the [artJ catalog ". is a general catalog to the collection of a general art museum, only the heading for the institution 1. Hooker, Thomas, 1586-1647 is assigned, since the place aspect of the collection and con­ 2. Congregationalists-Connecticut-Hartford­ tents of the collection arc covered by the subject-to-name Biography references made for the particular museum. p. 239 3. Clergy -Connecticut-Hartford -Biography The crucial questions (analogous to the resolution of the 4. Hartford-Biography question of partial synonymy) that can appropriately It cannot be denied that in some sense Hooker is the lead to the Haykin procedure rather than to generic concrete intersection of the second, third, and fourth posting are (a) is the relation between the person and LCSHs seen here, nor that one who seeks information the general concept analytic or synthetic? , (b) is the about the concepts represented by those three headings person known (to specialists in the field) to represent would find something useful in this work. But I can still the general concept?, and (c) is the relation likely to be question whether this technique is a good idea, both in more economical in the catalogue by means of refer­ general and in terms of whatever principles we can dis­ ences than by generic posting (i.e., are there more than cern to be operating in LCSH. one work about this person as analytically representing The practice here exemplified does not fill a need this concept, in this collection, or is there at least a good previously unsuspected at the Library of Congress. Chan chance that there will be)? 'o. By 'analytic' I mean that points out that the definition of the person permanently includes the According to Haykin, references from subject headings to general concept with which this document is also con· personal headings were generally made from headings repre­ cerned. Thus Kierkegaard is analytically a Danish philos· senting occupations, e.g., opher (a), is well known as such (b), and has many Architects, British works devoted to him in that connection (c); therefore, see also 1. Kierkegaard, Sllren Aabye, 1813-1855 Wren, Sir Christopher, 1632-1723. xx However, this practice has been discontinued at the Philosophers, Danish Library of Congress p. 98. This older (and, I shall argue, is preferable to I. Kierkegaard, S�ren Aabye, 1813- far superior) practice is not mentioned further by Chan, 1855 and 2. Philosophers, Danish, whereas I. Kierke· although it forms the background to the fo llowing: gaard, S�ren Aabye, 1813-1855 and 2. Defonnities is The increasing practice of Library of Congress of assigning preferable to the reference method, since Kierkegaard's duplicate entries, Le., both a general and specific entry to the hunchbackedness is a matter of opinion (and thus not same work "., betrays a suspicion that perhaps many users of Library of Congress cataloging data are not keeping up with analytic (a» , is known (opined?) only by those who crass references. p. 153 agree with Haecker (b), and has been dealt with at book

164 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Perreault - LCSH - new manual length only by one work (c) . Chan's example of the 7. Latest jurisdiction and fonn of place names autobiography of the blind woman Rose Resnick p.199 Another recent change of practice in LCSH that Chan is thus well chosen to represent multiple headings, be· mentions but either does not discuss fully enough or cause it, likeKierkegaard as hunchback, negatively satisfies does not bring her critical acumen to bear upon is that all three tests (though I may be corrected by specialists in which H. Wellisch has well and justifiably criticized of the field as to the second). Dozens of examples from p. late (11). I shall not deal with it as thoroughly as I 197 to 203 show the Library of Congress's disregard for would have had he not done so already. It concerns form economy and analyticity; on p. 210-212 we see further of place names (and shows well how important form is examples. What else is Humanae vitae centrally about to communication of bibliographical/documentary infor­ except Birth control-Religious aspects-Catholic mation: form is not an insubstantial epiphenomenon, Church? Surely such a heading is applied to the encycli. with choice alone worthy of professional concern): cal itself; must every commentary on it carry it as well? Would it not be just as helpful (and more economical) to When subdividing locally , alway s use the latest name of any make a see also to take care of all sllch commentaries? whose name has changed during the course of its existence, Do we not all know that Das Kap itai is about Capital as regardless of the form of the name used in the work cata­ a specific topic within Economics? loged, e,g.: Title: The Banks of Leopoldville, Belgian Congo. 1950. I do not mean that this criticism should prevent the assignment 1. Banks and banking-Zaire-Kinshasa. p. 67 of a general-concept heading to a commentary , along with the heading for the work commented on, in those relatively few Nothing more is said of the matter in the chapter from cases where the commentator discusses the general concept at which this is quoted ("Geographic Subdivision"), nor is such length that the cataloguer perceives an additional ("depth Wellisch cited here or elsewhere. But the matter surfaces indexing") heading as valuable to the library's users. again at least implicitly (though variance from the pre­ Where the relation is a matter of opinion, as I have said, scribed practice may be a symptom of cultural lag within or depends upon implication, it is not analytic: The the Library of Congress) : in exemplifying geographic Merchant a/ Venice may ormay not manifest its author's names in subject headings Chan reporduces an official knowledge of the law, but it is by no means centrally information card which states that "Works by these abou t the law or about Shakespeare's knowledge or jurisdictions are found under the following headings ac· ignorance of it; thus a commentary on it that singles out cording to the name used at the time of publication ..." this aspect can legitimately be assigned 1. Shakespeare, p. 126. If, as is normal, subject headings are constructed William, 1564-1616. Merchant of Venice and 2. Shake­ in imitation of author/title practice (when a corporate speare, WilJiam, 1564-1616-Knowledge-Law, p. 211. entity is the topic), we could paraphrase: 'works a b out Some credibility in favor of the Library of Congress's these jurisdictions are found according to the name used practice can accrue from one distinction that they make: at the time 0 f co ve rag e'. This is at least partially '" the heading (indicating the class of persons {namely, artistsl) is not assigned unless the accompanying text presents confirmed when, in exemplifying corporate names in substantial information about the ,artist's personal life (at subject headings, Chan reproduces an official informa· least 20 percent of the text) . If the text is limited to a dis­ tion card which states that "Works by this body are cussion of the artist's works and artistic ability, the bio­ found under the name used at the time of publication", graphical heading is omitted. p. 203 and then immediately goes on to state that for "Su bject This may seem to pull the rug out from under my argu­ entry : Works about this body are entered under the ment that (in accordance with the Haykin testimony) it name used during the latest period covered", i.e., neither would be preferable to make "references from subject under the name used at the date of publication of the headings to personal headings" p. 98, since it would secondary work (the new practice that Wellisch criti­ surely not do to have cizes) nor under all the names of the body covered in it. Architects, British-Biography But note that the cataloguer is allowed to use any of see also the fo rms ofname of the body, just so long as that name Wren, Sir C""istopher, 1632-1723 is the one current when the secondary document was since that would be a patently blind reference in any being written. Chan comments that "Earlier names are case where the document dealt too little with this par· not assigned as additional subject entries even though ticular architect's life. But that is not what Haykin said, the work in hand may also discuss the earlier history of nor what I urge. Even though it is synthetically true that the body when known by the earlier name" p. 207, so m e but not 'all of the documents on Wren are in­ later qualifying this: " ... as long as the territorial identity stances of biographical documents on British architect(s), remains essentially linear" p. 207. There is somewhat it is analytically true that a II of the documents on of reasonable reform in this, at least if it can eliminate Wren, even if they do not deal with his architectural the presence, in the same file, of such headings as Nether­ achievements or abilities, are instances of documents lands (Kingdom, 1815- )-Description and travel- on British architect(s), and thus that the reference as 1945- ... and Netherlands-Description and travel-1945-

Chan imputes it to Haykin is analytically and universally . . . But this has less to do with "linear name changes" true, and can be helpfully and economically made in the than with p I ace names as distinct from j uris die- reference manner. Whether Wren was or was not also a t iona I names. It seems to me that the latter should hunchback, a crypto-Republican, a bigamist, or any be used only (a) when the element to follow is a corpo­ other topic that could be treated documentarily, is likely rate subdivision, or (b) when the element to follow re­ to be adjudged non-analytic by application of the three quires the presence of the official qualification to pre­ tests, and a second heading accordingly applied oniy to vent ambiguity, e.g., to keep the two Germanies distinct, such a document as considers any such allegation. or to keep the foreign policies of two successive forms of government of the same territory distinct; it should also

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Perreault - LCSH - new manual 165 be noted that some jurisdictional names are identical to other words, the attempt to create coterminous head­ their names as purely place-denotations, but that historic ings can result in unfortunate gaps in systematicity, even change could change even that. though the cataloguer who comes across what seems to The latest--jurisdictional principle seems to have been violated be a perfect match (in this case, by using the physio­ in a couple of Chan's examples: the Erech , Babylonia one men� graphic place name instead of the more common juris­ tioned above (why not Erech, Iraq -- aside from the odd sound dictional ones) between term and document cannot but of it - ?), and Didyma, Asia Minor. Didymaeum p. 137, which seems to conform better as Didyma, Turkey. Didymaeum. feel that he has scored rather high on the serendipity scale - even though many searchers for whom this docu� ment is relevant may never find it; or, if they find it early in their search, may. never find those others that 8. Free and non-free synthesis, etc. are also relevant but are listed under the related place While I agree with Chan both as to the value and the names of the 0 the r sort. danger inherent in a freer style of synthesis, it needs Perhaps the freedom of synthesis that is coming into pointing out that some aspects of freedom in this regard play in LCSH can solve, by analogy, the problem next are particularly dangerous. The fi rst has been seen as posed: the impression given to Chan's readers is that on such in its use in the Universal Decimal Classification, p. 293 she has enumerated all the free-floating subdi­ namely the use, alongside the regular jurisdictional place visions under Piano-Methods and Piano-.Studies and names, of "Non-jurisdictional regions and natural fea­ exercises; the subdivisions (unfortunately punctuated as tUres. These include continents, regions, metropolitan if they were qualifiers) for the first are: areas, regions of cities, city districts and sections, ... , val� for the second: (Bluegrass) leys, ..." Chan also notes that "headings for city districts (Blues) (Boogie woogie) and sections, e.g., Georgetown, D.C., cannot be sub­ (Country) divided topically, nor are they used as geographic sub­ (Jazz) (Jazz) divisions" p. 131. This applies only to city districts and sections, not to the whole list, but one still must wonder (Ragtime) how useful such a heading could be if its only allowable (Rock) (Rock) occurrence is in naked splendor. What is fo rced upon us, It is hard to believe that there will never be a method if we want to have a heading for economic conditions in for bluegrass or a book of exercises for ragtime. Yet such a district, is to have two headings: 1. Georgetown, this is listed as a "Model Heading", which to me implies D.C. and 2. Washington, D.C.-Economic conditions: that it is more than a mere enumeration of needs thus back in the old Gnatcatcher-trap! Chan does not tell us far encountered, to be expanded by analogy - but what means Ibe Library of Congress uses to bind to­ LCSH is not the sort of operation to take very kindly to gether such discrete headings into an integrated system, other people's solving of such problems by such means but it would include such a device as (or perhaps it's not so much LCSH's authoritarian cen­ Washington, D.C. tralization that is the obstacle as it is the fear of those see also outside that they dare not meddle because they are not quite sure they understand: and we are dialectically Georgetown, D.C. back with LCSH again, asking 'Why is it so hard for all - or even be so luxuriant (or rather, H. Dewey would these people to understand itT). fu lminate, indispensable) as to include such devices as Another matter that greatly concerns cataloguers at Washington, D.C.-Economic conditions every level of experience is the proper way of fllling the see also lacunae left by LCSH regarding species-names of plants Georgetown, D.C.-Economic conditions and animals; ' and, even more confusing (but not dis­ - were such a subdivision allowed. But the solution of cussed by Chan), the fact that (a) some plants and ani­ such situations is child's play compared to the establish­ mals have only their popular names given in the authori­ ing of cross references between such a physiographic ty document, (b) some havc only their pedantic taxo­ fe ature (whether used as an entry-position subject head­ nomic names", while (c) some have both; and that the ing or as a place subdivision) as the Great Rift Valley cross references from containing headings to contained (Eastern Africa) and the countries (whose boundaries are not always carried out in the same way. But Chan are not, in any case, all that stable) that it touches does not illuminate the obscurity. upon. For it to be used as a subdivision under Grabens (Geology) would be normal enough, since physiographic regions are far more appropriate as the kind of places 9. A few additional general structural considerations geophysicists are concerned with than jurisdictional ones; but what if it is used as the place-prepotent way Almost analogous to the case of popular/pedantic plant of specifying archaeology in that particular supra­ and animal names is Ibe ambiguity of the relation be­ national part of the continent: Great Rift Valley, East­ tween for m and top i c when they are vcrbally ern Africa-Antiquities may easily enough be related to identical (or even when only almost so). On p. 59, re­ Kitchen middens-Great Rift Valley, Eastern Africa, but ferring to such very general "bibliographic fo rm head­ how does one get from it to Anhnal remains (Archaeol­ ings" as Almanacs, Chan states that "The same headings ogy)-Tanzania? (I would not want the reader to imagine are assigned to works discussing the various fo rms, e.g., that despair is appropriate; but the fact is that few librar­ a work about compiling almanacs", as wen as being used ians have bothered or are equipped to think this sort of as form headings for general almanacs themselves, and thing out, which means that few library users are led to then comments that "In these cases, no attempt is made all that might be relevant to their information needs.) In to distinguish works in and about the forms." (It is not

166 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Perreault - LCSH - new manual clear if this is to be taken as implied criticism.) She then namely that see also indicates subordination, xx indi­ goes on to state that "many headings representing bib* cates superordination, and both at once indicate coordi­ liographic foons are used only as topical headings and nation or some other indeterminate relation. But not are not assigned to individual specimens of the form", only is the pOint not made strongly enough to get i.e., though such headings conceptually represent a fo rm, through well to the reader who does not already know they are not used as form subdivisions but only as suh* it, but, even more importantly, the cruciality of the ject headings properly speaking. Such a heading does not mirror-relationship is not brought out, is not even dis­ point at its elf but only points 0 u t sid e (Al­ cussed. If a library is to be set up without the benefit of manacs as what sort of this this document i s as against librarians who have experience with authority files, of­ Almanacs as what this other document is abo u t). ficial catalogs, and shelf-lists (in addition to experience Again, 'form' when we use it in the context of belles with the public catalog, which after all is far easier to lettres and of music "indicate[ s] the artistic or literary come by) - and one sees this sort of thing happening all genre of the work . ... In some cases, a distinction is made the time - then, unless some educational experience between works in a particular genre and works about it, (such as reading a book like this or taking a course from e.g., Essay [as a literary form] and Essays [a collectionJ." someone who either has read it or doesn't need to have (p. 60; the brackets are Chan's) What needs examination - which is no foregone conclusion, alas1) prevents it, in this last case is that the heading which points 0 u t - what is to keep such inexperienced librarians from "not sid e differs by a mere pluralizing digit fr om the head­ keeping up with cross references" p. 153, from imagin· ing which points a tit s elf- a sort of distinction ing that all that is necessary for effective service (or, which could have been introduced as well into the worse, for economical operation) is the public super­ general bibliographic form headings first mentioned, just fiCies, unsupported by a thorough and proficient exem­ as it is characteristic of many (but not all) form headings plification of the behind-the-scenes aspects of LCSH? in music. Chan promises "Detailed discussion on head­ That there are far too many who lack that proficiency is ings for literature and music" later in the book p. 60, all too clear, and it is something Chan is quite aware of; but her fulfillment of these promises falls short of com­ why then does she make no attempt, in this most ap­ pleteness at least regarding these headings, neglecting to propriate of situations, to share her expertise in this as mention that though indeed "Literary form headings are well as in the more public-service aspects of LCSH? As to not assigned to individual works of literature" p. 219, the mirror-relationship between xx and sa. between x and they do appear in the printed catalogue - a particular­ see, she does say in the Glossary s.v. Refer from reference ly useful feature given the lack of form classes for litera­ that "It is the reverse12 of the indication of a see or see ture in the Library of Congress classification and there­ also reference"; but a Glossary entry is not the place fore appropriate for any library so classifiedand desirous where one can derive from the explicit all that is needed of giving its users the help they may need (12). She does, in the way of its implications. Why are there people who however. introduce an alternative way of conveying the imagine (as Chan knows there are) that syndesis is a waste form/subject distinction: -History and criticism, added of time, except that they were (a) taught by other people to any such form heading (one pointed at itself) turns it who imagined that it was a waste of time . and were (b) into a subject heading (one pointed outside). This device never corrected of their error by people (such as Chan so is also used to subdivide musical form headings; but definitely is) who know better? We see that she is critical another, identical to that distinguishing Essay from p. 153 of the lack of systematicity in the hierarchy Essays, implicit in LCSH, that she approves of Sinkankas' idea subject form that every heading must be made part of the system by syndesis; but we see very little use of her own researches Canon (Music) ) Canons, fugues, etc. that point so strongly toward improvement both by Fugue helping others understand LCSH better and by explicit Mass (Music) Masses indication of flaws (they are cited in the bibliography [singular] [plural] but not alluded to in the text). is mentioned only in a fo otnote in the Appendix "Free­ Floating Subdivisions Controlled by Pattern Headings" One final syndetic point is touched on under the ru b· p. 293; nor is the order of priorities brought out, namely ric "General References". Theoretically, there are three that the translation of a form heading in the plural into a possible ways of referring from general to special head­ subject heading in the Singular is first to be attempted, ings: (a) to list all special headings that apply to this li­ and that only if that is not allowed is .-History and brary's holdings and that fall under this general one, criticism to be employed. (b) to mention some categorial principle that covers all 'Porm' has yet other meanings in LCSH, and pointless variants cases of the special headings that fall under this general of form of heading occur throughout, and are not sufficiently one, or (c) to do the same asis indicated for (b), but to add 48 criticized by Chan, as when on p. two examples occur: State, to it at least one example of such a special heading that this The and The West; no comment is made. On the next page is mentioned, without adverting to the ridiculous filing that re­ library holds. Since, by Chan's definition13, (a) is not a sults, the change of the heading The One (Philosophy) into One general reference (because it has no loose ends, no un­ (The One in philosophy). specified specials), only (b) and (c) come into play. But Aside fr om form in all its senses, there is still a major in fact she lists no examples of (b). Also, within (c), lode of structural features that need mining and refining there are two sub-classes: (i) where the specials are ver­ out of the LCSH mountain chain, especially the syndesis bally unrelated, and (ii) where the specials are verbally that putatively integrates all the headings into a system. related. Now an example of (c.ii) such as On p. 97 the point is made about the implicit hierarchi­ Science cal relation shown in the see-also and xx references, sa headings beginning with the word Scientific

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Perreault - LCSH - new manual 167 (p. 97) is not a general reference by my definition, because the seeker for techne-infonnation will fare even better the verbal identity of all the specials referred to removes than will the seeker for theada-information, and we can the loose ends characteristic of the genuine general point out this latter lack in the same act that we point reference. So Chan's examples, though varied among out Chan's passing over in silence so many of LCSH's themselves, are all within the class (cj.). But what is flaws: to describe what a system can d a does not re­ there to complain about in general references, anyway? quire, to anything like the extent necessary to show why They "obviate the need of long lists of specific refer­ there are things it can not do, a critical stance that ences and bring to the attention of the user the most seeks to understand the sources .of both its strengths and jirect method of finding the material desired" p. 97. Let its weaknesses. us look at the examples to see how the categories of Chan, in the Preface and many times in the text, calls specialization are exemplified: from Tools we are led to for a "code for subject cataloging", disclaiming that her "specific tools, e.g. Files and rasps, Saws"; from Muscles book is "prescriptive": it is to be "descriptive". But even to "names of muscles, e.g. Tensor tympani muscle" ; a prescriptive code would have to embody particular from Museums to the verbally identical subdivisions rules and practices, and it would be, no less than Chan's "under subjects, or names of wars, cities, or institutions, description could well have been, critical by virtue of e.g. Indians ofNorth America-Museums" (plus one each comparing 'is' and 'ought'. So I do not see her disclaimer for a war, a city, and a university); and to the "subdivi­ as adequate to excuse her. sion Museums, relics, etc. under names of persons or But those who need to see what is going on within families, e.g. Lincoln, Abraham, Pres. U.S. 1809-1865- LCSH should have an authoritative and compendious Museums, relics, etc. "; from Brass trios to the verbally source of information, including not only useful direc­ identical "specification of instruments" under "Suites, tions for solving many problems of choice, combination, Variations, Waltzes, and similar headings". The question and relation between headings, but also (and perhaps that springs to my mind is 'What other tools (muscles, most to be prized) listing in the Appendices fe atures subjects and places of museums, forms that might be such as "Free-Floating Form and Topical Subdivisions composed for brass trio) might there be whose names I of General Application" (new and deleted terms to up­ do not at once recall that might be relevant to this date those at the beginning of vol. I of LCSH); "Free­ search; and of this indefinite cluster which might (in Floating Subdivisions Used Under Names of Regions terms of LCSH strictures) be met with in this catalogue, [and] Countries" and metropolitan areas; a similar list which are really listed here because held in this collec­ used only to subdivide cities; "Free-Floating Subdivi­ tion? How shall I go about identifying the answers to the sions Used Under Personal Names" (for founders of first question (reference books will yield long lists)?, and religions, philosophers, statesmen, musicians, and liter­ how long then will it take to find, from that dozens-long ary authors); "Free-Floating Subdivisions Controlled by list, the three or nineteen or thirty-one that are to be Pattern Headings" (Le., musical instruments, music com­ located through this catalogue?' Why this unwholesome positions, legislative bodies, educational institutions by concern for economy in construction of the catalogue, type and individually); "Subdivisions Further Subdivid­ when in fact it is the user's economy that should be ed by Place"; "List[s] of Cities ... for Which the Library aimed at ("Save the time of the reader"!)? On p. I I7 we ' of Congress Omits the Designation of [country,] State, see the example Man 0 War (Race horse) or Province"; lists of standard abbreviations, capitaliza­ xx Race horses. tions, and punctuations practices; the old manual and According to the general reference attitude, all that the new computerized filing rules. In every way a hoard would have really been 'economically' necessary at Race of rare and hard-to-get and useful data with instructions horses would have been "sa individual race horses". Or, for its use. But the very fact that this bare enumeration as probably the worst possible case, look at LCSH itself of appendices means relatively little to the reader who s.v. Indians of North America; why not, with the great­ has not acquainted himself with the problems they can est possible economy, have the simple "sa names of help to solve demonstrates the value of the preparation tribes and groups of tribes" in place of the over 300' that Chan has provided to the reader of the whole text. specials extensively and expensively listed in the 8th Perhaps Chan's quotation from Haykin on p. 16 is edition? even more true than she realizes: LCSH is not, he says, But Chan raises no protest. "a skeleton or basic list which could be completed in the course of years of cataloging"; this seems to me a ter­ 10. What does this book achieve? rible thing to say of something that Haykin surely de­ voted himself to for long years. Let us hope that he is So much of what I have said above is critical that the wrong. Let us, since we see how embedded LCSH is in reader may be hard put to identify the object of this American bibliothecal life, let us hope that completion essay with the book that I described earlier as so impor­ is not absolutely beyond hope, at least completion in tant both in its narrower domain and in the larger do­ the sense of a complete set of principles and of rules for main of search strategization. One might take 'impor­ their practical application. No indexing system, unless tant' to mean only 'a signally negative example' or the it is dead, is absolutely complete; but it must, if it is like. That would be quite incorrect. worth the trouble and expense of using, be moving in LCSH is a difficult system to use, and a difficult that direction. Only if such movement can be brought system to understand. To a very large extent these diffi­ about can American libraries really succeed in their culties are now alleviated: those who need to see what is mission, and, even more important, only then can going on within LCSH have a place to refer to where American library users get the information they need. they will learn much of what they need to know. But Has Chan contributed to this movement?

168 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Perreault - LCSH - new manual I often feel that the value of a professional work is in 10 It is remarkable to note that even selection policy can be proportion to the amount and type of comments that it rclevant to cataloguing policy. generates - the redness of the margins with notes, of the 11 Note that not all cases of (a) or (b) have x-references of the sort shown on p. 88 (Cockroaches x Blattariae). text with underlinings. There is a great deal that I find 12 Read: converse. to argue with in Chan's book, but very little that I would 13 " ... a see also reference ... directed to a group or category of argue a g a ins t. On reflection I find that what makes headings instead of individual members of the group or me criticize Chan is what I find unsatisfactory in LCSH; category" p. 97. for I am sure, from reading her other works, that she is just as aware as I am of its deep unsatisfactoriness - and References: she shows, even though in this book often all too im­ plicitly, where many of those flaws lie -; may we hope 0) Chan, M. L.: Library of Congress Subject Headings: princi­ ples and application. Littleton, Colo.: Libraries Unlimited that a later work will move even fu rther in the direction 1978. 347 p. of their reparation? (2) Westby, B. M. (Ed.): Sears' List of Subject Headings (11th cd.). New York: Wilson 1977. XLI, 617 p. (3) Perreault, J. M.: Book review of Wellisch, H. H. (Ed.): In­ Notes: ternational PRECIS Workshop. University of Maryland 1976: The PRECIS Index System. New York: Wilson 1977. That the arguments for such a substitution are not wholly VII, 211 p.In: Intern. Classificat. 5 (1978) p. 119-121 convincing at least to me can be gathered from my review of (4) Chan, M. L.: Period subdivision in subject headings. In: the International PRECIS Workshop's PRECIS Index System. Libr. Resources & Techn. Services 16 (1972) p. 453�459. Sec (3). (5) Chan, M. L.: 'American Poetry' but 'Satire, American': the 2 The page numbers of this text refer to Chan's work in (1). direct and inverted forms of �ubject headings containing' 3 That Chan does not really envision anything but a single­ national adjectives. In: Libr. Resources & Techn. Services alphabet dictionary catalog can be seen in her acceptance of 17 (1973) p. 330-339. the typical lack of a subject heading for a commented-on (6) Chan, M. L.: Alphabetical arrangement and subject colloca­ work if the main heading for the document as a whole is tion in Library of Congress Subject Headings. In: LibI. the author not of the commentary but of the commented­ Resources & Techn. Services 21 (1977) p. 156-169. on work itself. A better principle to follow here would be (7) Chan, M. L.: The principle of uniform heading in Library that for "Art Reproductions with Commentary" p. 242, of Congress Subject Headings. In: Libr. Resources & Techn. namely that "a subject entry under the name of the artist is Services 22 (1978) p. 126-136. made regardless of the author entry." (8) Chan, M. L.: Year's Work in Cataloging and Classification. 4 I.e., a broader term in parentheses following an ambiguous In: LibI. Resources & Techn. Services 18 (974) p. 101- topical term. 117; 19 (1975) p. 242-259 ; 20 (1976) p. 213-235. 5 Implying, as argued above, [place 1-Antiquities. (9) Chan, M. L.: AACR 6 and the corporate mystique. In: LibI. 6 Namely for all except Civilization and Seals - one wonders Resources & Techn. Services 21 (1977) p. 58-67. at the process of mind that would lead to such exclusions, (0) Hyman, R. J.: Analytical access: history, resources, needs. particularly for the former. Flushing, N.Y.: Queens College 1978. 7 Defined by Chan as that "which attempts to enumerate an (11) Wellisch, H.: Poland is not yet defeated: or, should cata­ significant concepts or aspects and, frequently, component logers rewrite history? With a discourse on 'When is an parts, of a document" p. 159. island not an island?'. In: LibI. Resources & Teehn. Services 8 Defined in the Glossary s. v. Analytical subject entry as 22 (1978) p. 158-167. "Subject entry for part of a work"; a more satisfactory (12) Dewey, H.: The relationship between the headings in the definition would read "Subject entry for a descriptively subject catalog and the classification numbers of the books. specified part of a work", precisely to avoid confusion with In: Perreault, J. M. (Ed.) : Reclassification. Rationale and depth indexing (ef R. J. Hyman in (0» . Problems. Proc. of a Conference on Reclassification held at 9 As also seems to me to be much of what is attempted in the Center of Adult Education. University of Maryland, PRECIS;ef the review cited in (3). College Park, Md. April 4-6, 1968. p. 73-74.

JUST PUBLISHED

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Contents: Vol. I - Papers of the plenary session by M. Scheele, A. Judge, Wo Dahlberg, N. Henrichs, R. Fugmann and J. Ho Winter, F. Greiter, G. Guttmann and E. Oeser as well as t he papers of Section I on Classification and Knowledge Generation. Conc1udingly reports on all the sessions and on the work of the Special Interest Groups. �I - Papers of Section 2: Classification and Knowledge Representation by E. Svenonius, O. Sechser, Ho Bechtel, E. MHtzke, P. No Kaula, R. Henzler and of Section 3: Clas,sification and Knowledge Mediation by P. Vasarhelyi, Ho Karlgren, Go Rahmstori, J. Holzl, J. S. PetoH and K. T. Bivins., each with discussions. Vol. III - Papers of Section 3: Num erical Clas sification by E.Diday, O. Opitz, P. O.Degens, M. Barnreiter, P. Bollmann, K. Schaller, H. G. Nollau and of a meeting of the SIG Numerical Taxonomy (on Ap ril 4, 1979) by Po Bollmann, P. lhm, Mo 5chader, H. H. Bock.

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Intern. Classnicat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Perreault - LCSH - new manual 169 published by the Forest Press Division of Lake Placid Club Education Foundation, it appears that the DDC Editorial Policy Committee is about to bring out some I. N . Sengupta major changes in the 19th edition of the DDC which will Indian Institnte of Experimental Medicine, Calcutta have considerable impact on and practical consequences for those libraries following the DDC Scheme to class their holdings. These changes will alter the standing century-old practices and affect the classification of Some Observations on the many thousands of volumes. Some of the major changes recommended by the Forthcoming 19th Edition DDC Editorial Policy Committee for insertion in the of the Dewey Decima l 19th edition of the DDC scheme appear to be anamolous and will be discussed in detail in this paper. Classification (DDC) Scheme

2. Major changes in the application of 900 and area notations for British Isles, United Kingdom and Sengupta, l. N.: Some observations on the forth­ Great Britain coming 19th edition of the newey necimal Classi- In the 18th edition of the DDC (3) the concepts 'British fication (nnC) scheme. , In: Intern. Classifica!. 6 (1979) No. 3, p. 170-172 Isles', 'England', 'United Kingdom' and 'Great Britain' The paper critically reviews some of the recom� are located under area notation 42 and that of 'Scot­ mendations of the Committee on "DDC Additions, land' and 'Ireland' are under area notation -41. However, Notes and Decisions" for its 19th edition. It is it is of interest to note that for the area notations -41 observed that the policy of following the principle and A2 and also for their subdivisions, the DDC Edito· of continuity and integrity of numbers has not rial Policy Committee has recommended an extensive been consistently followed in cases of class num· revision. It has been recommended by the Committee in bers 900, area notations ·41 and A2 and total 1975 and later endorsed by the Forest Press to relocate revision of schedules for the lite sciences (560·-- the concepts of 'British Isles', 'United Kingdom' and 590). While commenting critically on the re­ commendations made by the DDC Editorial 'Great Britain' from area notation -42 to area notation Policy Committee in respect of the above mention­ Al and to shift 'England and Wales' from Al to A2 in, ed entries, the paper also discusses the great diffi­ the fo rthcoming 19th edition ofthe DDC scheme. Conse· culties libraries using the DDC will have to face for quently it is now necessary to classify 'History of Great reclassification of a cognizable area of their collec­ Britain and United Kingdom' under 941, while that of tions due to these major changes which are going 'England and Wales' would remain in 942. The general to be implemented in the 19th edition of the DDC summaries of the revised All to ·419 and A21 to ,429 Scheme. (Author) have been enumerated by the Lake Placid Education Foundation in their publications "DC & 3: 6" and "DC & 3: 7" (1975) respectively. However, before in­ troducing these major changes in the main class numbers 1. Introduction and area notations, opinions of the reputed librarians of England and those of the British National Bibliography Uptil edition 18 of the Dewey Decimal Classification (BNB) and the Library of Congress (LC) were sought by scheme (3) the DDC Editorial Policy Committee while recommending additions, deletions etc. in the existing the Committee. All of them, except a few British Librar­ ians, have agreed to this proposal. It may be endorsed in edition of the DDC followed a uniform policy which was this connection that BNB had already introduced this based on the principle of subject integrity where both major change of the above concepts in its 1975 annual subject content and notation are hierarchical. But the volume Committee always faced the problem at the time of and the LC has also started to follow these new concepts in its own classification scheme, effective publication of a new edition of the DDC of how to reo from 1975 onwards. concile the conflicting requirements of the principles of continuity and integrity of numbers and of keeping pace with ever growing knowledge. However, in every 3. Total revision of the schedule for the life sciences new edition the fo nner ideas have prevailed over the latter and as a result with the growth of the DDC scheme The DDC Editorial Policy Committee has recommended during the last century the libraries which have fo llowed publication of a Phoenix schedule (involving 80 to 100% this scheme did not have to face any considerable prob· change in original class number) for the entire life lem of reclassification of a significant portion of their sciences schedules (560-590). From DDC, Vol. I, holdings. This is perhaps one of the reasons for the p. 60 (3), it may be seen that a Phoenix schedule is "A extensive adaptation of this classification scheme in completely new development of the schedule for a spe· USA, UK and other countries, although since the 1950s cific discipline. Except by chance, only the basic number the DDC Editorial Policy Committee has realized the of the discipline remains the same as in previous editions, need of the latter principle i.e. revision of the DDC all other numbers being freely revised". It may be following a principle of keeping pace with knowledge . mentioned here that the introduction of similar Phoenix After careful study of the current issues of volume 3 schedules by the DDC Authorities is not a new thing as of the "DDC. Additions, Notes and Decisions" (4-7) it is evidenced from the publication of similar schedules

170 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Sengupta - Observations on DDC 19 for 'Organic and In-Organic Chemistry', 'Psychology' scheme, henceforth indulges in frequent major changes and 'Law' and 'Mathematics' in the 16th (1), 17th (2) as indicated in this paper, the popularity of the scheme and 18th (3) edition of the DDC respectively. may perhaps diminish as it has happened in the case of 'Human Anatomy' (6 11) and 'physiology' (612) will Colon. be classed in 591 along with 'general animal anatomy The total revision of the schedules for 'Life Sciences' and physiology' and as such all of 611 and 612 will be (560-590) by publication of a Phoenix schedule as dis­ relocated at 591. Further, 572-576 will stand for con­ cussed in section 3, and shifting of all concepts from the cepts of biological structures and processes in general, schedules in 611 and 612 to 591 is really unfortunate. 581 for 'plant anatomy and physiology' and 591 for The arguments advanced in support of the shifting of all 'animal anatomy and physiology'. However, in 581 and concepts fr om 611 and 612 to 591 appear unconvincing_ 591 the same base number will be used as in the existing The shifting is sought to be justified on the basis that the schedules of 18th edition. Further, the taxonomic por­ present trend is to class the 'anatomy' and 'physiological tions 582-599 with the exception for mammals 599 will processes' of specific organisms with the processes not be extensively revised. rather than the individual organism. But under 611 and 612 as well as 591 classification is already in terms of processes and not in terms of species. The editors and the Committee have further set a limit to the prepara­ 4. Discussion tion of this principle, that it will be applied only upto From a study of the different changes recommended by the Kingdom leveL the DDC Editorial Policy Committee for incorporation Thus processes and structures relating to plants will in the forthcoming 19th edition of the DDC scheme, it be classed under 581 and those relating to animals under becomes apparent that the Committee henceforth may 591 . It should have been logical to extend this criterion not follow the principle of continuity and integrity of to processes and structures relating to man, as distin­ numbers as it did in the past. With the emergence of guished from other species of animals, in other words to new concepts, radical changes in earlier concepts and treat man as belonging to a separate kingdom_ This reversal of customary classification order, there may be would have been amply justified by the very large vol­ perhaps no other alternative for the Committee but to ume of knowledge existing and continuing to grow in shift from their century old principle while revising the the fields of 'human anatomy' and 'physiology' as com­ DDC according to the new principle of keeping pace pared to 'animal anatomy' and 'physiology' and also the with knowledge in order to provide more flexibility for unique practical interest of such studies relating to man. the scheme. But the changes proposed for the entries as The present recommendations are all the more difficult indicated in sections 2 and 3 of this paper do not appear to comprehend because it appears that 'veterinary to have been necessitated by such considerations. anatomy' will continue to be classified under a separate With regard to the major changes proposed in the area notation, 636.089 with the appropriate numbers follow­ notation for the 'British Isles' (as discussed in section 2), ing 61 in 610--619 added and not under 591 like 'hu­ one can not help observing that the opportunity for man anatomy' and 'physiology'. It is of interest to note revision could have been utilized to make the classific3w that 'veterinary physiology' used to be classed under tian more rational by assigning either of the area nota­ 591.\ was assigned notations 636.089.1 and 636.089.2 tions Al or 042 to (a) 'Ireland' or (b) the 'Republic of in the 16th edition (I). Another argument for the propos­ Ireland' with the other one assigned to the single politi­ ed shifting of concepts under 611 and 612to 591 appears cal entity 'Great Britain' or 'United Kingdom' and sub­ to be that 'anatomy' and 'physiology' are pure sciences divided to cover the different parts of namely, 'Scot­ and should not be classified under medicine which is an land', 'England', 'Wales' and in the case of (a), 'Ulster'. applied science. The distinction between pure and ap­ It is desirable from the points of view of both rationality plied science is at best a tenuous one and such classifi­ and practical convenience that in any system of classifi­ cation serves little purpose because ultimately all scien­ cation, the component parts of an entity, whether politi­ tific activity is directed to practical ends, whether im­ cal or geographical , should be classed as subdivision of mediate and foreseen or remote and unpredictable. In the notation for the entity. But in the proposed revised the study of human anatomy and physiology, the moti­ scheme, 'England' and 'Wales', which are component vation has always been their relevance and potential parts of the political entity 'United Kingdom' or 'British application to medicine. Conversely, even granting the Isles' (-41) are placed under a different notation -42, or feasibility of the exact demarcation of pure and applied taking the main island as a geographical entity, compo­ sciences) it can be argued even more convincingly that nent parts of it, namely 'Scotland', 'England', and pharmacodynamics is now a pure science, but it is pro­ 'Wales' respectively are placed under separate notations. posed to continue its classification under 615.7. The Apart from this, the implementation of a change in editors would have done well to avoid so far-reaching a the standing century-old class number viz 900s and area change, bound as it is to affect extensively the existing notations for 'British Isles' will lead to a serious conse­ classification of the holdings of numerous libraries, quence causing great hardship to the followers of the particularly medical libraries. DDC scheme who may have to undertake an arduous However) it is not correct to expect that the DDC reclassification job of thousands of volumes which is schedule, being an enumerative one will provide suitable really unfortunate. The success of a classification scheme numbers for growing subjects like 'Life Sciences' where generally depends on the unchanging feature of its basic newer concepts and areas of knowledge keep emerging structure of the schedules, notations, connecting sym­ all the time. The impact of ideas in the newly developed bols, etc_ If the Committee, like the Colon Classification frontier disciplines like 'biochemistry', 'biophysics',

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Sengupta - Observations on DDC 19 171 'molecular biology', 'bacterial genetics', 'molecular microbiology', 'cellular and subcellular biology', 'molec­ ular and biochemical phannacology' on both scientific knowledge and society is of the greatest significance. Hans Karlgre n Considering the enumerative nature of ODC and also its Swedish Classification Society, Stockholm unability to construct numbers for new concepts as in other analytico-synthetic schemes, it is suggested that Viewdata - the Committee should keep sufficient provision in their Somet hing to be Crazy About? newly recommended schedules to accommodate newer ideas and knowledge that will continue to emerge in the - Life Sciences, either by keeping gaps in the notation or Karlgren, H.: Viewdata something to be crazy about? by any other means in accordance with their policy, so In: Intern. Classifica!. 6 (1979) No. 3,p. 172.- 176 that the Committee in their future editions could con­ struct new numbers for concepts that have acquired Information retrieval via an (almost) ordinary horne significance in between editions. television set as public utility opens up fascinating perspectives. But is it really such a long step for­ It may be further concluded that if this trend of re­ ward? The technology is essentially conservative. vision and complete relocation of main schedules con­ What makes Viewdata so attractive? Does it, in fact, tinues also in the future, there is every likelihood that possess any distinctively innovative traits at all? Is the DDC scheme may lose much of its popularity which the achievement instead the absence of complica­ at present it is still enjoying. This is obvious, since no tions, a T-Ford solution where an established tech­ library can afford fr equently to undertake an extra nology is given large-scale low-cost application, burden of the reclassificationjob of a significant portion now? The author concludes that for better or for of its holdings which have already been classed earlier worse, Viewdata can make an important impact on according to an older edition of the scheme, Reclassifi­ technical and social development and well deserves keen attention from information scientists as well cation will be necessary as without which books on the as from economists and politicians. (Author) same subject will be scattered on different shelves due to a change in the main schedule of a subjec!. This causes great inconvenience, embarrassment and hardship 1 . A challenge to the readers and as well as to the librarians, especially "Everyone seems to be crazy about Viewdata, sO I came those of the open access libraries. However, the reactions round to see whether I should be crazy too", said one of of the readers and that of the librarians who follow the the world's leading information retrieval scholars when I DDC scheme in their libraries can only be known as and asked her what she thought about Viewdata. Our conver­ when the forthcoming 19th edition of the nnc scheme sation took place in an exhibition room where the British will be issued with these proposed modifications and Viewdata system was demonstrated, on the occassion of changes in the printed form, the Conference of the International Federation for Docu­ mentation (FlD) in Edinburgh last year. Acknowledgment: The answer is typical of the present situation. Viewda­ I convey my grateful thanks to Prof. G.Wagner, Direc­ ta is something many are infatuated about. It is fantastic tor, Institut fUr Dokumentation, Information und Stati­ somehow. Journalists are prone to describe it as the latest stik, Heidelberg for kindly giving me a placement in his technological achievement, and politicians have seen it Institute and extending all facilities and help during as an immense power, although they disagree about that my stay in his Institute. I also thank Mr. R. Henzler, power's direction. At the same time, it is a very simple Information Scientist of the same Institute for his co­ product, and a leading information retrieval scholar may operation and helpful discussions. well be unfamiliar about its design. It is admired as the first glimpse of technology of tomorrow; it is looked References: down upon as the trivial implementation of yesterday's technology, glorified to promote television industry sales. (1) Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index. Edition 16. The present writer has not been able to free himself 2 vols. Lake Placid Club, N.Y.: Forest Press, Inc. 1958 (1. rcpr. 1959). from a certain ambivalence in his attitude towards View­ (2) Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index. Edition 17. data. It is technologically elementary and it is a fascinat­ 2 vols. Lake Placid Club, N.Y.: Forest Press 1965. ing development, a challenge to many institutions. How (3) Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index. Edition 18. is this possible? 3 vols. Lake Placid Club, N.Y.: Forest Press 1971. (4) Dewey Decimal Classification. Additions, Notes, and Deci­ 2. What is Viewdata? sions. Vol. 3 (1974) Nos. 1-3. (5) Dewey Decimal Classification. Additions, Notes, and Deci­ The development most commonly known as Viewdata sions. Vol. 3 (1974) Nos. 4/5 (Area Table -42, Rev. Ed'). began in Great Britain. The British system rapidly got (6) Dewey Decimal Classification. Additions, Notes, and Deci­ followers in other countries in Europe. Among these, sions. Vol. 3 (1974) No. 6 (Area Table -41, Rev. Ed.). (7) Dewey Decimal Classification. Additions, Notes, and Deci­ Finland seems to have made the fastest progress so far. sions. Vol. 3 (1975) No. 7. The writer has no recent information about similar non­ European projects, Surprisingly, there seems to be no (Ed. Note: Shortly before publication we received a letter from obvious counterpart in the U.S.A., where cornputerbased Mr. B. A. Custer, Editor of the Dewey Decimal Classification of databases are otherwise proliferating. Sept. 10, 1979, telling us: "although a 'phoenix' schedule for the life sciences was announced, it did not appear in DC 19, The followers have accepted the British specifications, which was published last June. In fact, it may never appear.") possibly with addition of new facilities, We iherefore

172 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Karlgren - Viewdata? begin by describing the essential fe atures of British 960 text characters or as many elementary image ele­ Viewdata, launched under the trade mark Preste!. ments. This means that a Viewdata text page is equiva­ The purpose was to provide a computer-based infor­ lent to at most half a standard printed book page, and mation service for everyman. This meant a demand for that pictures have necessarily low resolution and do not low cost and very simple manipulation. The design has admit half-tones. The images are preferably maps, dia­ the following characteristics. grams or designs, or else large-size letterings for headings A, It is an information system where a user from one out or catchwords. No smooth curves or oblique lines can be of many terminals can request data stored in a central produced, nor intensity variations. computer. The terminals are connected via dialled tele­ However, an added dimension for pictures as well as for phone lines. text arrangements is time variation: portions to fo cus on B. The information is presented to the user on a display may be made to flicker or wink at the observer, struggl­ of the same kind as in a common home television set. The ing to seize his attention with a technique similar to that user terminal consists of a modified television set, and in of dynamic neon texts at night. a near fu ture a standard television set with some addition­ H. The information is supplied by a large number of in­ al electronics. The cost of a Prestel receiver, which can dependent sources, so-called Information Providers also be used for ordinary TV reception, is now of the (JP's). The host organization, the post office, acts as order of twice that of a colour TV set but is expected to administrator and keeper of computer and software rall rapidly, and in particular the marginal cost for the and collects the fees. Viewdata facility when included during manufacturing I. In excess of terminal ren ts and telephone costs, charges will be small. for Viewdata services are exclusively based on the amount C. The information is stored as text and simplified images. of information read or supplied. Computer time does The information is presented unaltered in the shape in not enter the calculation of the charges. which it was originally submitted to the system. The sys­ The user pays a small fee (at present 1/2p per page tem, then, does not generate answers tailored to the user's requested) to the post office and a royalty to the JP. This question but only brings selected prestored information. royalty ranges from - 1/2p to typically 5 or 10 c per D. The information is already when submitted segmented page. into pages called "frames" before inclusion in the data The page royalty, which has been determined by the base, and at any point of time the user is allowed to re­ IP, is supposed to be known to the user when he requests gard one frame , neither more nor less. a page. E. The retriever may, and this is all he can do, select the The IP pays a moderate amount per page and year to page to be displayed by giving appropriate commands. the host (at present 4 pounds). An lP, then, may act ac­ These commands are utterly simple: cording to a commercial strategy, running a risk that the "Show the next frame", "Show the preceding frame", demand for his material will not be great enough for "Show the main contents frame", "Show page num­ royalties to pay fo r his fixed costs but also taking the ber ...". A terminological distinction is made between a chance of making a good income on attractive pages ade­ "frame" - the segment displayed at one time on the quately priced. An JP may also choose to aim at wide screen - and a "page" which is a unit referred to by a diffusion with less than maximum or no immediate pro­ page number. A page contains one or more frames and - fit, setting his page price low, down to .- 1/2p. the conunand most characteristic of Viewdata - "Show the (first) frame under heading number ...", the head­ 3. What is good about Viewdata? ing number referred to being one of up to ten headings What is there in all this that is original? Nothing? The displayed on the screen at the moment of his decision. combination? The pUblicitiy? Or the scale of operation? His selection may supply him with a page on the desired Let us examine the different features one by one to topic or, again, with a "menu" with up to ten options to see what is new in them. We use the same paragraph lit­ choose between. erals as in the preceding section. In addition to paging the user can give some messages A. Data bases for direct remote access via dialled telephone to the system to be forwarded to the author of the page lines have been available since a quarter of a century and just displayed. This fringe feature is more important be­ are everyday tools in several fields, but so far not for cause of its implications than because of known applica­ home or private use. It is still an open question whether tions. Mentometer and voting as well as ticket booking Viewdata wlll succeed in reaching beyond the profes­ have been mentioned as examples. sional user, except for a small number of prestige users. F. These commands are delivered via a press-button gad­ A specialist, say, a lawyer su bscribing to legal data get, with keys for the numerals and some punctuation bases, who uses his Viewdata tenninal to retrieve a symbols. Its size and design resembles that of a pocket suitable London theatre program for an important calculator and, like some television set control boxes, it visitor, is not a typical private user. operates wirelessly. Thus, with this little console in his B. The cathode ray tubes in a home television receiver hand, the user can sit relaxed in an annchair and view and in a data terminal being in principal the same kind, the pages at a convenient distance, having all the pages in it has long been possible to output text from a computer the system literally within arm's reach. on any television screen, although there has been little G. The text can be differentiated by means of colouring. point in so doing except in some special applications Keywords, headings, etc. may be emphasized or con­ where duplicate displays are required, since the screen trasted by different colours. part of the price of a standard terminal is not excessive. The images, likewise in bright colours, are built up The claim that Viewdata uses an ordinary TV is only from rather big square elemen ts. A page has room for partly true since one cannot yet buy the accessory eIec-

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Karlgren - Viewdata? 173 tronics at a cheap price, A Viewdata terminal today is of The program system, therefore, is in itself not very the same price class as a cheap computer terminal, which complex. The considerable development costs in Great is often a negligible amount for a professional user, if Britain have resulted in elaborate simplicity rather than the system has a significant effect on his work at all, but - what is more typical for large programming undertak­ mostly unreasonable for a home. ings - half-baked complexity. There is disagreement, The prices are expected to fall drastically as sale vol­ though, about how simple the system is, seen as a piece umes go up. In particular, many new colour TV sets will of programming. The Prestel has been quoted as quoting include, at a small marginal cost, the necessary Viewdata prices of the order of 400 000 U.S. Dollars, whereas one electronics. The industry obviously hopes that Viewdata follower (Philips Swedish Daughter Company) boasts to will cause a third sales wave, now that the initial wave of have paralleled the Prestel software with the same speci­ black/white sets and the second colour TV sales wave fications in a few manmonths ; another implementation have passed and the market seems to be satured. (that of the Swedish Telecommunications Administra­ However, whatever happy surprises the price develop­ tion) has required considerable more manpower but is ment has in store for us, these seem to be volume effects not yet debugged. rather than the result of new technology. Many other The specifications seem not to be protectable. The types of terminals might also be massproduced at a low law protects complex systems if they are original as well cost, could a sufficient number of buyers be made to as the program as such, but there is no legal protection concentrate on one kind. for powerful simplification. C. and D. constitute restrictions which make the system F. The little control unit is obviously made of components easy to understand and which are required in order to which happened to be available and is ergonomically un­ obtain E. developed. Like most calculators, it is not particularly These restraints require thought-through hierarchical easy to use with one hand and without looking, which it stmctures with all what that implies of notorious difficul­ should be, considering the slow flow of information it ties. If adequate stmctures can be found, the system pro­ has to convey, vides unmysterious and easily learnt retrieval operations. But is this simplicity of design gained at the expense Is this an ingenious or a trivial simplification? It is of a stifling restriction on the intellectual organization of certainly not new: tree structures have been used fo r data? This was the question which the Classification So­ knowledge representation since several millenia, and ciety tried to address. Should we warn against these built­ page segmentation since at least one. Some recent devel­ in restrictions and encourage the development of a soft­ opment can be characterized as efforts to organize data ware for searching (andof control boxes with a full alpha­ otherwise. But has Viewdata struck the right level of bet rather than only the numerical keyboard), replacing sophistication? this menu lookup procedure? Or should one, instead, For some kinds of data, the tree structure seems fair develop the art of creating adequate hierarchial classifi­ enough. For other data, the strict hierarchical arrange­ cations for various purposes? This is not an academic ment imposes disturbing retraints, necessitating a kind of question; it is rather a crucial policy decision to be taken cleverness in data organization which we feel now to be now! rather artificial. At a point of time when information re­ It should be noted, that the menu principle, in spite trieval has otherwise, after a long struggle , begun to free of its simplicity, does not require a tree organization. itself from an unmotivated hierarchical thinking, which Branches may meet again, forming many different pat­ was possibly justified in manual or punched-card systems, terns of linkage between the frames. at a time when in fact non-hierarchical indexing terms is G. The manner of presentation is a radical improvement recognized as the major or even only achievement of over data processing standards. When I first heard View­ computerized retrieval so far, it is amazing that strict data described, I intuitively classed these features as tree structures are re-introduced in a computerized en­ populistic tricks to attract those who are lookers rather vironment. (This conflict, was a reason for the Swedish than readers, but after trying myself I am almost ashamed Society for Classification Research to take up Data to admit the tremendous impact the external form has Structures in Viewdata as a theme for a meeting this even on a well-motivated and trained reader. spring). The secretary of the Swedish Committee for ef­ It is not colour or dynamics per se which is so gratify� r fects in the widest sense fo society of these new develop­ ing but the presence of some typographic differentiation ments suggests possibly needed legislation. at all. Colour variation is not a bad substitute for font Technological development is often characterized by variation. retreats as well as by advances; see, e, g., what is said be­ It is well known that computerization has caused (or low on typography in computer outprints. Is the poverty has been made to justify) typographic degradation, and of search procedures in Viewdata a justified retreat? data processing has in general a tradition of high-brow The simplicity of design has eliminated the common disdain for the visually attractive, but not until now did pitfalls of dialogue processing. The software becomes ut­ I realize how much we miss when we lose the typographic terly simple and foolproof, since nothing worse could ever dimension. happen than that a user commands the wrong page, if we Clearly these typographic refinements have come to disregard now the above mentioned fringes of the system. data processing to stay there. (No provision so far has been made to safeguard against H, The coexistence of many organizationally and econo­ inadvertent looking-up of expensive pages or elaborate mically independent information providers permits an identification routines to stop thieves, but the Prestel important decentralization, a promise which should de­ system does include arrangements for closed user groups, serve much more political attention and energy. Multi­ using subsets of the database inaccessible to outsiders.) source databanks have existed before, but the independ-

174 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No.3 Karlgren - Viewdata? ence of information providers mutually and with regard for distributed data processing in the 1980's and added to the host has not been carried au t so systematically. colour to computation? Respectable achievements as This fe ature is intrinsically conditioned by. these may be, was that all? I. The billing principles. These are probably the greatest BritishPrestel has been very averse towards suchexpan� innovation - though similar arrangements have been sion, claiming that the system cannot handle them. Unless planned and practiced on a smaller scale and less systema� the Prestel software is extremely incompetently written, tic ally . The services rendered are not defined in compu ter this cannot be literally true, though the verification of terms. Thanks, perhaps, to the fact that Viewdata adres­ guest programs does present a problem to the host. In a ses a public thought to be ignorant about computers, the wide circle of public providers, one cannot even reckon user's bills focus on what the user gets and not on the with unfaltering bona fides in making program modules tools for getting it. This is a healthy attitude even for innoxious to the host and every third party. But basically, those who do understand tha data processing involved. this restriction is clearly a matter of policy. Prestel makes What Viewdata is creating then, for the first time, is a a paint of simplicity and lucidity and does not want to market for infonnation. Computer services and inform� enter the computer utility market. Just now, width in ation supply have been unbundled. Information is traded Great Britain is more important than anything, and sophis� on its own merits, with fe edback from user to provider ticated users, in Britain or elsewhere, are not interesting. much more immediate than could ever be achieved in, I believe there is much common sense in that attidude, say, book publishing of the printed press. even though a more cooperative attitude is otherwise com� Fixed page costs for a provider being much less per mon in the computing world. month than that of a small mimeograph edition, the eco­ However, it seems unacceptable in the long run to put nomic arrangements drastically reduce the critical mini� a ceiling on the computing capacity of the system. It is mum readership of a publication. The minimum size of a unsound to createnewislands,unconnectable to associated text quantum for it to be launched separately and, most computing and text processing on the output, and above important of all, the minimum size of a publisher. all we do know that more elaborate search functions are For a market to function, it must have a non�too-small often needed. To banish them from cooperating with the yolume. Viewdata must grow into a public service. Only Viewdata basic system is rather a pity. then will the marginal costs for a user to consult a new 3. Viewdata will be integrated with information process­ provider or the cost to take on another provider be ing in the IP's computer. The same arguments apply as significantly lower than in other data base systems. The above though with less force: the risks are smaller and technical fe atures mentioned should be seen first of all the need is less urgent, assuming that an IP can already as means to the end of spreading Viewdata to a large now submit data as a computer file prepared in any other number of ordinary people. Prestel are clearly very computer instead of keying the data in at an IP terminal; aware of this purpose and avoid splitting the --resources even this facility seems not to have been taken for granted by taking a conservative view on potential improvement at the outset. and deter non-british users - by a fee of 100 pounds 4. Viewdata will integrate with user's local software. This per user-hour - from complicating the issue. is trivial as long as the protocol mimics the manual opera� tions; but should it? 4_ Expected development 5. Competing Viewdata systems. A number of private, The ordy thing we know for sure is that development will smal1er�scale Viewdata implementations have appeared, be impressive quantitatively: the publicity already achieved in Britain and elsewhere. The Viewdata design may well and the consequent funding from public and private be adequate for many closed-group applications, within sources have focussed a good deal of thinking and enter� an organization or special subscribers circle. However, prising on Viewdata. A large international conference on that is then just an alternative design of online computing the subject has also been announced for 1980. and message handling; the novel approach to create a Some lines of development should be mentioned. public service .� an infonnation market with low margi­ 1. Hardware development. Most important are probably nal costs for an extra set of data to be published or ac­ cost reductions, as mentioned above. The hand console cessed - requires large scale. It is only too natural for will probably be made much more handy, and/or provide national telecommunication authorities and post offices for full alphabetic messages from the user. round the world to jump to the conclusion that 'large 2. Viewdata will be integrated with other date processing scale' means 'governmental' and that 'public' means 'not in the host computer. private' in the economic sense. In some implementation, such as the Finnish TEL� 6. Computer networks, With modern operating systems, SET, it is already now possible to activate special IP­ the distinction between one large common computer provided programs when a particular page is presented. and a set of interacting hosts of varying make, origin, The commands then are not interpreted as Viewdata ownership and internal organization becomes unimpor­ commands but have a special fu nction, for retrieval or tant, nay unnoticeable to the user. The technology for otherwise. networking is there (i.e_ it is being marketed and will There are no technical obstacles for expanding the sys­ presently also fu nction to the degree of foolproofness tem to a full-fiedged online processing system. But is this required for Viewdata applications). The crucial factor desirable? Simplicity of design being the major achieve­ is the attitude of central administrations. ment so far, one might jeopardize the whole invention For a multitude of hosts to cooperate in an inter­ by making it too powerful. Will there be anything national network, there must also be a basic standard of characteristic left? Will Viewdata be remembred only as conventions. Britain has won that battle for us: the a onetime event, which helped accelerate cost decrease Prestel specifications is a de facto standard thanks to the British early start.

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Karigren - Viewdata? 175 5. Desirable development rupt changes oflevel - successively more advanced tools Viewdata's greatest fe at so far, as I see it, is that it has and this in such a manner that the more powerful options made acceptable the idea of unbundling: computer host­ do in no way increase the complexity for someone who ing and information provision are clearly establishe d by does not (then) need them. now as two separate fu nctions, and the field has opened 2. Efficient networking, so that several computers, hosts for a large number of smaller and larger competing pub­ as well as user's and IP's computers (distinctions which lishers, competing on a market with no other restrictions will then fade away) can communicate smoothly. than that of the inertia, ignorance and lack of interest of This will introduce a sound competition also between the buyers. computers and suppliers of memory space: there will be But there is a serious limit to competition in the orig­ more than one offer for equivalent storage. But, more inal Prestel design, in that the host seriously reselves the important , this and this only will ensure real competition right of programming entirely for himself. IP's who have between retrieval systems. For a long time yet, there will their own algorithms for searching cannot offer these , presumably be severe practical restrictions on systems unless they are implementable as tree structures on the inserted under Viewdata in one IP's partition of a public data, and suppliers of search retrieval software cannot computer. The full power of alternative procedures can enter the market at all. Retrieval software , then, does be demonstrated only if these systems can be installed in not constitute merchandise on this market. At the same dedicated computers, accessing data stored there or else­ time, better retrieval mechanisms probably belong to the where in the network. most important products that can be introduced in the In short: we believe that Viewdata will initiate impor­ 1980's - a statement made with conscious subjectivity. tant technological and scientific progress not because it The most urgently needed additions to Viewdata there­ is in itself an instance of such progress bu t because it fore seems to be: opens up new important fields for market mechanisms I. The facility for including more advanced programs for proven to be effective stimulators of innovations. specially well�informed users, accessing certain subsets of the data, with retention of the simple procedure for Whatever other trends the Viewdata development will communicating in simple cases. In accordance with lines fo llow, it is likely that the c1assificational approach, of developments studied by, i. a., Jacob Palme, Stock­ which is predominant now, will remain indispensible. The holm, the system must be able to grow with the user's value of the Viewdata approach stands and falls with the competence , so that the user can utilize - without ab- appropriate classification adopted.

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176 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Karlgren - Viewdata? therefore can be localized in a tensional area between knowing and known. Not only the objects of which we know but the subject which knows, the activity of coming REPORTS to knowledge, the process of cognition must become a AND COMMUNICATIONS theme of itself in order to unfold the "third manifold­ ness" of our world - apart from time and space - which lies in the fact that the world appears different when seen from different perspectives, with different eyes. Classifi­ cation furthers this process in overcoming the basic dif­ Classification and Cognition ficu lty in cognition which lies in the dissemination and Report on the Third Annual Conference of the specialization of the branches of learning by introducing Gesellschaft flir Klassifikation e.Y. order and distinction as well as comprehension into all The conference with its ambitious title "Classification the branches of our cognitive cosmos. an d Cognition" was held on April 5th and 6th 1979 in T. Judge in his contribution on "Representation of Konigstein/Taunus, FRG. It was announced not only as sets: the role of number" carried on this idea of integrat­ the Third Annual Conference of the Gesellschaft flir Klas­ ing the observer in to that which is observed in formulating sification e.V. but also as the First Regional Conference the question just how the structure of a set of statements, of FID/CR. With over 140 participants from IS countries concepts and the like interacts necessarily with its content. and over 30 delivered papers most of which were simul­ "Irrespective of the set content, sets of a given number taneously translated, this conference truly had interna­ of elements have characteristic features which affect the tional format. But apart from following the line of the interpenetration and comprehension of the content. The Gesellschaft flir Klassifik ation's last conference on "Co­ number also determines the pattern of possible relation­ operation in Classification " (1-3) in introducing the ships between the set elements." In comprehending whole width of the fi eld of classification, the aim and complete sets the special problem indeed lies in realizing the success of this conference was in conducting the the relationship between the interdependent elements. first steps ahead into what could be found in probing into Judge discussed diverse methods of representation, of the very depth of this field. which "the crudest and most prevalent (one) is a simple Not only that the question concerning the role of numbering of elements". The other extreme is made up classification in the process of generation, representation of "sophisticated diagrams showing their relationships". and mediation of cognition was considered in broad ex­ He called special attention to "mandala-type representa­ tent in three main sections but in addition to this a plenary tions", which allow comprehension to "focus its attention session was held in which on a still more profound level through the member elements disposed in an appropriate the interrelationship of classification and cognition was configuration. " Clearly the field for research regarding thematized - all this surrounded by sessions an d reports the specific dynamics of given sets, the functional impli­ of the Special Interest Groups which started their activi­ cations within these ("styles of debates"), research on ties already a day earlier, mainly with the Special Interest complete sets and On the interrelationship between clas­ Group on Numerical Classification, the topic of which was sification, comprehension, memory and representation found imp ortant enough to set up still another section was laid open fur further investigation in his contribu­ covering solely questions of this domain. tion. Since cognition was the aim of the conference this W. Dahlberg followed this line in: "Towards a Geo­ reporter will limit himself to detecting a fils rouge along metry of Basic Concepts" in identifying basic principles which basic insights into the nature and implications of of order corresponding to the distinct levels of ordering. the interrelationship between cognition and classification In analogy to Judge, order was understood as a geome­ were formulated and discussed during the conference. trical task. Therefore, giving a version of definitiontheory In her introduction I. Dahlberg stated that in selecting suited to the problem of determination of general basic "Classification and Cognition" as theme for this confer­ concepts he exposed methodic ways of coming to a more ence the Gesellschaft had intended not only to bring out distinct understanding of categorial concepts. Exemplify­ the role of classification in furthering cognition but also ing this in a "complete set-type" of cognition-theory in to explore the possibility of applying approaches of cog­ analogy to Judge and Scheele, W. Dahlberg pointed out nition-theory (epistemology) for a consistent and thor­ the importance of developing the whole range of cogni­ ough representation of knowledge-structures. tional abilities in the subject of cognition in order to In reply, M. Scheele in his opening paper: "Man, the allow it to engage itself fruitfully in the cognitional realm prerequisite and objective of classification" underlined which seemed especially important for any classificatory the insight that man in his conquest of reality is bound activity necessarily covering the whole range of cognition. to a specific cognitional apparatus which insofar moves Finally, the basic concepts governing the whole range of man into a central position of his human world - in con­ cognition were identified as structural - giving structure trast to the world which other beings, e.g. animals, per­ to all the other cognitional elements -, finale - forming ceive - and gives him the title of being the measure of the objectives and products of cognition -, causate -- lay­ all things for his world. Therefore, man's cognitional abil­ ing the grounds for which cognition comes into func­ ities are a necessary prerequisite for any cognitive activ­ tion -, and as material - containing all objectively given ity. On the other hand, any cognitional activity, especially components of cognition. Within the latter "which ,span science, is nothing but man's quest for knowing himself the space of activity in which the cognitive handling of the - if it is carried to its ultimate consequence. Here man 'material of cognition' can be undertaken", the categorial appears as the objective of any cognitional activity. Man area of material being appears as the one of highest struc-

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Reports and Communications 177 tU fa! importance for all the others. The classificatory as­ able ways, order thcmatized in such a way, is not this pect of being rooted in the ca!egorial area therefore brings the idea which stimulates every aspect of cognition? structure into all the other levels of material being and "Classification and Cognition" offered plenty of room therefore into all fields of cognition. If classification is for growth toward as deeper recognition of the field of understood in this way, it becomes the only domain of classification, while also raising more profound insights cognition which, in growing, is able to further all others. into the very nature of cognition itself. In his address at This understanding of classification in which it no the end of the conference, P. Kaliia emphatically called longer appears as static in its results and methods was for an International Classification Society - but time predominant all through the conference. "Non-dualistic will tell. In the meantime there is plenty of time to probe complementarity" (Judge) could be sensed in all the issues more deeply into the structures of knowledge and to dis­ and topics of the non-dualistic complementarity of the cern more accurately the patterns of order, pending the three main sections. Of all the issues (see (4)) letme select next annual conference of the Gesellschaft fUr Klassifi­ just a fe w, e.g.: kation e.V. on: "Structures of Knowledge and Patterns H. Karlgren on: "How to handle vagueness". Voting of Order". Wolfgang Dahlberg for natural language, Karlgren exposed how in dialog situations, understanding is built up out of the usage of References vague terms and understandings by mutual interaction. Understanding how this is done and transforming this (1) Dahlberg, W.: Cooperation in Classification. Report on the dynamism into artificial language and/or systems of or­ 2nd Conference of the Gesellschaft fiir Klassifikation. In: dering will solve existing difficulties. Intern. Classificat. 5 (I 978) No. 2, p. 95 -98 (2) Kooperation in der Klassifikation. I. Proc. d. Sekt. 1-3 dcr P. Va sarhelyi on: "Implications of the Interconcept 2. Fachtagung der Gesellschaft fUrKlassifikatio n e.v., Frank­ project for classification and indexing". Here again, furt-Hochst, 6.-7. 4. 1978. Red. W. Dahlberg et a1. Frankfurt working with social science concepts from various back­ 1978. X, 214 p. grounds, care is taken "to explain what are the differences (3) Kooperation in der Klassifikation. II. Proc. d. Sekt. 4-6 der in the various understandings of the same telIDs". Defin­ 2. Fachtagung d. Gesellschaft fUr Klassifikation e.Y., Frank­ furt-H6chst, 6.-7. 4. 1978. Red. W. Dahlberg et al. Frankfurt ing these concepts becomes a task of netting their diver­ 1978. XII, 231 p. gent characteristics, with the result not being a picture (4) Third GFK Annual Meeting and First FIDICR Regional Con­ of boundaries of understanding but rather a motion pic­ ference. (Program). In: Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 1, ture of social interaction of various groupings of social p. 39-40. scientists in different countries. The Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Meeting are published in three volumes. They are available at the Secretariat of the Gesellschaft P. Kaula giving in: "Canons in analytico-synthetic fUr Klassifikation e.Y., Woogstr. 36a, D-6000 Frankfurt 50. (Bib­ classification" a study of Canons of Ranganathan 's Theory liographical data see this issue, p. 192) of Classification showed the possibilities of ordering opened up given a consistent facetting, that is dynamiza­ tion of the facts to be ordered. INTERCONCEPT Aims Redefined E. Svenonius in: "Facets as semantic categories" again The goals of UNESCO's INTERCONCEPT project focussed attention on the problem of prevailing lack of were redefined during the second meeting of its Ad Hoc precision in handling categorial concepts. Committee, held from 21-23 August at the Hungarian N. Henrichs in: "Object-theoretical foundations of Academy of Sciences in Budapest. A fundamental library classification?" while trying to call the concept premise of the redefinition was the distinction between of order into question altogether came up with a praxeo­ the normative approach to terminology employed in logical version of an understanding of the role of classifi­ the work of term planning committees carried out for cation and of order, not in applying essential determina­ technological fields, under the aegis of the International tions for ordering the world (as static and motionless Standards Organization, and the informative or de� world-as-such) but in using categorial determinations to scriptive mode of terminological work better suited to communicate about the world (the world as being in the requirements of the social sciences. itself dynamically growing in relation to growth of cogni­ The basic shift of emphasis endorsed at the Budapest tion). Needless to say that order even in the cosmological meeting involved giving up the expectation that an sense of a divine order can be conceived of as dynamic in-house terminology bank for the social sciences would and evolving? be created, in the near fu ture, as a component of Man, in his strive for ordering his knowledge is indeed UNESCO's DARE program. Instead, primary emphasis the creator of his knowledge, for, as F. Lang summarized will be placed on the establishment of working relations it in his closing words: "Classificationists carry a huge with organized groups of social scientists in selected responsibility, for they guide the thoughts of all those subject fields, leading to the creation of interactive who follow ...they build up the image of tlus world out glossary projects - i.e. projects in which a machine­ of the order wluch they create and out of which know­ readable data base containing information about how ledge is then derived." special concepts used in the selected subject field are Order then being at the very basis of cognition, be it defined and designated would be employed to generate as structural precondition and as strategy for precise fre quently updated editions of a glossary that could be knowledge, be it as finale objective and desired goal of a used and revised continuously by specialists in the field well founded truth, be it as the causale grounds in the concerned. very ability of man to engage in cognitive activities or be Recognizing the needs of social scientists as primary it as the material of cognition which in all its aspects in users and contributors to such projects, the committee all sciences appears as ordered and organized in all think- also addressed itself to the related concerns of in-

178 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Reports and Communications fo mlation specialists and language mediators. A primary Griffiths: Computer modeling of human information focus of Committee's continuing work will be the processing. - r. Dahlberg: Developments at the Society preparation of guidelines that can usefully be employed for Classification in Germany. - G. Bhattacharyya: A by any group of social scientists interested in undertak­ general theory of SIL, POPSI, and Classaurus (presented ing an interactive glossary project. In the light of its by E. Svenonius in his absence). - (2) J. L. Milstead and redefined goals, the Ad Hoc Committee, decided that B. Huybrechts: State-of-the-art paper on machine-aided its activities should include both a facilitating program, indexing. - P. Klingbiel and C. K. Schultz: Applications and related information services. papers on machine-aided indexing. - (3) F. Suppe: To achieve its new aims, the Ad Hoc Committee Information Science, artificial intelligence and the prob­ decided to sponsor the preparation of a volume of lem of the black noise. - Ch. Rieger: The AI frontier on papers under the heading, "Cooperation in the Solution story/text comprehension ;and beyond. - F. Hayes-Roth: of Conceptual and Terminological Problems in the Social Matching and abstraction in knowledge systems. - L. B. Sciences." A series of draft papers already produced Heilprin: Homomorphisms in infonnation science and AI. will be revised for inclusion in this volume, together with - (4) D. J. de Solla Price: The revolution in mapping of a new introductory essay dealing with the philosophy science. - B. C. Brookes: Document and information and procedure of the INTERCONCEPT project. A spaces. - B. Griffith: The social and behavioral sciences' distinctive type of glossary format will be recommended, literature. - S. Crawford: Research in psychiatry : a co­ in which systematically arranged concept definitions citation analysis. - H. G. Small: Co-citation context ana­ would be given as primary records, followed by an al­ lysis: the relationship between bibliographic structure phabetical index using all the synonymous terms em­ and knowledge. - D. Sullivan et al: Understanding rapid ployed, in a variety of contexts, to designate each con­ theoretical change in particle physics: a month-by­ cept. month co-citation analysis. - (5) W. R. Foster et al.: Participants in the Ad Hoc Committee meeting in­ The coordinated development of health-related clearing­ clude its chair, Fred W. Riggs, plus Ingetraut Dahlberg, house vocabularies; a proposed technique. - T. C. editor of international Cla ssifica tion; Magdalena Krom­ Craven: Micro-computer simulation of large permuted mer-Benz, of INFOTERM, Vienna; Robert Mdivani, indexes. - J. D. Anderson: Contextual indexing and of INION, Soviet Academy of Sciences; and Pal Vasar­ faceted classification for data bases in the humanities. - helyi, of UNESCO's General Information Programme. N. Sager: Linguistics and infonnation science. Mr. J. Litoukhin attended as representative of UNESCO's Most of the papers have been printed in the 396 - Division for the International Development of Social pages proceedings volume - again available already before Sciences, sponsor of INTERCONCEPT; and five Hungar­ the conference. ian scholars and infonnation specialists also participated At the Business Meeting of the SIG/CR with some 20 in the meeting as guests of the committee. It is expected members present (of 198) it was announced that Dr. E. that copies of the Committee's report will soon become Svenonius will succeed Dr. Irene Travis as chairperson available through its chairman - and a more complete for the year beginning Oct. 1980. Since the ASIS-Mid­ record of the project, including the findings of its pilot Term Meeting will be in Pittsburgh (May 1980) on "Power study on 'development', will eventually be published by of Information", the SIG-CR plans a session on "Classi­ the Social Science Division of UNESCO. F. W. Riggs fication of energy information". At next year's Annual AS IS Meeting in Anaheim, Calif. the SIG/CR Meeting will concentrate on "Indexing for integrating systems". Classification Topics at 1979 ASIS Conference This topic introduces quite well into the Joint ASIS-SIG/ The 42nd Annual Meeting of the American Society for CR and FID/CR Regional North American Conference Information Science took place in Minneapolis, Oct. 14- planned on "Compatibility in Classification and Indexing" 18, 1979 under the general theme of "Information to take place in May 1981 at Denver, Colorado, preceding Choices and Policies". It was again a major event with its the ASIS-Mid-Term Meeting there. A call for papers will 1500 participants, its 357 speakers and chairmen at 92 be prepared for this occasion and sent out early in 1980. sessions, special meetings and workshops. This year ASIS It seems that also in the USA 'classification' is recog· had invited the FID Council and FID-Committees to nized as an instrument for the organization and descrip­ be represented and active, thus turning their national tion of knowledge (by better indexing and better indexes) . meeting into an international one with 29 nations repre­ The great help which a good and easy-to-establish index sented. A few "classification events" took place such as means for the fast access to knowledge was demonstrated the (I) "International Classification Research Forum" by a subjectindex to the conference's "Final Schedule of sponsored by the ASIS/Special Interest Group on Classi­ Events" called KWPSI (Keyword/Phrase Subject Index). fication Research (SIG/GR) and (2) the session on It had been au tomatically prepared by a special program "Machine-aided indexing", sponsored by ASIS-SIG/CR worked out by G. Vladutz at the Institute for Scientific and the American Society ofindexers (ASI). Of interest Information, Philadelphia. This new type of index was to our topics were also (3) papers presented at the SIG/ described in the paper not mentioned so far by G. Vla­ Foundations of Information Science (FIS) as well as (4) dutz and E. Garfield: KWPSI: an algorithmically derived those of a special session on "Co-citation analysis in Keyword/Phrase Subject Index. We were happy to hear investigation of the structures of scientific specialties", that our Classification Literature section of 1979 could and, besides this, some "dispersed" papers (5). In the be indexed and computer-typesetted at the same time by fo llowing the papers are listed according to the above KWPSI for publication in this or the forthcoming issue. numbering: (1) R. N. Oddy: Describing user's needs and r. Dahlberg documents for interactive retrieval systems. - J .-M.

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Reports and Communications 179 "Software Developments in Cluster Analysis and Identi­ There are three lecture sessions each of 90 minutes dura· fication" . tion for 3 to 5 students each week, tIns would be giving This will be the topic of the 1980 Scientific Meeting of 325 hours of instruction fo r about 50 weeks in a year. The Classification Society, European Branch at the Uni­ Most of the classes are conducted on discussion mode. versity of York, 31st March-1st April 19S0. The follow­ The practical course in a formal class principally concen· ing papers will be presented: trates on knowing POPSI, PRECIS, CC , and UDC sched­ G. J. S. Ross (Rothamsted Experimental Station): De­ ules, their design fe atures, combinatorial capability with scriptive multivariate analysis using CLASP. some illustrations, which include analysis of the subject M. J. Sackin (Department of Microbiology, University of and construction of subject headings or class numbers. Leicester): A numerical taxonomy package in practice. About 250 actual examples are classified - at a slower R. K. A. Feltham (Department of Microbiology, Univer­ pace in the beginning and gradually getting faster in the sity of Leicester) : Computer-assisted identification of later part of the year. bacteria. J. J. Du Cruz (Numerical Algorithms Group Ltd.): Soft­ An estimated 1,000 non-formal hours are generally spent ware methodology for transportable FORTRAN for the project work in depth classification by the stu­ programs. dents. In that they collect 250 to 300 examples for ana­ R. W. Payne (Rothamsted Experimental Station): Diag­ lysis of subjects, design a classification schedule of about nostic keys and tables to identify groups of taxa. 1000 terms, for special fields such as "Cosmetics technol­ R. J. Pankhurst (British Museum - Natural History): ogy", "Financial planning", "Mycology", "Agricultural Progress in identification methods with the aid of com­ economics", and "Production of Amplifiers". They clas� puters. sify about 250 examples with three to five facets and a D. Wishart (Scottish Education Office): Recent devel­ number of sub·facets. The same set is arranged in a clas· opments in cluster analysis software. sified order, and an alphabetical index is prepared for A. J. Bullen (Department of Computer Science, Universi­ the same. Based on these a systematic alphabetical the­ ty of York): Recent developments in cluster analysis saurus for the subjects is developed. software. W. F. Hy de (Managing Director, Brisch, Birn & Partners Thus, the total fo rmal hours spent in DRTC Course is Ltd.): Helping management better through classifica­ 325 hours formal and 1,000 non-formal hours. The non­ tion and coding the data base. formal hours are usually based on the elective project. I. Mo ult (Standards Controller, Perkins Engines): Classi­ But it may happen that all the'students choose this topic fication and data retrieval as applied to a specialist in one year, as it has happened this year - 1975-1979. engineering and manufacturing organization. A. Entwistle (Senior Consultant, Brisch, Birn & Partners Ltd.) : Classification and data retrieval as applied to a processing in dustry . W. Ja ck (Managing Director, JLG Industries (UK) Ltd.): Research Project AlUlouncement: Classification Systems A top management view of classification, coding stand· - Utilization and Possibilities of Further Developments ardization and group technology. (Klassifikationssysteme - Nutzung und M6glichkeiten The meeting will begin at 2pm on 31st March and will der Weiterentwicklung) finish by 3.30 pm the fo llowing day. There will be a Clas­ sification Society Dinner on the evening of 31st March Der Bundesminister fUrForschung undTechnologie,Bann, 1980. Booking and further information: Mr. A. J. Cooper, beabsichtigt die F6rderung einer Untersuchung zum The­ Brisch, Bim & Partners, Ltd., SI,Station Road, Marlow, rna "Klassifikationssysteme - Nutzung und Moglichkei· Bucks, SL7 INS, England not later than February 2S, ten der Weiterentwicklung". Ziel ist die Analyse von In­ 1980. halt und Aufbau der im Informations- u. Dokumenta­ tionsbereich verwendeten Klassifikationssysteme, ihrer Nutzung, ihrer Effizienz, sowie die Bedarfsermittlung Classification Teaching in India (Additional info.) fUr die eventuelle Entwicklung neuer Klassifikationssy­ sterne. (Ed. Note: In Intern. Classificat. 6 (I 979) No. 2, p. 117- liS we published a communication on this topic by A. Der vollstandige Ausschreibungstext wird voraus· Gopinath. What follows are additional data on the num­ sichtlich ab Anfang November verftigbar sein und kann ber of lectures, courses and hours as well as on the con­ von Interessenten bei der Gesellschaft fUr Information tents and goals of teaching in this field at the Documen­ und Dokumentation mbH (GID), Zentralbereich Forde­ tation Research and Training Centre in Bangalore(DRTC) rung, Lyoner Strasse 44-48, 6000 Frankfurt 71, ange­ given also by Prof. Gapinath). fordert werden.

ISO Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Reports and Communications and the circle of participants could be expanded; in tlus context the Nordic council of languages dese[v�s particu­ la[ mention. INFOTERM NEWS

3.1 Working Group 2 - Terminological data banks (compiled from Infoterm Newsletters 14 and 15) This Working group was set up after extensive preparation and availability of appropriate means. Co-operation of the Nordic Countries - NORDTERM The specific aim of Working Group 2 was as follows: Examination of the possibilities concerning data ex­ The report, written in German, was kindly supplied by change between the Nordic terminological data banks. Mr. H. Picht of the Handelsh0jskolen, Copenhagen, Den­ This co-operation presupposes a certain degree of uni­ mark. formity with reference to classification systems and the exchange format; there prerequisites shouldbe established 1. Introduction by means of closer collaboration. Results of this project are available today (see docu­ By 1975 all Nordic countries had achieved a level in ter­ ments concerning the Third NORDTERM-Meeting) . In minology work which seemed to render the creation of a addition, details are also available via TermDok Bulletins joint agency useful. This co-operation was to facilitate Nr. 31, 33, - 41 and 45 . (For literature, see below.) planning and co-ordination of tenninoiogy work and to carry it out in higher quality, and more economically. NORDTERM might be considered the first collection 3.2 Co -ordination of terminological field work of joint forces which until now only had a very loose A certain degree of reciprocity with reference to inform a­ and exclusively bilateral relationship. tion on projects either complete, in progress or in plan­ ning will result in better co-ordination and planning. (A 2. NORDTERM 1976 survey of terminological field work is to be found in the literature listed below.) Upon the instigation ofthe terminology group in Denmark (consisting of a number of bodies interested in tenninol­ ogy work) a first NORDTERM-meeting was convened 4. NORDTERM 1979 from 22 to 23 April 1976, at the Tekniska Nomenklatur The last meeting, held April 4th , 1979, in Copenhagen, Centralen in Stockholm. established the framework for new activities (with the Participants were: exception of ongoing or long-term projects) . These new Centralen for Teknisk Terminologi (CTT), Finland activities can be subdivided as follows: Radet for Teknisk Terminologi (RTT), Norway Tekniska Nomenklaturcentralen (TNC), Sweden Terminologigruppeo, Denmark 4.1 Theory of terminology and -teaching Having accomplished the fi rst task of WG 1 (Nordic ter­ 2.1 Agenda of the First Meeting minology course) the fo llowing activities are to be taken up until 1981: a) Discussion of the sociological importance of terminol­ a) Seminar on terminology teaching (approximate date: ogy work; May 1980, in Norway) b) Survey of terminology training up to now; b) Seminar on basic elements of terminology as a distinct c) Discussion concerning the possibilities of closer co­ branch of science, i.e. concepts, fonnation of concepts, operation in terminology between Nordic countries; relationship between concepts, systems of concepts d) Information about terminology projects either in pro­ and their formation (approximate date: November gress or in planning; 1980, in Sweden) e) Rationalization of terminology work with particular c) Seminar on terminology and LSP with particular em­ emphasis on terminological data banks. phasis on linguistic aspects (approximate date: May 1981, in Finland). 2.2 Results of meeting All seminars are primarily designed to serve the needs of participants from Nordic countries. Concrete results of this first meeting were as fo llows: d) Establishment of an information centre for terminol­ a) Setting up of a Working Group (WG I) charged with ogy teaching and -training (in the Nordic countries) the task to plan and cany out a Nordic terminology at the Handelshpjskolen in Copenhagen. Among other course which should serve as the basis for fu ture joint tasks this centre is to collect available teaching material projects. This course was held during the summer of for terminology used in Nordic and other terminology 1978 (see Infoterm Newsletter II) training courses, and to advise on and arrange for guest b) Joint terminological projects should be carried out in lectures, etc. the fu ture. 4.2 Terminological data banks 3. NORDTERM 1978 Tasks of WG 2 are: At the second NORD TERM Meeting, held February 2nd, a) Elaboration ofaclassification system using as a frame­ 1978, in Bergen, existing contacts could be reinforced work the proposals passed by the European Working

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Infoterm News 181 Group <'Classification " (consisting of the Netherlands, Recognizing the importance of fu rther theoretical work the Federal Republic of Germany, Denmark). in terminology Infoterm (in collaboration with other b) Harmonization of exchange formats meeting the TermNet partners) has already taken the following demands of Norway and Finland, and acceptable to initiatives and measures: TERMDOK (Terminology bank, Sweden) and DAN­ (l) Adaption and publication of Wilster's lecture held at TERM (Terminology bank, Denmark). the University of Vienna (l973/ 1974), entitled "Einflih­ c) Appropriate measures concerning fruitful co-operation rung in die Allgemeine Terminologielehre und tenninolo­ between Nordic terminological data banks. gische Lexikographie" [The general theory of terminology and terminological lexicography. - Introduction]. 1979. book 4.3 Co -ordination of field projects Copies of this (comprising a basic volume and a volume of graphic displays) were (and still are being) WG 3 which was set up recently is to undertake the fol­ made available to interested parties (sales outlet: Springer lowing tasks for the time being: Verlag Wien-New York). Translations will be prepared in a) to register terminological field projects and to facilitate E/F/P ljR/Hu/He. access to information which would assure proper co­ (2) Preparation and planned publication of a series en­ ordination; titled "Selected readings in terminology/Textes choisis b) to examine proposals concerning Nordic terminologi­ de terminology", edited jointly by G. Rondeau (Univer­ cal projects, to further their execution, and to arrange, site Laval, Quebec) and H. Felber (Infoterm, Vienna) if possible, for co-operation with respective terminol­ and published in six volumes by the "Groupe inter dis­ ogy offices of the European Communities; ciplinaire de recherche scientifique et appliquee en ter� c) to describe the different kinds of working methods minologie" (GIRSTERM) and the Universite Laval in used. Quebec (Canada). The Working Groups composed of at least one repre­ (3) Preparation of an "International Symposium on sentative for each of the four Nordic countries are to act Theoretical and Methodological Problems of Terminol­ autonomously, as far as possible. The division of labour ogy", to be held in Moscow, November 27-·30, 1979. (sketched briefly for WG I, above) necessitates delegation This Symposium is organized jointly by the Secretariat of specific tasks, i.e. one country is to be responsible for of ISO/TC 37 WG I "Principles of Terminology", the a specific project with co-operation of the others with Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Infoterm and AILA. reference to planning and execution. (4) Publication of a memorial volume for Prof. Dr. Eugen WUster entitled "Terminologie als angewandte Sprach­ wissenschaft" [Terminology - applied linguistics]. This 5. Conclusion volume is to appear in late autumn with K.G. Saur Verlag NORDTERM might tmely be considered a model repre­ Dokumentation, Mtinchen-New Yark-London-Paris, senting - on a voluntary basis - a viable means for co­ and will comprise some 250 p. operation and co-ordination of terminology work, taking (5) Provision for further r'esearch into Wtister's numerous into consideration the specific problems and needs of so­ projects still left incomplete but of eminent importance called "smaller languages". to the future development of the theory of terminology. Further details on NORDTERM can be found in the (6) Co-editing of a new international journal "Language publications listed below: for Special Purposes (LSP). Research. Teaching. Termi­ 1. NORDTERM 1976. Terminologiskt samarbete i Norden. Sc­ nology", a specimen copy of which appeared recently. minarium i Stockholm 22.-23. Apri1 1976. Tekniska Nomenkla­ This qu arterly journal informs about the present state of turcentralen (TNC), Box 5243, S-102 45 Stockholm, Sweden LSP, theory and teaching, as well as terminology work 2. NORDTERM. Terminologisk samarbeid i Norden. Bergen 17. Februar 1978, Nordisk Spraksekretariat, Postboks 8107 Dep.; and research. Oslo 1, Norway 3. NORDTERM. Terminologisk samarbeid i Norden. K�benhavn 24. Apri1 1979, Nordisk Spraksekretariat 2. TermNet programme II: Establishing closer co-opera­ 4. Infoterm Newsletter Nr .11 in: Lebende Sprachen (1979) No. 1, tion in preparing tefmin% gies p. 47 and in Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 1, p. 41-42 5. TERMDOK Bulletin, TNC, Stockholm ;No. 41. See also Intern. (l) Terminologies of many subject fields and numerous Classificat. S (1978) No. 3, p. 172;No. 45: Intern. Classificat. 6 languages have to be updated constantly to reflect the (1979) No. 1, p. 43-44. H. Picht most recent state of development. This necessitates close collaboration between scientific and professional associa­ tions; in addition, modern means of tenninological data TermNet Activities banks allow rapid updating. Infoterm, therefore , has been and is now particularly involved in establishing closer After the meeting of the Infoterm Advisory Board links between subject specialists elaborating terminol­ h (Vienna, April 4t 1979) at which the programmes for ogies, information specialists and tenninoiogists involved TermNet proposed by Infoterm were fully approved (see in the development of international tenninological prin­ Newsletter 13) further action was taken with reference to ciples to ensure a certain degree of uniformity. the implementation of projects within each of the three (2) On the occasion of its 70th Anniversary the Union of programmes: International Associations (urA) wiIl organize a World Forum of International and transnational associations 1. TermNet programme I: Developing the scientific basis (Brussels, June 23-27, 1980). One of the proposed of terminology, i.e. the General theory and principles of working commissions (Commission JIl) will be dealing terminology with problems of "Transnational communication in the

182 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) NO. 3 Infotcrm News world today" with particular emphasis on language, (5) Guidelines for recording data on organizations, com­ information and documentation. Infoterm will use this missions, committees, data banks, etc. involved in tenni­ opportunity to raise specific questions related to termi­ nology work. nology. These Draft Guidelines also prepared for the meeting mentioned above are being examined with reference to 3. TermNet programme III: Establishing closer co-oper­ computer application. ation in col/ecting, recording, processing and disseminat­ (6) "Vocabulary of terminological data banks". - On ing terminological data and information the basis of preparatory work carried au t by the European Communities, Infoterm and Siemens (Munich)this project In addition to projects reported on in Newsletter 12 and will now be taken up fu ll speed, in collaboration with all Newsletter 13 the following TennNet projects are under­ those interested in tenninological data banks. way: (7) "Comparative study of data elements for termino­ (1) BT I "International bibliography of terminological logical data banks". - This study is to be undertaken articles and books". - Data on some 900 publications shortly jointly with all those willing to participate_ It is have been collected with the assistance of other TennNet intended to convene a meeting of a working group in partners and are stored at the Universite Laval (Quebec, 1980. Canada). They are available on tape; final publication is (8) "A model terminology file". - Such a model for a pending. specific subject field is to be undertaken in the very near (2) BT 2 "International Bibliography of standardized future. vocabularies/Bibliographie Internationale de vocabulaires (9) Problems relating specifically to data banks storing normalises/Internationale Bibliographie der Normw6rter­ standardized terminologies are to be dealt with by Tenn­ blicher". - Net in collaboration with the International Organization This Bibliography, published in April 1979 (see News­ for Standardization (ISO) and the framework of/SONET. letter 13), covers bibliographical references on some 9000 terminological standards (relating to any subject field and language treated). It is at present being kept up to Future meetings date with all data stored on tape. October 1-5, 1979: Trujillo, Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, (3) BT 3/4 "International Bibliography of monolingual Peru. First International Symposium on "Las Barreras Lin­ multilingual specialized vocabularies". As described in gtiisticas en el desarrollo de las ciencias y de la tecnologia en Newsletter 12, a special bibliography covering multilingual los palses del Convenio ANDRES BELLO". vocabularies (in some 15 European languages) has been Further information may be obtained from: Rene Medina Tello, Presidente del Comite Organizador, Jefe del Dpt. de undertaken jointly by Infoterm and the ECE. So far Idiomas y Linguistica. Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado 315, bibliographical references on approximately 1000 vocab­ Trujillo, Peru. ularies have been assembled. The date of publication January 23-25, 1980: ISO/TC 46/SC 3 ("Documentation/Ter­ is as yet not fixed. minology"), Madrid (Agenda not available) June 23-27, 1980: Brussels, World Forum ofInternational Trans­ Another bibliography,on social science vocabularies and national Associations. thesauri, originally prepared for the Unesco's INTER­ The four proposed working commissions of the Forum are: CONCEPT project (which is, broadly speaking, to become The association phenomenon and its transnational aspects an international information system for the social sci­ The participation of associations in international organiza­ ences) is also being updated and now covers some 250 tion and in world order Transnational communication in the contemporary world references. Eventually, publication and dissemination - The sociology and practical organization of international (by Unesco) is foreseen. and transnational meetings. (4) "Guidelines for recording bibliographical data". - Within the theme of the third commission problems will be considered such as: These guidelines a draft of which had been prepared by 1) Language and transnational relations - concepts, terminol­ lnfoterm for the Advisory Board Meeting (see Newsletter ogy, interpretation, translation, 13) are now in the process of revision at UNlBlD (UNISIST 2) Information and communication in the transnational net­ International Centre for Bibliographic Descriptions), to work; ensure compatibility within UNISIST. (International 3) The role of the transnational network of associations in international documentation; bibliographies as such require unifiedrecording of biblio­ 4) The nature, detection and description of world problems, graphical data.) their interrelationships, and their relation to organizations.

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) NO. 3 Infotcrm News 183 If eventually a fu rther breakdown is needed, letters are added which sometimes bear a mnemonic feature, as e.g.: BOOK REVIEWS Z50.05.30U (for) Universal Decimal Classification This adding of letter has, however, also been foreseen for AITCHISON, Jean (Comp.): UnsecoThesaurus. A struc­ higher levels of abstraction as in tured list of descriptors for indexing and retrieving Z56.60P (for) Precision Ratio literature in the fields of education, science, social Z56.60R (for) Recall Ratio science, culture and communication. Vol. 1: Intro­ A very helpful fe ature must be mentioned: many of the duction. Classified Thesaurus. Permuted Index, Hier­ classes are introduced by mentioning the 'characteristic archical Display. Vol. 2: Alphabetical Thesaurus. Paris: of division' in brackets. This clarifies the system's struc� Unesco 1977. 484+530 p. ture and contents and facilitates is use. I have never seen This thesaurus was meant to be "the working tool of this so consistently applied. It should become a common the Computerized Documentation System of Unesco" feature of all classification systems! for the processing of Unesco documents, Unesco public­ In the introduction to this thesaurus the sources for ations, Unesco library acquisitions a.o. It may also be the terms which have been consulted for the proper used by anyone whose document coverage is closely presentation of the different subject areas and fields are related to Unesco's fields of activities. The thesaurus is given. It is said that the Broad System of Ordering (BSO) organized in two volumes and four parts. The appro­ in its 2nd revised draft edition of 1976 was also con­ xbnately 8500 terms listed are arranged in Vol. 1 by sub­ sidered, its 3500 new terms enriched the previous ject ("Classified thesaurus") in the following areas: collection for a Unesco Thesaurus up to 8500. Here A General we would like to ask: is it correct to exploit other B/H Science and Technology systems in such a way as to make them practically J Education superfluous? Also considered were the Bliss Classifi� K/S Social Sciences cation, lbe UDC and lbe SPINES Thesaurus. Besides T/X Humanities and Culture these general systems some 29 other schemes were used Y Communication and many subject experts have been consulted. Z Information, Libraties, Archives The result could almost be called a universal faceted In addition a Permuted Index is given in order to display classification system with a thesaurus-like index and two lbe context of a term and a Hierarchical Display follows, other access instruments. Jean Aitchison again demon­ showing the subordination of each concept. The two strated that improvements in the area of classification latter aids for access list just lbe terms without their systems design are possible - her Thesaurofacet of 1968 references to the Classified thesaurus with its notations. had been a model classification system and thesaurus for Vol. 2 contains the Alphabetical thesaurus with the quite some time. concept notations as well as with the indication of con� Besides this she proved - what has been denied quite cept relationships BT, NT RT and - as a novum - TT often in our times - that a singleperson with the help of for "Top Term in the hierarchical display". Terminology experts and olber systems is still able to bring the almost control is accomplished in lbe alphabetical thesaurus by entire number of knowledge fields into a consistent Used For (UF) and USE instructions, eventually one also presentational form. The workload must have been finds an SN (Scope Note) in case it is deemed necessary. enormous but her willpower to overcome it is simply The organization of the concepts within one of the admirable . It is to be wished that the users of this the­ areas is by fields and subfields, the latter are subdivided saurus - or should one rather say 'classaurus' as Ganesh into facets. Thus "political science" is faceted in the Bhattacharyya would call such a combination between following way: L Political Science a classification system and a thesaurus - may find it L03 Political history comprehensive and as much detailed as they need it. At LOS Political development least the librarians and information scientists should be L06/ 19Political philosophy content with their field: they will find a suitable faceted L08/! 7 Political theory classification system arranged on pp. 265-292. This, L20/59 State however, is the big exception. L22/31 Political Systems Compared with the BSO the new Unesco Thesaurus L32 Constitutional Law seems to have had a better support both from the intel­ L34 Administrative Law lectual as well as from the practical side. The typography L35/49 Government in all the 4 parts is splendidly chosen, easy to overview, L50/55 State Security using lots of space, bold face, italics etc. somewhat L56/59 Law enforcement similar to the excellent typography of the Dewey L60/79 Internal politics Decimal Classification. The survey over each subject L80/99 International politics area is always printed ahead of the section in bold face This example shows also the alphanumeric and expan� for a first orientation. sion�permitting notation. Notations have been developed Except for the notation which seems to be too clum­ according to the concept system for four levels of ab­ sy and hard to memorize and except for the contents of straction, as will be seen in the following example: fields beyond my own knowledge I would like to say: L60/79 Internalpolitics here is the new model thesaurus for fu ture guidance! L 74 Oppression I. Dahlberg L 74.80 Resistance to oppression L 74.80.20 Passive resistance

184 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Book Reviews WOJCIECHOWSKI, J. A. (Ed.): Conceptual Basis of piantes 1763 and his planned work (unpublished) Ta us the Classification of Knowledge. Proceedings of the les etres connus suivant leur serie naturelle indiquee par Ottawa Conference. .,Oct. 1-5, 1971. (Title also in l'ensemble de leur rapports (see SUPPE below) as well as French). MUnchen: K. G. Saur Verlag I. 1974, 2. 1978. Alexis Jordan (1814-97) French botanist founder of a 503 p., DM 98,-; ISBN 3-7940-3649-2 school with differentiation by minimum characteristics The mode of the publication is a conference with all the as compared to linnean species in breadth. Also while problems of some papers seen by speakers and others Lenin and Plekhanov are mentioned why not also A. not. The manner reflects this stochastic process - the Bogdanov whose tbeory of Tectology might contribute bibliographies are not standardised, one indeed truncat� to an arichtectonic? (see HEELAN below). ed, some papers have abstracts others not. A standard BHATTACHARYYA, G. and RANGANATHAN, S. form of abstract (E, D, F,) and keywords/descriptors R.: "From knowledge classification to library classifica­ would have been welcome, especially in the session tion" (p. 119-43). Author abstract (p. 119), covers paper by KEDROV. Vedic, Greek, Medieval, Bacon, Kant, Hegel, Hobbes It is, however, the mattp.f that should be the message and other Serialist philosophers and tbe DC, UDC and and almost all tbe papers are worthy of study ratber CC schemes of library classification. Their own field of tban "k6niglich begraben" as was the work of Mendel in Vedic philosophy is enlightening, on medieval trivium imperial university proceedings. (p. 122), tbey are less sure, including "Linguistics" A human cannot read a conference but a computer instead of "Logic", admittedly Sanskrit had linguistics might. The manner of presentation adopted here is to well before Grimm witb "Svarabkahti" for "Sprossvo­ choose GROUER'S bibliography to represent the librar­ kal". But to return to the limitation of time, e.g., ob­ ian and SUPPE tbe philosopher. The DAHLBERG article solescence of patent literature (I. fo r Industrial Econo­ can be read first or last, as the citation network will mics (Blackwell, Oxford) 1977); the section on "Limi­ show. Possibly an anglo-saxon compromise will result in tation of Notational Place" (p. 137), shows the weakness a continental "inter-framework relationship" (HEELAN). of DC in deptb classification. S. R.'s idea of the Ultimate The philosophers make much of the euclidean/loba­ p. 131, "Thesists (sic!) would use the term God" may chevskian dialectic. Your reviewer can only quote Gre­ have seemed strange to Westerners some thirty years ago gory, R. L.: Ey e and brain, 1972, p. 224 "The regions of when D. J. Foskett was professing PMEST, but it is a the cerebral cortex concerned with thought are compara­ keynote to tbe Conference, particularly, in the philo­ tively juvenile. They are self-opinionated by comparison sophical papers. The bibliography (p. 143), of 16 items with the ancient striate area responsible for seeing". are all cited in GROUER except one. WOJCIECHOWSKI, J. A. "The philosophical relevance DIEMER, A.: "L'ordre (classification) universel des of the problem of the classification of knowledge" p. savoirs comme probleme de philosophie et d'organisa­ 13-9. Key phrase "Is there any formal, mathematical or tion (Universal classification of knowledge as a problem logical element which can be separated from tbe body of of philosophy and organisation) (p. 144-60). A neo­ classifications and thus saved from oblivion as retaining platonic scheme with the first phase at ontological level, its value in the face of more adequate classifications? descending to the fourth level of information negotia­ The answer depends, no doubt, on the nature of classi­ tion, is illustrated in five clear figures. Although in fications" (p. 18). - French, the German words "Wissenschaft" "Geisteswis­ GROUER, Eric de: "Le systeme des sciences et I'evo­ senschaft" (p. 144, 150) and the fruitful, "VorversUind­ lution du savoir" p. 20-118 (The system of knowledge nis" (pre-understanding) (p. 151) reveal the problems and the evolution of knowing about) GROLlER rightly of the DUsseldorf school in philosophy. A universal clas­ points out the dichotomy between "savoir" and "con­ sification would be possible 'lsi il (sic) existait un Dieu naissance" (p. 20), but in English, except when singing tout puissant", Diemer thinks not. There is no biblio­ "D'ye ken John Peel?" the difference is masked in the graphy. verb "to know". A historical survey of knowledge clas­ MbLGAARD-HANSEN, R.: "On the problem of sifications (p. 26-57) with library classifications (p. 57- universality in knowledge classification" (p. 161-71). 95) is a to ur de fo rce giving a bird's eye overview of the Bohr's natural" scheme of periodic system of chemical " subject. The modest conclusion (p. 96-8), poses some elements is contrasted with "arbitrary" library classifi­ fu ndamental questions and calls for an architectonic of cations. A workmanlike comparison of Ranganathan, knowledge. The bibliography of some 240 items, (p. 99 Dobrowolski, Classification Research Group and Inter­ -118), would at one level be a test checklist for any national Building Classification Committee on universal library in our field. At tbe level of research it has a long classification is made, with great emphasis on IBCC with half-life. The material is international with strong French Perreault's Relators and tabulation of major categories in emphasis even to the esoteric, e.g. Dieterlen, G.: "Clas­ Appendix 1-2, (p. 170-1). The bibliography, 20 items, sification des vegetaux chez les Dogons" (1. soc. des contains some 12 in GROLlER as well as SfB. It could Africanistes 22 (1952), p. 115-58), such a non-linnean well be extended by Agard Evans criticism of SfB approach could well have been followed up by reference 1956+. A fleeting mention of rhetoric is made, it can to M. Adanson (1727-1806): Fa milies naturelles des be supplemented in a revised GROLlER by reference to M. Masterman and G. Genette. (Ed. Note: The English language contributions of this book have SHEA, W. R.: "The classification of scientific terms been reviewed excellently already in an earlier issue (I.C. 3 (1976) as 'theoretical' and 'observational' in contemporary phi­ No. 1, p. 40-42) by E. Svenonius. Mr. Dickson's review of the losophy of science" (p. 172-85). A philosophical ap­ reprint of 1978 approaches this proceedings volume from a rather formal aspect, admittedly somewhat unusual. We hope proach centred on Feyerabend. 'The meaning of every that our readers will get his 'message' anyhow.) term we use depends upon the theoretical content in

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) NO. 3 Book Reviews 185 which it occurs" (p. 179). The bibliography (p. 185) GROUER, whereas Feyerabend links to SHEA, HOO­ does not coincide with GROUER. For links with the KER, HEELAN. A minor thesis note I 1 , leads by seren­ key paper Hempel : Aspects of Scientific Explanation dipity to the Jordan school of Botany in 19th century 1954 see SUPPE below, as well as HEELAN, HOOKER. France. The reference to Aquinas could be expanded by The bibliography as printed, would appear to lack nos. the computer-readable edition, available since circa 1970. 17-23. ASHWORTH, E. Jennifer: "Classification schemes DOBROWOLSKI, Z.: Secteurs scientifiques autono­ and the history of logic" (p. 275-83). Workmanlike ex­ mes et leur role dans la classification des sciences (Au to­ planation of scholastic as opposed to modern logic. The nomous sectors in natural science and their role in the view of logic as ars sermocinalis or linguistic art, may classification of knowledge) (p. 186-9). Studied from well account for the error in BHATTACHARYYA, p. the point of view of metallurgy but raises the basic pro­ 122, on the Trivium. The bibliography (p. 283), does blem of Ranganathan's "Notational Plane" (see above). not coincide with GROUER although a technical refe­ SUPPE, F.: "Some philosophical problems in biolo­ rence to Wittgensteins (p. 275) links to SUPPE. gical speciation and taxonomy" (p. 190-243). Author's HOOKER, C. A.: "The impact of quantum theory on abstract p. 190. An overview of theories is given (p. 191 the conceptual basis for the classification of knowledge" -8). Taxa definitions are examined p. 213+ with some (p. 284-3 18). An esoteric paper - the major seven ele­ consideration for the New Systematics p. 215+. As to ments of the "classical" concept are summarised (p. the historical accuracy of the overview see the comments 289) but §7, p. 304+ examines the quantum philosophy by R. BERNIER(p. 244-5 1). A professional taxonomist of N. Bohr with four doctrines (p. 304). The bibliogra­ could well review the whole paper. The bibliography of phy (p. 316-8), does not coincide with GROUER but 29 items, (p. 24 1-3), only coincides with GROUER in links via Feyerabend to HEELAN, whose own work is two parts; Simpson: Principals of animal taxonomy quoted and whose paper is complementary to this. There 1961, and Sokal & Sneath: Principals of numerical taxo­ is a link to SUPPE via Strawson. nomy, 1963, as well as Gaskin: Clusters 1960 link to DATTA, S. and FARRADANE, J. E.: "A psycholo­ Saporta: "Frequency of consonant clusters" (I 955 Lan­ gical basis for ge neral classification" (p. 319-3 1). An guage 31 (1) 25·-20) and especially Price and Schimino­ exposition of the now well-known work of Guilford and vich: "A clustering experiment" (In! storage and retrie­ the author in late 1950's and early 60's with a commen­ val 1968). It is the numerical taxonomy link which leads tary by Phyllis A. RICHMOND, (p. 322·-4), including to Adanson p. 195. SUPPE (note 5 p. 234), specifically Foucault's boutade on the classesof animals. ignores this field but an expert (in relation to use of JOLLEY, J. 1.: "The holotheme" (p. 335-65). computer and classification), e.g. Sneath, should review Author's abstract (p. 335-6). Nomenclature summary this. Further to numerical taxonomy the problem of p. 366. "Based on experiment ....it was found that the "fuzzy logic" applied to thesaurus work would appear elements of human knowledge fall into eight integrative fruitful. levels ....each level was found to contain two ranks, LA FRANCE, G.: "Le probleme epistemologique de each of eight formative grades ....The whole pattern la classification dans les sciences humaines sociales" of knowledge, and this representation of it in particular, (The epistemological problem in the classification of the are here named 'The holotheme' (the whole set). The social sciences) (p. 252-9). A rapid but balanced over­ theological basis of classification is again seen "The con­ view of the social sciences in France since Spencer/ cept of an eternal being of infinite power may really Espinas, to introduce a 'biological sociology' to Durk­ (sic) find a home there". The author is now dead but heim, based on Wundt, social morphology/physiology, this is a fitting epitaph. The bibliography (p. 363-5), and general sociology, Durkheim would have annexed basically deals with integrative levels and Feibleman history to sociology but his pupil Mauss recognised links to DAHLBERG. The wisdom of the author is seen them as two distinct branches, whereas Weber saw them in merely mentioning the years of reading, wisdom, that as complementary. Mauss in 1934 raised Linguistics pourriture noble, when information has passed into based on Meillet, a Durkheim follower, to a key position knowledge. An addendum by R. A. FAIRTHORNE, a "Parmi les sciences de l'homme, la linguistique est peut­ mathematician and doyen of our craft, (p. 367-70) Mre la plus sUre". Since Mauss, the problem of classifi­ shows that "the pattern of human knowledge is binary". cation has been less pursued, rather that of stlUcturalism AUSTIN, D.: "A conceptual approach to the organi­ of Levi-Strauss, who also advises French sociology to re­ sation of machine-held files for suject retrieval" (p. 371 turn to its philosophical roots. (Bibliography p. 259). -98). A craftsman working in the field of MARC and Only five of 30 items are in GROLlER. In item 15 PRECIS, reviews results based on small-scale experi­ Weber is missing, in 19 Mauss is missing. ments, conclu des with the wish "to set up a working situ­ HEELAN, P. A.: "The logic of changing classificatory ation." The bibliography (p. 396), 10 items, has four networks" (p. 260-74). A philosophical paper on con­ GROLlER items, a link to SUPPE via Strawson and to tinuous and discontinuous trajectories of theory devel­ DAHLBERG via Korner. The commentary by 1. M. opment and inter-framework relationships, based on the PERREAULT returns to the basic philosohical pro­ work of Feyerabend and Kuhn. There is positive men­ blems, p. 399-403. tion of the New Systematics (p. 269). A useful chart FAIRTHORNE, R. A.: "Temporal structure in biblio­ based on Bunge (Scientific Research 1968) shows how graphical classification" (p. 404- 12) "What discourse far various theories of optics cover typical facts and speaks of, that is, what it mentions by name or descrip­ laws. (Why not submit Goethe's Fa rbenlehre to the same tion -, are among its extensional properties. What dis­ examination compared with Newton?). The bibliography , course speaks on, that is, what it is amongst its intensio­ (p. 174) contains 15 items, only one, Kuhn, links with nal properties" (p. 406). The bibliography (p. 412), is

186 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Book Reviews one self-citation understandable in a doyen, but could BARTELT, Frauke: Standardlisten zur Schlagwortge­ have been streng�hened by Foucault: L 'ordre du disc?urs bung. Hilfsmittel der verbaler, Sachcrschliellung in Bi­ 1971 (in GROUER). Phyllis A. RICHMOND revIews bliotheken (Authority lists for the assignment of subject favourably (p. 413-5). However, "Overlapping (sic) headings. Aids for the verbal subject access in libraries) fan-histories" need not be a mere compromIse, posSIbly (In German). Koln: Greven Verlag 1978, 124 p. - BU even a lattice? Heft 46: ISBN 3-7743-0546-3 W AHUN, E.: ' "The AR-Complex - Adapted systems This little book of 89 pages is based on an intensive used in combination with a common reference system" study of the literature on subject heading lists; alto­ (p. 416-49). An exposition of product classification gether 313 items are cited in the list of references (pp. (Brnssels Tariff) building documentatlOn (A-Z system) 91-124). The book is a revised version of the author's combined with a simple reference grid. The blbhography, thesis for the degree of "Assessor" at the Bibliothekar­ of 8 items are all self-citations (one in GROUER)_ The Lehrinstitut, Koln. "Standardlisten" was translated by paper can ';'ell be read in conjunction with MbLGAARD­ "authority lists" (for subject heading assignment). What HANSEN, see above, but PC in one IS not PC 111 the is meant could also be expressed by "controlled vocabul­ other. aries". It is concerned with those controlled vocabularies KEDROV, B. M.: "Klassikatsiya !lauk. Ege printsipe. which are used in universal libraries; thesauri are treated Ege tsiklicheskaya forma" (Classification of knowledge. only from a theoretical point of view (chapter 1)_ In Its principles. Its cyclic fonn) (p. 472-93). Blbhography chapter two the history of universal subject heading lists passim. An author's abstract in E, F, D, t r ference � � � in the USA is traced, especially of those of the major to GROUER's citation to his "La classlflcatlOn des ones, as e.g. Library of Congress Subject headings sciences" mentioned in p. would have 1956, §43, 492, (LCSh), the Sears List, the one from the New York been useful. Public Library a.o. The third chapter focusses on the LACHARITE, N.: "Questions about 'classifiables' LCSh alone. Its strncture and application by the Library and 'classifiers' submitted as a commentary to various of Congress is described and investigations for its im­ papers" (p. 494-503). 1) Refers to ASHWORTH (p. provement especially the ones from J. E. Daily towards 494) ; 2), to SHEA (p. 494-5), 3) (p. 495-7) to LA "Classified Library of Congress Subject headings" as well FRANCE/HEELAN, 4) (p. 497-503) to FARRADANE. as future plans concerning the discontinuation of the DAHLBERG, Ingetraut: "Principles for the constru �; Library of Congress card catalogue beginning 1980 are tion of a universal classification system: a proposal taken into consideration. The fourth chapter provides a (p. 450-71). The definitions (p. 450-1), contain some survey on the distribution of universal subject heading German words (p. 450) Massgabe = existence? "Know­ lists in other countries, such as Canada, Australia, Latin ledge fields consist of clusters" (p. 451). It would also America, Spain, Italy, France, Belgium, Netherlands, be useful to define knowledge as "forms" and "fields". Great Britain, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, East-Europe "A scientific discipline represents the last stage of a and Asia, Germany, Switzerland and Austria. In a final knowledge field" (p. Here the question of "wis­ 451). chapter the subject heading catalog is confronted with senschaftlich" arises. In English usage "scientific" still the subject heading list. The inconsistencies of the has natural science overtones, better to use "scholarly", former must be seen to belong to its nature, a thesaurus­ "learned" or even objective." This could well be a sub­ " like and computer-controlled subject heading list may ject for the Dusseldorf group, whose influence is strong well serve to compensate for its shortcomings. in this paper. The Postulates (p. 452-3), cover arrange­ The book gives a wealth of information, it is also time­ ment, contents, relations, notation and presentatlOn. ly and well-written. It should be translated into English Two schemes are elaborated with schedules (p. 456-63) soon. An English version might bring along the necessary with decimal notation but certain free spaces at various feedback from the authorities in other countries (Chap­ places. A practical step is the collection of "field terms"; ter 4) and would possibly reveal that the literature sour­ a fruitful proposal for "indicative" as well as "informa­ ces consulted were sometimes somewhat old. This holds tive" indexing is made, (p. 464), why not in depth "eva­ also for the availability of English-language thesauri, luation" indexing? there is some outdated information on the pages 2-3 re­ Philosophy is dealt with (p. 464·-6), with a neat garding the thesaurus collection at the Case Western hegelian triad. The thrust of the argument is towards Reserve University, (see Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979), No_ "integrative levels" which leads to the theory of JOL­ I, p.38: IINTE Clearing House). LEY and the practical application of AUSTIN via Fei­ l. Dahlberg bleman. There is a faustian pentagram (p. 468), illustrat­ ing the whole system described as "Ontologic-categorial". Perhaps it would have been better to concentrate upon the teleological before going into the ontological. Exe­ gesis before hermeneutics! The bibliography, (p. 469- 71), 28 items, has six authors who are in the Conference, three of these are editors of the In ternational Classifica­ tion journal, the mains fruit of the Conference? Five authors are also mentioned in GROLIER, two are also editors of IC and the other three contain two library theoreticans and St. Korner whose Categoriai fr ame­ works links the paper with AUSTIN.

A. 1. Dickson

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Book Reviews 187 CLASSIFICATION LITERATURE Vol. 6 (1979) No. 3 (4734-5111)

en) 17 (1978) No. 3, p. 179-180, 14 refs. o Form Divisions Only a short time ago taxonomic methods have also been applied to problems in palynology and botany. The terms denoting such methods are pointed out.

01 Bibliographies 4741 Nadeau, M., Levesque, D.: L'enfance en difficulte. (Terminology concerning the difficult child). In: Actual. 4734 Bibliographic Bulletin of the Clearinghouse at terminol., Canada 12 (1979) No. I, p. 1-7, 15 refs. IINTE 1977. Warsaw: IINTE 1978. = Supplement 1977 English-French glossary with definitions and explanations in Publication of the holdings and bibliographic data of the Clear" French of terms used in the field of the difficult child. inghouse including thesauri, descriptor, keyword and subject­ hcadinglists and other tools for the construction of thesauri and 4742 Braun, E., Radermacher, H. (Eds.): Wissenschafts­ classification schedules. This Bulletin was prepared with the theoretisches Lex ikon. (Lexicon philosophy of science) cooperation of the Faculty of Library Science, University of (In German). Graz-Wien-Koln: Styria VerI. 1978. 713 p., Toronto. It contains an author/editor index and a subject index. DM 88,- (Address ofIINTE: AI. Niepodleglosci 188, Warszawa, Poland), 77 authors have provided the articles to 250 entry-words in the field of philosophy (theory) of science. 02 Literature Reviews 4743 Schulze, H. H.: Lexikon zur Datenverarbeitung. 4735 Kovar, E.: The subject arrangement of information Schwierige Begriffe einfach erkHirt. (Lexicon concerning between yesterday and tomorrow. (In Slovakian). In: data processing). (In German). Reinbek: Rowohlt 1978. Ctenar (Supplements) 28 (1976) No. 10 and 20 (1978) 259 p., DM 7.80 No. 3, 70 p., 226 refs. Survey on the main topics of classification as well as on the major classification systems. 04 Classification Systems and Thesauri

'4736 Krav�enko, N. D.: Aspects of linguistic support 4745 Kaufman, J.: Recordings of non-western music: for conversational IR systems operating in the network subject and added entry access. Ann Arbor: Music Libra­ mode - a survey of domestic and internatianal materials. ry Association 1977. 36 p. ISBN 0-9 I 4954- 11-3 (In Russian). Paper presented at Nau�. Seminar Otd. IPS Introductory essay and lists of a) subject headings used by the VINITI. Moskva 1978. 46 p., 34 refs. (Typescript No. Library of Congress for recording of non-western music, b) Li­ 2139-78) brary of Congress Subject headings for ethnomusicoiogical Psychological aspects of man-machine interaction are touched re�ordil1gs. upon, among them the user reaction to the system response time, the user preference for interrogation languages structurally akin 4746 Methodisches Zentrum flir Wissenschaftliche Bib­ to natural language, the nead for automatic indexing procedures, liotheken: Bibliothekarisch-bibliographische Klassifika­ the use of standard text processing procedures as the basis for tion. Politische Parteien, Gesellschaftliche Organisationen. linguistic support to a network of computer-based STD centres, Textband I, 2 + Registerband F 6/7 (LBC Political Par­ the development of convenient and efficient teaching programs ties, Social Organisations). Berlin: Meth. Zentr. f. wiss. which also operate onMline. (Author) Bib!. 1977. (Bd. 1-3) 1109 S., M 98.50; = Tafeln flir wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken, Bd. 16. 03 Dictionaries, Terminologies 4747 Methodisches Zentrum fUr Wissenschaftliche Bib­ 4737 Kondakow, N. I.: Worterbuch der Logik. (DictiOllM liothekcn: Bibliothekarisch-bibliographische Klassifika­ ary of logic). (In German). Ed. by E. Albrecht and tion. Tafeln fUr wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken. Bd. 18: G. Asser. Leipzig: VEB Bibliographisches Institut 1978. Militarwissenschaft, MilWirwesen. (library-bibliographi­ 554 p., M 22.- Best.-Nr. 576 449 3 cal Classification. Schedules for scientific libraries. Vol. Translation from the Russian of almost 3000 entries and their 18: Military science and military matters.) (In German - discussions. Translation fro m the Russian). Berlin: Meth. Zentr. f. wiss. Bibl. 1978. 516 p. 4738 Judge, A. J. N.: NetworkMrelated concepts: tOM Contains the main tables, auxiliary tables and an alphabetical wards a vocabulary adapted to social complexity and index. progress. Words for users, weavers, designers of open networks. In: Transnational Associations 31 (1979) No. 4748 Westby, B. M. (Ed.): Sears List of Subject Head­ 5, p. 185-192 ings. lllh ed. New York: Wilson 1977. XLI, 617p. On the one side list of relevant terms grouped under 8 headings, ISBN 0-8242-061 O-X on the other side definitions of 34 relevant terms. 4749 Verein d. Bibliothekare an bffcntlichen Biblio� 4739 Nilsson, S., Muller, J.: Recommended palynologi­ theken (Ed.): Systematik flir Bibliotheken (SfB) Bisher cal terms and definitions. In: Grana (Sweden) 17 (1978) SSH, Systematik der Stadtbibliothek Hannover. (Classifi­ No. 1, p. 55-58, IIrefs. cation system for libraries). 2nd ed. Lfg. 1-(In German). The authors work in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Miinchen: K.G. Saur VerI. 1978- Stockholm 50, Sweden. This firsfdelivery contains the subject fields: Geography, ethnol­ ogy, history, literature, education, philosophy. The second deM 4740 Hideux, M.: Critical comments on the terminology livery contains medicine, psychology, language, technology and used in n�merical taxonomic methods. In: Grana (Swed� veterinary medicine.

188 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Classification Literature 4750 Arbeitsstelle fUr das Bibliothekswesen. Arbeits­ The more than 37 000 terms are derived directly trom the terms kreis "Kinder- und Jugendbibliotheken" (CompI): Syste­ used in the monthly subjcct indexes to the said Bibliography. All matik fur Kinder- und Jugendbibliotheken (SKJ). 2nd of the terms are fully cross-referenced, word variants are given as cd. (Classification system for children and youth libra­ well. ries). (In German). Miinchen (etc.): K: G. Saur VerI. 1978. 20 p. ISBN 3-7940-5240-4 4762 Commission of the European Communities: Agri� cultural Economics and Rural Sociology. Multilingual 475 1 Rahm, H. (Comp.): Thesaurus Mathematik. Al­ Thesaurus. (Title also in German, French and Italian.) 5 phabetischer Teil. In: DFW. Dokum. Inform. 26 (1978) vols. MUnchen-New York-London-Paris: K. G. Saur Ver­ No. 5, p. 211-217 lag 1979. I Deutsche Ausgabe 80 p., 2 English Edition The systematical part of this thesaurus for mathematics was pub­ 84 p., 3 Version francaise 84 p., 4 Edizione italiana 78 p., lished in the same journal 26 (1978) No. 3, p. 137--151. Here DM 200,- follows the alphabetical part. The four versions have each an alphabetical main list of terms and several microthesauri at the end. The hierarchical levels are INSPEC Thesaurus. 4752 1979 ed. Hitchin, Hertfords.: indicated with the broader and narrower terms, e.g. BTl, BT2, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers 1979. etc. The different language versions are brought together in the £ 30.- (U.K.), 8 70.- (USA), £ 35.- (rcst) index which possesses 4 entry sorts according to one of the four The 1979 edition contains many new and up-dated entries. languages. The microfiches show the same sorts in a different arrangement. There are 2 270 descriptors in each language, how� 4753 INIS: Subject categories and scope descriptions. ever the nondescriptors vary, namely 190 in German, 360 in Wien: International Atomic Energy Agency 1978. 738 p. English, 410 in French and 250 in Italian. = IAEA-INIS-3 (Rev. 5). ISBN 92-0-178678-6 4763 Gnany, R.: AGRIVOC: a selected list of FAO 4754 INIS Thesaurus. Wien: International Atomic Ener­ descriptors covered by AGRIS subject categories. (Eng­ gy Agency 1979. 738 p. = IAEA-INIS 13 (Rev. 16) lish, French, Spanish) Roma: Food and Agricultural ISBN 92-0-178079-6 Organization 1978. 76 p. This 16th revision follows the 15th of 1978. Contains the list of eliminated and added descriptors. 4764 Commission of the European Communities: Food. Multilingual Thesaurus. 4755 Lexique U2: sciences de la terre. (Lexicon U2: (Title also in German, French and geosciences). (In French). Paris: CNRS. Centre de Docu­ Italian) 5 vols. MUnchen�New York-London-Paris: K. G. p., mentation Scientifique et Technique 1979. 36 p. SaUl" VerI. 1979. 1 Deutsche Ausgabe 128 2 English Alphabetical descriptor list for indexing the documents of the Edition 145 p., 3 Version francaise 144 p., 4 Edizione PASCAL GEODE and the PASCAL files. Italiana 132 p., 5 Quadrilingual index and microfiches 168 p., DM 300,- 4756 API Thesaurus, 16th ed. Washington, D.C.: Ame­ The four versions have each an alphabetical main list of terms rican Petroleum Institute 1979. II, 273 p. and several micro thesauri at the cnd as e.g. for countries, food, industries, microorganisms etc. The hierarchical levels are ex­ The present edition of the thesaurus has a total of 5309 terms. pressed in addition to the indication of broader and narrower The main part is arranged in alphabetical order. A new edition terms by adding level numbers as e.g. BTl, BT2 etc. The different of the thesaurus is prepared every year. language versions are brought together in the index which pos� sesses 4 entry sorts according to one of the four languages. The 4757 ASM Thesaurus of Metallurgical Terms. 3rd ed. microfiches show the same sorts in a different arrangement. Metals Park, Ohio: American Society for Metals 1979. There are 3 458 descriptors in each language, however, the number 176 p. of the non-clescriptors varies according to language: there are The thesaurus conprises some 9000 main terms and some 70 000 1 170 in German, 2 130 in English, 1950 in French and 1 200 in cross references. Italian. 4758 Lexique U8: metallurgie. Paris: Centre National 4765 Muench, E. Y.: Biomedical subject headings. A de la Reche Scientifique. Centre de Documentation reconciliation of National Library of Medicine (MeSH) Scientifique et Technique 1979. 87 p. and Library of Congress subject headings. 2nd ed. Ham­ Controlled descriptors list for the indexing of PASCAL entered den, Conn.: The Shoe String Press, Inc. 1979. 774 p., documents in metallurgy. $ 52.50; ISBN 0-208-01 747-X Correlation of MeSH and LCSh in the field of medicine by three 4759 Thesaurus of Aluminum Technology. (A vocab­ different approaches: (1) Alphabetical list of MeSH with their ulary of terms for the indexing and retrieval of literature correlates of LCSh, (2) Subheadings of MeSH with LC equivalents dealing with aluminum technology.) Washington D.C.: and (3) Alphabetical list of LCSh with the MeSH equivalents. To The Aluminum Assoc. 1978. 163 p., App. (15 p.), Errata each of the MeSH the notation has been added in part (1). There (21 p.) is sometimes more than one notation. References have bcen in­ cluded as well. The author stresses in his Foreword that it would 4760 Commission of the European Communities: Vet­ be very valuable to establish a computer interface between these erinary Multilingual Thesaurus (Title also in German, two controlled vocabularies. This could also add new dimensions French and Italian). 5 vols. Miinchen-New York-London­ to both lists. Paris: K.G. Saur VerI. 1979. 1 Deutsche Ausgabe 214 p., 2 English Edition 244 p., 3 Version francaise 218 p., 4766 Permuted medical subject headings 1978. (MeSH). Edizione italiana 204 p., 5 Quadrilingual index and mic­ Bethesda, Md.: National Library of Medicine 1978. 319 p. rofiches. =PB 277 921 ;£ 14.70 The four versions have each an alphabetical main list of terms 4767 Deutsches Krankenhausinstitut eV (DKI); Institut and several micro thesauri at the end. The hierarchical levels are fUr Krankenhausbau der TV Berlin (Ed,) : Thesaurus indicated with the broader and narrower terms, e.g. BTl, BT2 Krankenhauswesen (Alphabetischer und Systematischer etc .. The different language versions are brought together in the Tei!) . 4. verb . u. erw. Ausg. (Thesaurus for matters con­ index which possesses 4 entry sorts according to one of the four cerning hospitals). (in German). Berlin�Diisseldorf: DKI languages. The microfiches show the same sorts in il different und I.f.K.d. TU Berlin 1978. VI, 192 p. DM 25,- arrangement. There are 4922 descriptors in each language, how­ ever 2370 nondescriptors in German, 4190 in English, 2730 in 4768 Tesauro de formacion professional. (Thesaurus for French and 1830 in Italian. vocational training). Montevideo, Uruguay: Centro Inter­ 4761 U. S. Department of Agriculture. National Agri­ americana de Investigaci6n y Documentaci6n sobre For­ cultural Library (Ed.): Agricultural Terms as used in the maci6n Professional (CINTERFOR) 1979. Bibliography of Agriculture. 2nd ed. Phoenix: OryxPress Descriptors in Spanish and English. They follow the plan of the 1978. 122 p. � 15.35, ISBN 0-9 1 2700-45-9. ILO Thesaurus plan of classification:

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Classification Literature 189 4769 Bostwick, D.: A scheme of classification for 4778 Repro-Dok. Schlagwortverzeichnis. Stand: Jan. careers-related information. Stourbridge: Institute of 1 978 (List of descriptors for reprography documentation) Caders Officers 1977. 16 p.; £ 1.50. ISBN 0-9030761-0 (In German) Frankfurt: Arbeitsstelle flir Reprotechnik 1978. 32 p. 4770 ILO Thesaurus: labour, employment and training There are about 600 concepts in the alphabetical list. terminology. 2nd ed. (In English, French, Spanish). Geneva: International Labour Office 1978. 223 p. 4779 Martin, E.; Tn�sor de la Langue Franyaise, Service ISBN 92-2-00 1982-5 de Documentation: Le thesaurus de Ia linguistique fran­ Main part in systematic and faceted arrangement (semantic 'raise. In: Franc. mod., Nouv. SeI'., Nancy (1975) No. 2, groupings of descriptors), preceded by a listing of Subject Supp!., 70 p. Category Fields. KWOC-indexes for each of the languages Alphabetical list of some 900 descriptors with relationship in­ mentioned with an index entry for every meaningful word. dications. After each entry term the correct descriptor and the appropriate facet number are given. 06 Conference Reports, Proceedings

4771 Emirkanian, 0., Koch, I. (Comp.): Verzeichnis 4780 Neclameghan, A. (Ed.): Ordering systems for glo� sportmedizinischer Schlagworter (List of subjectheadings bal information networks. Proceedings of the Third Inter­ for sport medicine). Stand 1.6. 1978 (In German). Kaln: national Study Conference on Classification Research, Bundesinstitut fUr Sportwissenschaft 1978. 94 p. held at Bombay, India, during 6--11 Jan. 1975. Bangalo­ List of 1700 descriptors in systematic and alphabetic arrange­ re, India: Documentation Research and Training Centre ment. (DRTC), FID/eR and Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science 1979. 511 p., 1II 40.- (available at 4772 Vernon, K. D. C., Lang, V.: The London Classifi­ DRTC, 31 Church Street, Banga10re 560 001, India) cation of Business Studies: A classification and thesaurus Contains the six speeches of the Inaugural Session (by A. Neela­ for business libraries. 2nd ed. London: Aslib 1979. 253 meghan, R. Ramanna, A. Ramachandran, H. Arntz, E. de Grolier p., ISBN 0-85142-1 24-5 and S. Parthasarathy), the 54 papers presented or contributed, LCBS is the only classification scheme to have been compiled in organized in three broad groups and the Concluding Session's this broad subject area since the second edition of the Harvard Remarks and Recommendations. The last 30 pages give informa­ Classification of Business Studies was published in 1960. It tion on the conference organization and an outstanding index differs from the Harvard Scheme in that is uses the principle of (10 pages) with relationship indications. The 54 papers are the facet analysis as far as possible. fo llowing: 4781 Henriksen, T.: A linguistic description model for indexing languages. 4782 Montgomery, Ch.: Toward a natu­ 4773 Lexique US: Sciences de l'ingenieur, metallurgie ral language communications interface. 4783 Spang-Hanssen, H.: exclus. (Lexicon U8: engineering sciences without metal­ Are classification systems similar to natural languages? 4784 DiaM lurgy). (In French). Paris: Centre National de la Recherche messis, S. E.: A comparative linguistics approach to classification Scientifique. Centre de Documentation Scientifique et and information processing: a computer grammar for Indo-EuroM Technique 1979. 95 p. pean machine translation-transliteration based on (Latin and) Greek. 4785 Lancaster, F. \Y.: Vocabulary control for on-line 4774 Arbeitskreis Merkmalverzeichnis: Merkmalver­ interactive retrieval systems: requirements and possible approach­ zeichnis fUr die Artikelbeschreibung. (List of characteris­ es. 4786 Dahlberg, I.: On the theory of the concept. 4787 Gro­ tics for product description) (In German). St. Augustin: lier, E. de: In search ofan objective basis for the organization of Bunctesmaterialkatalogisierungszentrale 1979. 296 p., knowledge. 4788 Beling, G.: Towards a set theoretical founda­ DM 16,50 tion of classification. 4789 Bhattacharyya, G.: Fundamentals The team having elaborated this manual and the lists consisted of of subject indexing languages. 4790 Cavalcanti, C. R.: Universal the following 9 persons: H. Bias, H. Brockmeyer, H. Gasthuber, integrated media for information processing. 4791 Desai, A. R.: O. Gekeler, H. Krist, H. Mehnen, B. Schaller, K. Schmidt, H. Theory of integrative levels, general systems theory, theory of SoIger. In the introductory part 1 the principles and aims for the classification, theory of evolution, and theory of pattern recog­ description of products (articles) by characteristics are outlined. nition (Abstract). 4792 Dhanpat Rai: The Universal Decimal Pt. 2 is concerned with the "Uniform Cataloguing of Materials Classification: an integrated information retrieval system (Abs­ (products)", the guidelines for the descripton (identification) tract), 4793 Fugmann, R.: The glamour and the misery of the and Pt. 3 contains a number of examples. Pt. 4 gives 3 different thesaurus approach (Abstract). 4794 Ghose, A., Dhawle, A. S.: lists of characteristics in alphabetical and subject arrangement, Inter- and trans-disciplinary ordering system for universe of one of them contains also the English and French equivalents to knowledge (Abstract). 4795 Gopinath, M. A., Seetharama, S.: the German names of characteristics. Interdisciplinary subjects and their classification. 4796 Irum­ 4775 Kerschberg, L., Klug, A., Tsichritzis, D.: A tax­ roth, J. Ph.: A lexical essay towards the developments of the onomy of data models. In: Systems for large data bases. theory of indexes to classification schemes. 4797 Kochen, M.: Proc. 2nd International IFIP Conf. on very large data Organizing knowledge for coping with needs. 4798 Kurbakov, bases. Brussels, Belgium, Sept. 8-10, 1976. New York: K. I., Boldov, V. G.: Problem of compatibility of information Elsevier/North Holland 1976. p. 43-64 classification systems and some probable methods of its solution. 4799 Leski, K.: The role of classifikationresearch in the develop­ A classification system for conceptual. data models in 23 database systems. ment of methods and technologies of information processing (Abstract). 4800 Maixner, V.: Classification systems and 4776 FID/Unesco Subject Descriptors to be used in retrieval languages .. 4801 Meincke, P. P. M., Atherton, P.: ISORID (Translation into Farsi by M. H. Daneshi and Knowledge space : A conceptual basis for the organization of A. H. Azarang) Tehran : Asian Cultural Documentation knowledge. 4802 Neelameghan, A.: Absolute syntax and struc­ Center for Unesco 1978? 137 p. tUre of an indexing and switching language. 4803 Neill, S. D.: Terms in Farsi (Persian language) are listed with English equiva­ McLuhan and classification. 4804 Richmond, Ph. William� lents and vice versa. The same for Farsi and French terms and A., son, N. J.: Three dimensional physical models in classification. French and English terms. 4805 Svenonius, E.: Translation between hierarchical structures: 4777 Ordnungsmittel fUr das automatisierte Informa­ An exercise in abstract classification. 4806 Barko, H.: Chang­ tions- und Dokumentationssystem AIDOS. (Classifica­ ing roles Of and developments in automated classification. 4807 tion/ordering aids for the automatic information and Dreese, M. J.: Comparison of document retrieval using UDC­ documentation system AIDOS) (In German). (Trilingual notation given by UDC-expert with catch-words taken from title edition) Dresden: Kombinat Robotron, Leitstelle fUr byclerk, stored in computer memory. 4808 Garfield , E., Malin, Information, Dokumentation 1977. 204 p. (4 MF) M. V., Small, H.: A system for automatic classification of scientific = RKZ-A-3 ID 12761 literature (Abstract). 4809 Heaps, H. S., Leung, K. V.: Auto� Schcme for the subject fields Data Processing and Office Tech­ matic document classificationbased ona theory of relevance. 4810 nology in German, Russian and Bulgarian. Krishnamurthy, E. V., Sankar, P., Krishnan, S.: Algorithmic

190 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Classification Literature Wiswesser Line Notation (ALWIN) for organic compounds with works for information retrieval. 4850 Tyugu, E.: Use of a prob­ cyclic structures. 4811 Helbich, 1.: Experimental comparison lem solver for data base handling. 4851 Guckler, G.: A diction­ of nine statistical procedures fo r measuring selective power of ary as a data base. 4852 Lau, G.: The role of prepositions in single words. 4812 Hersey, D. F., Foster, W. R., Payne, W. H., understanding relations. 4853 Bernorio, M. et al: A domain Hunt, B. L.: Toward a machine assisted indexing vocabulary for oriented natural language understanding (DONAU) system for international use. Recent developments at the Smithsonian Science man-machine interaction with dynamic data bases. 4854 Guida, Information Exchange (SSIE). 4813 Hoyle, W. G.: A meas­ G.: Ideas about the design of natural language interfaces to query ure of overlap in classification systems. 4814 Kleszcz, F.: Method systems. 4855 Stamper, R.: Two paradigms for natural language of information retrieval and subject index compilation for ab­ and data bases. - App.: The IIASA Energy Resources Sample stracting periodicals with the use of a thesaurus enlarged with Data Base. - List of participants. machine part classification. 4815 Schneider,l. H.: AUTOCLASS: A computer system for facilitating the creation and updating of 4856 Schneider, W., Sagvall Hein, A. (Eds.); Internatio­ hierarchical classifications. 4816 Cooke, G. A., Heaps, D. M., nal Federation for Information Processing (IFIP): Com­ Mercier, M.: Manipulation of machine-readable data bases for putational linguistics in medicine. Proceedings, IFIP TC-4 classification research: some Canadian experiences. 4817 Harris, Working Conference, Uppsala, 2-6 May 1977. Amster­ B., Sinas, E., Laskowski, R.: Faceted information retrieval for dam: North Holland 1977. 193 p., 58 refs. linguistics (FIRL): Further developments. 4818 lanos, 1.: In­ ISBN 0-444-85040-6 fo rmation systems with automated indexing based on the analy­ The aim of this working conference was to study how and to sis of texts. 4819 Rigby, M.: Advances since Elsinore in the use what extent the application of methods from computational of automated equipment for vocabulary, classification schedule linguistics (CL) and artificial intelligence (AI) can contribute to and information or data control on a universal scale. 4820 To­ the automatic processing of verbal medical information and to the man, 1.: Trend of the fu ture: two ordering systems used together? modelling of medical knowledge and medical decision processes. 4821 Toman,l., L1oyd,G. A.: Introduction to the Subject-field Reference Code (SRC) or Broad System of Ordering (BSO) for 4857 International Seminar on Intelligent Question­ UNISIST purposes. 4822 Austin, D.: Differences between libra­ Answering and Data Base Systems. Proceedings. Bonas, ry classifications and machine-based subject retrieval systems; France, 21--30 June 1977. Le Chesnay: Institut de Re­ some inferences drawn from research in Britain, 1963-1973. cherche d'Informatique et d'Automatique 1978. 297 p., 4823 Buntrock, H.: Problems and issues in agricultural classifi­ 297 refs. ISBN 2-7261 {J1 52-6 cation and indexing systems. 4824 Giertz, L. M.: The SfB-sys­ The volume contains 23 invited papers and some contributed tem: case study on an information system for global cooperation ones. They are divided into the three chapters; 1) Machine repre­ in the field of buildings construction. 4825 lachowicz, R. L.: scntation formalisms, 2) Answers to questions on the basis of Application of classification as a basis for the formulation of previously entered data, 3) Systems using artificial intelligence. thesaurus. 4826 Kofnovec, L., Simandl, D.: Quantitative struc­ ture of world scientific and technical literature and its use for 4858 Junginger, F.: Der Schlagwortkatalog aJs Sacher­ optimizing general classifications. 4827 Rajan, T. N., Guha, B.: schlieBungsinstrument groBer Universalbibliotheken. (The A comparative study of subject heading structuring according to subject-headings catalog - instrument for the subject POPSI and PRECIS. 4828 Rolling, L. N.: Computcr manage­ access to large university libraries) (In German). In: Z. f. ment of multi-lingual thesaUri. 4829 Scibor, E.: Indexing lan­ Bibliothekswes. ll. Bibliographie 26 (1979) No. 2, p. 74- guages for future Polish national computer based information sys­ 84 tem. 4830 Sokolov, A. V.: Compound indexing languages. Report on the papers and results of a two-day seminar of some 4831 Vilenskaya, S. C.: Systems approach as a principle of the­ 32 experts on Nov. 14-15, 1978 in Munich. Papers were given saurus building on the basis of the subject headings language. by Mr. Hansis on PARTHES (Thesaurus for Parliamentary ma­ 4832 Wahlin, E.: Special classification systems used together terials) , R. Supper on PRECIS, C. G. Nowak on the AKD-The­ with a common reference system: theAR-Compiex. 4833 Wersig, saurus for Public Libraries, I. Dahlberg on the PHotstudy DB­ G.: Experiences in compatibility research in documentary lan­ Thesaurus (Th. for the German Library , FrankfurtjM.), Ms. Poll guages. 4834 Wolff-Terroine,M.: A macrothesaurus. Why? How? on the Subject-headings Catalog of the university library of Er­ 4835 Samuelson, K.: Information ordering in world-wide com­ langen, Mr. Frankenberger on the Subject-headings Catalog of munication. 4836 Massil, S. W.: Design of systems for a regional the newly founded Bavarian university libraries F. lunginger had information centre. 4837 Raghavendra Rao, M. K., Kamath, V. prepared a comparison of the most important subject-headings A.: INIS - a successful experiment in operating a decentralizeo rules in German and had tried to present the common grounds as computerbased, mission-oriented information system. 4838 well as useful single solutions. This comparison (displayed in a Shepherd, M., Watters, c.: Hierarchical retrieval from structured matrix) was discussed. Here the results of these discussions are text. - (The papers which have been published elsewhere in the given. Concerning the resolution of this meeting see Intern. Clas­ meantime are included as 'Abstracts' in this volume.) There is an sificat. 6 (1979) No. 1, p. 37. abstract to each paper on its first page. Discussions have not been included. 4859 Dahlberg, I.: Matter and methods of subject access 4839 Rahmstorf, G., Ferguson, M. (Eds.): Proceedings to knowledge. In: Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No.2, p. of a Workshop on Natural Language for Interaction with 119 Data Bases. Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute Report on the second seminar concerning classification and ed­ for Applied Systems Analysis 1978. 297 p. ucation, held at the Bibliothekar-Lehrinstitut, Koln, 28--29 March Collection of papers presented at the Workshop held at IIASA in 1979, at which occasion 7 lectures were given mostly resulting Laxenburg, lan. 10-14, 1977. It aimed at discussing the advan­ from questionnaire evaluations on the "matter and methods" used tages and limitations of natural language as a man-machine com­ for the teaching of classification at German Library and Docu­ munication tool. After an introduction by the editors the follow­ mentation Schools. ing 16 papers are presented: 4840 Krageloh, K.-D.: Access to a data base system via natural language. 4841 King, M. et al: Cater­ 4860 Dickson, A.].: Informatics 5 - "Analysis of Mean­ ing for the experienced and the naive user. 4842 Lehmann, H.: ing". In: Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 2, p. 118-1 19 The USL system for data analysis. 4843 Hendrix, G. G.: A Report on the 5th Conference of the Aslib Co-ordinate Indexing natural language interface fa cility and its application to a nASA Group (now Informatics Group), held in Oxford, March 21-23, data base. 4844 Briabrin, V., Senin, G.: Natural language process­ 1979. ing within a restricted context. 4845 Stonebraker, M.: INGRES "- a relational data base system. 4846 Berry-Rogghe, G. L., 4861 First International Conference on Terminological WuJz, H.: An overview of PUDIS - a problem solving informa­ Data Banks. In: Intern. Classifica!. 6 (1979) No. 2, p. tion system with German as query language. 4847 Szolovits, P., 122--123 Hawkinson, L. B., Martin, W. A.: On overview ofOWL, a language Report on the conference, held in Vienna, April 2-3, 1979; more for knowledge representation. 4848 Lehmann, E.: Progress in than 50 experts from 17 countries attended the meeting. the development of a multipurpose German language question­ answering system. 4849 Rahmstorf, G.: Usc of semantic net- 4862 Endres-Niggemeyer, B.: Klassifikation und Er-

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Classification Literature 191 kenntnis (Classification and Cognition). (In German). In: ten. 4896 Bock, H. H.: Clusteranalyse mit unscharfen Partitio� Nachr. Dok. 30 (1979) No. 3, p. 140- nen. - Concludingly a summarizing report on the Session 4 of Report on the 3rd Annual Conference of the German Classifica­ the 3rd Annual Conference is given by W. Sodeur and also a re­ tion Society, 4-7 April 1979, K6nigstein. port on the activities of the SIG Numerical Classification by H. H. Bock. 4863 Dahlberg, I. (and Dahlberg, W.) (Ed.): Klassifika­ tion und Erkenntnis. 1. (Classification and Cognition, VoL 07 Textbooks I). Proceedings def Plenarvortrage u. d. Sekt. 1 "Klassifi­ kation und Wissensgewinnung" del' 3. Fachtagung der 4897 Farradane, J.: Book review of Maltby, A. (Ed.) : Ges. f. Klassifikation eV., K6nigstein/Ts., 5.-6. April Classification in the 1970s: a second look. London 1976. 1979. Frankfurt: Gesellschaft fUr Klassifikation 1979. In: Libr. Quarterly 47 (1977) No. 3, p. 484-485 VIII, 216 p., DM 34,-; Studien zur Klassifikation, Bd. 4 (SK-4) ISBN 3-88283-004-2 4898 Haake, R., Koblitz, J., Nestler, F., Schmoll, G. Contains the following 9 papers and the reports and comments (Eds.): Handbuch der Information und Dokumentation. of the final session by (1) the session chairmen, (2) the chairmen 2nd ed. Leipzig: VEB Bibliographisches Institut 1979. of the SIGs in action and (3) by P. N. Kaula, P. Lang, H. Arntz (here p. 104-136) and I. Dahlberg. - 4864 Scheele, M.: Der Mensch als Voraus­ The entire chapter 5 of this handbook on information and docu­ sctzung und als Ziel der Klassifikationsforschung. 4865 Judge, mentation is devoted to classification and indexing. It contains A. J. N.: Representation of sets: the role of number. 4866 definitions, description of an information retrieval language in Dahlberg, W.: Zur Geometrie der Grundbegriffe. 4867 Mertens, general, of classification systems, descriptor lists and indexing P.: Die Theorie der Mustererkennung in den Wirtschaftswissen­ by subject headings, thesauri and coordinate indexing and spe­ schaften. 4868 Hansert, E.: Die Statistik als Methodik zur Kon­ cial indexing forms. struktion von Wissen. 4869 Schwendtke, A.: Wissenschaftssy­ Classification: an introductory stematik: und Scientometroiogie. 4870 Henrichs, N.: Gegen­ 4899 Herdman, M. M.: manual. standstheoretische Grundlagen der Bibliotheksklassifikation? Rev. by J. Osborn. 3rd ed. Chicago: American 4871 Fugmann, R., Winter, J. H.: Durch mechanisierte Klas­ Library Association 1978.44 p. Informs among other also on the Dewey Decimal Classification sifikation zum AnalogieschluB . 4872 Greiter, F., Guttmann, G., (p. 12-18), the Library of Congress Classification (p. 18-22), Oeser, E.: Die Rolle der Klassifikation bei der Entwicklung und the Universal Decimal Classification (p. 22-26) and the Colon Bewertung neuer Produkte. - List of participants. Classification, (p. 25-28). 4873 Dahlberg, W. (Ed.): Klassifikation und Erkenntnis. II. (Classification and Cognition, Vol. II). Proceedings d. 4900 Horvath, T.; Vargha, D.: Information thesauri. (In Sekt. 2 und 3 "Wissensdarstellung und WissensvermiU­ Hungarian). Budapest: Orszagos Szechenyi Konyvtar lung" d. 3. Fachtagung d. Ges. f. Klassifikation eV., Konyvtartudomanyies M6dszertani K6zpont. 1977. 80 p. K6nigstein/Ts., 5. -6. April 1979. Frankfurt: Gesellschaft Manual throwing light on the theoreticaL bases of thesauri and flir Klassifikation 1979. VIII, 232 p. DM 34,,- = Studien offering practical assistance to those which have to prepare the­ zur Klassikation, Bd. 5 (SK-5) ISBN 3-88283-005-0 sauri. Contains the 6 papers of the topic "Classification and Knowledge Representation" and the 6 ones of the topic "Classification and 4901 Knight, G. N.: Indexing, the art of. A guide to the Knowledge Mediation" with discussions. 4874 Sechser, D.: indexing of books and periodicals. London: George Allen Modi der Bedeutung von Elementarausdrlicken in Retrieval-Spra­ & Unwin 1979. 218 p. ISBN 0-04-029002-6 chen. 4875 Bechtel, H.: Vorweggenommene Postkoordination Foreword by H. Macmillan. Contents: Introductory_ Themechan­ zur Minderung des Problems der variablen Wort bedeutung in ics. Headings and subheadings. Proper name headings. Subject kontextfreien Dokumentationssprachen. 4876 Mlitzke, E.: headings. References and crosNeferences. Alphabetical arrange­ Zur Klassifikation von Aussagen. 4877 Svenonius, E.: Facets ment. The indexing of periodicals. Newspaper indexing. Cumula­ as semantic categories. 4878 Kaula, P. N.: Canons in analytico­ tive indexing. Editing the index. The correction of proofs. Humour synthetic classification. 4879 Henzler, R. G.: Modelle und Me­ in indexing. - App.: 4902 J. A. Gordon: The Society ofIndexers. thoden der maschinellen Thesallrusentwicklung. 4880 Rahms­ 4903 Greengrass, A. R.: The American Society of Indexers. torf, G.: Sprachlicher Ausdruck fUr spezifische Begriffe. 4881 4904 Garrow, C., Hagger, J.: The Australian Society ofIndexers. H61z1, J.: Name und Benennung in der Warenklassifikation. 4882 4905 Greig, P. E.: The Indexing and Abstracting Society ofCa­ Vasarhelyi, P.: Implications of the INTERCONCEPT Project for nada. 4906 Bakewell, K.G.B.: The Wheatley Medal. 4907 Bake­ classification and indexing. 4883 Karlgren, H.: How to handle well, K.G.B.: The Carey Award. - Index. vagueness. 4884 Peton, 1. S.: Explikationen in umgangssprach­ lichen und fachsprachlichen W6rterbiichern. 4885 Bivins, K.: Frame searching and indexing languages. 08 Other Monographs

4886 Bock, H. H. (Ed.): Klassifikation und Erkenntnis. 4908 Daily, J. E.: Book review of Langridge, D. W.: III: Numerische Klassifikation (Classification and Cogni­ Classification and indexing in the humanities. Boston tion, VoL III: Numerical Classification). Vortrage und and London 1976. In: Libr. Quarterly 47 (1977) No. 3, Diskussionen zur Numerischen Klassifikation bei der 3. p. 486-487 Fachtagung der Ges. f. Klassifikation eV, K6nigsteinjTs., 4.-6. April 1979. Frankfurt : Gesellschaft flir Klassifika­ 4909 Foskett, A. C.: Book review ofComaromi,J. Ph.: tion 1979. X, 174 p. DM 30.- = Studien zur Klassifika­ The Eighteen Editions of the Dewey Decimal Classifica­ tion, Bd. 6 (SK-6) ISBN 3-88283-006-0 tion. Albany, N. Y. 1976. In: Libr. Quarterly 47 (1977) Contains the 10 papers (with discussions) on numerical classifi­ No. 3, p. 481-482 cation methods (cluster analysis, numerical taxonomy) presented during the 3rd Annual Conference of the German Classification 49 10 Gasthuber, H.: Book review of Kooperation in der Society and a working session of the Special Interest Group on Klassifikation. Vols. I and II. (In German). In: Forum "Numerical Classification" . 4887 Diday ,E.: Problems of cluster­ Ware 7 (1979) No. 1-2, p. 123-125 ing and recent advances. 4888 Opitz, 0.: Neuere Entwicklun­ gen zur Taxonomie mit qualitativen Daten. 4889 Degens, P. O.: Konsistenzforderung fUr die automatische Klassifikation. 4890 09 Standards, guidelines Barmeiter, M.: Experimente zum Schnittverfahren Cluster-Algo­ rithmus. 4891 Bollmann, P.: Beschreibung des Koeffizienten 491 1 Standards for the editor, publisher, librarian and von Jaccard durch Transformationen. 4892 Schaller, K.: Eine information scientist. London: British Standards Institu­ Methodenbank zur Clusteranalyse. 4893 Nollau, H. G.: Ein tion 1978. 10 p. Verfahren zur automatischen Klassifikation. 4894 Ihm, P.: Nu� This list contains also complete information on the BS 1000 merische Klassifikation und Distanzgeometrie. 4895 Schader, "Universal Decimal Classification", full and abridged editions in M.: Ein Austauschverfahren zur Klassifikation qualitativer Da- English.

192 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Classification Literature 49 12 Deutsches Institut fUr Normung. NormenausschuB 49 18 Lednikov, E. E.: Modal concepts in the language Bibliotheks- und Dokumentationswesen (NABD): DIN of science. (In Russian). In: Logico-filosof. anahz. pon­ 3 166. Landerzeichen. (Country Codes). (In German). jatijnogo apparata nauki. Kiev: 1977. p. 31-36, 26 refs. Berlin: Beuth-Verl. 1978. 17 p. It is assumed that modal concepts can be used for reasoning in The German country codes correspond to the international stan­ the non-mathematical sciences, thus supplementing the classical dard ISO 3166. There are two and three-letter codes for coun­ formal-logical apparatus and adjusting it for these sciences. tires, dependent territories and other territories as well as rules for adaptation in case offuture developments. It is recommended 49 19 Popovi�, M. V. (Ed.): Logico-philosophical analy­ to use the two-letter code. sis of science's conceptual apparatus. (In Russian) Kiev: Nauk. Dumka 1977. 226 p. Collection of papers.

4920 Riggs, F. W.: Book review on N. Bolton: Concept 1 Theoretical Foundations of Classification formation. Oxford 1977. In: Intern. Classifica!. 6 (1979) No. 2,p. 125-127

11 General Theory of Order 4921 Sanko, M. E.: Conceptual schemas, abstract data structures enterprise descriptions. In: Proc. Intern. Compo l i April New 49 13 Dahlberg, W.: Towards a geometry of basic con­ Symp. 1977. Liege, Be g um, 4-7 , 1977. York : p. cepts. In: Intern. Classifica!. 6 (1979) No. 2 p. 73-84, Elsevier/North-Holland 1977. 85-102 This paper relates recent work on conceptual schemas in the da­ 12 refs. The essential pillars of man's thinking and knowing are the basic tabase area to work on abstract data types in computer science. concepts which structure all his knowledge so far attained and It then suggests that a "real world association between two ob­ his future knowledge. It is, however, only with great difficulty jects" be used to compare data models. An improved conceptual that these basic concepts can be made accessible for everyone schema level for DIAM II is used as an cxample of this approach. through conceptual clarification, definition and classification. This level is compared in dctail with other proposed models for Here, geometrical forms and shapes are used as instruments for a the conceptual schema. (Author) proper representation of interrelationships of such concepts. This approach is supported by a fourfold way of reasoning con­ 4922 Weinberger, Ch., Weinberger, 0.: Logik, Semantik cerning (1) basic questions of structuralization, (2) the problem und Hermeneutik. Eine Einflihrung (In German) MUn­ of definition and defining, (3) the question of cognition and the chen: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung 1979. 231 p. standpoints of attaining cognitive knowledge and (4) the problem ISBN 3-406-04049-7 of classification of such concepts. The figures, tables and charts Introduction into the basic concepts oflogic, theory oflinguistics added display the methods applied as well as the concepts clari­ and hermeneutics. Not only the logic of descriptive language is fied in this way. The Epilog summarizes the four approaches and treated but also the logic of prescriptive language. In addition definition theory and questions of henneneutics, especially shows their practical implications. juridical hermeneutics are ventilated. 4914 Perreault, J. M.: The idea of order in bibJiography. Bangalore: Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library 13 Mathematics of Classification Science 1978. IX, 135 p. ::::: Sarada Ranganathan Endow­ ment for Library Science Series 9. See also 4788, 4813, 4826, 4865, 4868 After an introduction on J. M. Perreault the 6 lectures are given held in Dec. 1975 at DRTC on the following topics: (1) The need for predictability and its fulfilment in order. (2) Order and the 14 Systemology and classification structuredness of truth. (3) Disorder, meaning and rules. (4) The structure of bibliographical files. (5) The structure of bibliogra­ See also 49 15 phic entries. (6) Cataloging codes and cotermineity. - There are references and notes to each chapter and an index to the whole 4923 Judge, A. 1. N.: Tensed networks. Balancing and book. focusing network dynamics in response to networking diseases. In: Transnational Assoc. 30 (1978) No. 11, p. N.: Cognitive systematization. A 49 15 Rescher, systems­ 480-483, 8 refs. theoretic approach to a coherentist theory of knowledge. Examination of some of the assumptions underlying the enthusi­ Oxford : Basil Blackwell 1979. 211 p., L 9.50 ams of networks and their operation in practice. In an annex ISBN 0-631-19030-9 "Clues to tensing organizational networks" are given. "Summary The aim of the book is to explore the range of issues relating to of symmetrical 2 and 3-dimensional forms" - without and with cognitive systematization posed by the following group of ques­ tension elements (p. 484-485). tions: Why is it important that we should develop our knowledge about the world systematically - what is the point of systemati­ 4924 Judge, A. 1. N.: Networking diseases. In : Transna­ zation in the cognitive domain? How does cognitive systemati­ tional Assoc. 30 (1978) No. II,p. 486-490, 5 refs. zation aid in the pursuit of truth? What are the major modes and "Speculations towards the development of cures and preventive methods of cognitive systematization'! What considerations legiti­ measures" of systems and networks using the parallelism of hu­ mate the principles and procedures of cognitive systematization? man diseases and their relations to the organismic system. "To the Does the systematicity of our knowledge have an ontological basis extent that there is even a faint parallel between the human or is it purely an epistemological issue? (From the jacket-text) body and a social organization ... such a classification (namely the one of the World Health Organization) can then be used to 12 Conceptual Basis of Classification provide suggestive pointers to the kinds of things which may go wrong with networks of individuals or groups.» See also 4737. 4742. 4786,4801,4866, 5053 4925 Judge, A. J. N.: Book review of J. Gall: System­ 49 17 Krymskij, S. B.: Knowledge systems and the prob­ antics; how systems work ..and especially how they lem of their categorial determination. (In Russian). In: tail. New York, Pocket Books 1978. In: Transnational Logico-filosof. anaHz. ponjatijnogo apparata nauki,. Kiev Assoc. 30 (1978) No. II, p. 491 -496, 7 + 2 refs. 1977. p. 196-225,27 refs. Presentation and comment of Gall's 32 Basic Systems Axioms Categories arc understood as forms of understanding, conceptual which are full of a hidden humour. "The book is fun but also frameworks for the formulation of cognitive problems, and forms challenging to the reader who is constantly faced with the ques­ of synthesising and analyzing the objective content of knowledge. tion ''just how true is this in fact'!" (e.g. Axiom 1: Systems in Categories represent the means for patterning the developing general work poorly or not at all ....Axiom 6: Complex systems knowledge according to the lines of theoretical systems. tend to oppose their own proper function ...)

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Classification Literature 193 16 Development of Science and Classification mation retrieval (p. 10-24, 10 refs.) 4934 Cooper, W. S.: A perspective on the measurement ofretrieval effectiveness. (p. 25- See also 4868, 4869, 4872 39, 9 refs.) 4935 Robertson, St. E.: Indexing theory and retriev­ al effectiveness. (p. 40-56, 12 refs.) 4936 Harter, St. P.: Sta­ 4926 Bauer, G.: Rationalisierung derWissenschaftsprog­ tistical approaches to automatic indexing. (p. 57-74, 29 refs.) nose durch Anwendung von Thesauren und thesaurusar­ 4937 Rijsbergen, C. J. van: Automatic classification in informa­ tigen Hilfsmitteln. (The rationalization of science progno­ tion retrieval. (p. 75-89, 12 refs.) 4938 Kuhns, J. L.: Data re­ sis by means of thesauri and thesaurus-type media.) (In trieval and relational logic. (p. 90-105, 13 refs.) German). In: Informatik 26 (1979) No. I, p. 29-33, 20 refs. 19 History of Classification Proposal to use graphic means in addition to other prognosis meth­ ods for a semantic representation of the concepts of a field See also 4990, 4992, 5016, 5090, 5092, 5097, 5099 showing also the changes in the semantic structures during the processing of information, the poly hierarchical and multidimen­ sional state of the fields of knowledge as well as the psychologi­ cally oriented information processing. Main application fields are prognoses in interdisciplinary sciences. 2 Structure & Construct ion of CS

17 Classification Problems 21 General Questions of Structure See also 4797, 4820, 4826, 4863, 4864, 4882, 4883 See also 47 81, 4783, 4789, 4793, 4794, 4800, 4822, 4927 Judge, A. J. N.: Information mapping for develop­ 4830, 4832, 4878, 4900 ment. In: Transnational Associations 31 (1979) No. 5, p. 185-192. 43 refs. (with notes) 4939 Delgado, R. R.: Teoria de sistemas y tesauros fa­ Report on a preliminary investigation into the problems of map­ cetados. (Systems theory and faceted thesauri) (In Span­ ping satisfactorily for policy purposes the domains of science and ish). In: Rev. esp . Doc. Cient. I (1978) No. 3, p. 213- technology as applied to development. The problem is treated 224, 17 refs. under the following aspects: Quantitative, Logical (classification), If scientific ideas are arranged according to general systems theo­ Operational (organizations), Comprehensibility, Behavioural, ry, the rather ambiguous concept of 'facet' can be considered as "Mythical" and aspects of Ignorance and lack of systematically 'criterion for classification'. These criteria can facilitate informa­ ordered information on scientific disciplines, development pro­ tion processing and retrieval. The paper contains three brief cesses, technologies and applications processes. examples of this approach in relation to physics, biology and eco­ nomic sciences. (Author) 4928 Leonov, V. P.: On the concept of automated ency­ clopedia. In: Intern. Forum on Inform. & Doc. 4 (1979) 4940 Zechendorf, B.: Zur Theorie der Klassifikations­ No. I, p. 6-1 1, I fig., 31 refs., I Appendix (A fragment systeme. (On classification system's theory). (In German). from the Encyclopaedic File Index.) In: Nachr. Dok. 29 (1978) No. 6, p. 246-248 Discusses various projects aimed at organization of the storage Attempt at a derivative representation of classification concepts and utilisation of scientific and technical literature on a world­ and principles. wide scale. Analyses cxperiments in creating encyclopedic stores of knowledge, and advances a concept for the first linc of an 22 Elements and Special Structures of CS automated encyclopedia, i. e. a documentary-and-factographic information retrieval system occupying an intermediary position See also 4785, 48 11, 4817, 4858, 4872, 4875, 4877, between contemporary information retrieval systems and logical 4880, 4881, 5101 information systems. Stages in textual analysis are described, with their subsequent translation into the language of propositions. 4941 Mazur, Z.: Properties of a model of information (Author) retrieval system based on thesaurus with weights. In: In­ 4929 Pound, M.: Cataloging and classification. In : Ame­ form . Proc. & Management 15 (1979) No. 3, p. 145-154, rican Library Association (ALA) Yearbook 1978. p. 3 refs. 82-84 This paper describes a model of information retrieval system based on thesaurus with weights. Definitions of the following 4930 Smith, L. S.: To classify or not to classify. In : Se­ terms: thesaurus, document description, information query, rials Librarian 2( 1978) No. 4, p. 371-385, 15 refs. similarity of querics and descriptions of documents, similarity The author advocates full classifications of scrials for a number measure and accuracy of response are given. Inclusiveness and of reasons: (a) materials on the same subject are kept together, two other fundamental properties of the considered system are (b) fuller usc of the serials collection is ensured , (c) reference given. (Author) work with serials is enhanced, (d) aids can be produced for pe­ riodical selection, (e) resheiving is facilitated, and (g) overcrowd­ 4942 McRee, E.· I.: Choice of subject headings. 2nd ed. ing in the subject catalogue can be alleviated. Classification gives London: Scarecrow 1978, 49 p. = Modern Library Prac­ serials the place of importance they deserve. (Author abbr.) tices Series, No. 5. ISBN 0-8108-1087-5

18 Classification Research 4943 Risko, A.: Lexical and semantic problems of sub­ ject catalogues. (In Czech). In: Kniznicny Zbornik (1977) See also 4780, 4799, 4898 p. 86-105, refs. Discussion of terminological and conceptual patterns of subject 493 1 Berrisford, P. D.: Year's work in cataloging and headings, especially also the structure of a subject heading, its classification, 1977. 1m: Libf. Resources & Techn. Serv­ lexical-semantic pattern and dimensions. Conclusion with an ices 22 (1978) p. 227-262 attempt to characterize the individual steps in the fo rmation of a subject heading, and a look at possible future developments. 4932 Maron, M. E. (Issue Editor): Theory and founda­ (Author, abbr.) tions of information retrieval. In : Drexel Library Quar­ terly 14 (1978) No. 2, p. 1-107 4944 Walker, P.: A rationale for the use of split files In his introductory remarks the editor states that the field of in­ for subject headings. In: Libr. Resources & Techn. Serv­ formation retrieval "has lacked theory and foundations", but ices 22 (1978) No. 2, p. 154-1 57, 4 refs. this issue indicates that "the situation is changing". The follow­ Based on the assertion that the point of view of subject headings ing articles review conceptions and methods, theories and proce­ should be descriptive rather than prescriptive, a logical rationale dures. 4933 Wilson, P.: Some fundamental concepts of infor- for split files for subject headings is presented. It is asserted that

194 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) NO. 3 Classification Literature the use of split files will help to remove some orthe controversies reaction types are indexed, namely, addition, elimination, oxi� relating to headings for races and other groupsofpersons. (Author) dation, regeneration. It is demonstrated that the detailing of reaction types is achieved by in-depth indexing specifying chang­ 23 Constructio n of CS ing bond kinds. (Author)

See also 4815, 4825 , 483 1, 4829, 4979, 4985, 5023� 24 Relationships 5025, 5031 See also 4852, 4876, 4938, 4975, 5034 4945 Bargielski, M., Zychowski, P.: Essay on the for� rnalization of the elaboration of hierarchical vocabularies. 4952 Mahapatra, M.; Syntactical difference between (In Polish). In: Aktua!. Prob!. Inform. Dokument. 23 POPSI and PRECIS. In: Libri 28 (1978) No. 3, p. 235� (1978) No. 3, p. 30�32, 3 refs. 245,4 refs . Comparison between POPSI (Postulate based Permuted Subject 4946 Barykina, A. I., Ro��jna, M. G., Chavina, G. N.: A Indexing) and PRECIS (Preserved Context Indexing System) on method for construction of a MIS user vocabulary. (In the basis of format and structure of index entries and the gram­ Russian). In: Tr. BNII Gas. Patent. Ekspertizy (1978) matical rules of the systems. It concludes: "PRECIS solely de­ No. 9, p. I 25� 129 (Rasd. I �2), 2 refs. pends upon the one�to-one relationships acted by Principle of Context Dependency and regulated by the various role operators, 4947 Braun, S.: Linguistically based methods for index� whereas POPSI is an improved versio n of chain proced ure". ing and thesaurus construction in information systems. In: Madey, J. (Ed.): Selected topics in information pro� 4953 Michell, B. G.: Does PRECIS have feet of clay? cessing. IFIP�INFOPOL�76. Proceedings. Warsaw, 22-27 Problems with the universality of the role operators. In: March 1976. Amsterdam: North�Holland 1977. p. Proceedings of the 7th Canadian Conference on Informa­ 187�203, 10 refs. tion Science 1979. p. 123�129 Improvements concerning the consequences of the three items fo llowing are discussed: a) inflected word forms must be reduced 4954 S�erbina-Samotlova, I. S., Zapol'skaya, T. I.: The to standard forms, b) concepts represented by word groups rather system of cross-references in an abstracting journal. (In than by single words must be identified , c) concepts may be used Russian). In: Naucno-techn. inform. SeT. 1 (1978) No. 3, without explicit occurrence of a word or word group represent� p. 24�28, 5 refs. ing them. 26 Notation, Codes 4948 Eliseev, O. M., Novikova, L. S.: Some linguistic problems arising at an early stage in the development of See also 5033, 5100 a problem�oriented information retrieval language (In 4955 Dromey, R. G.: A simple tree-structured line for� Russian). In: Med. kibemet. i informatika na slu1.be zdra­ mula notation for representing molecular topology. In: voochr. Riga 1978. p. 226�230 J. Chem. InL Camp. Sci. 18(1 978) No. 4, p. 225 �234, 9 refs. 4949 Kobrin, R. Y.: On principles of terminological work when creating thesauri for information retrieval sys� Description of a new linear notation system which is usuable for manual as well as for computer applications. terns. (In Russian). In: Naucno�techn. inform. SeT. 2 (1979) No. 6, p. 1�9, 28 refs. The principles of forming a thesaurus' glossary are considered. 4956 Judge, A. J. N.: Representation, comprehension The conception of «term model» - grammatical term structure and communication of sets: the role of number III (Sect. - which shows the disposition and grammatical category of 9-1 1 and Annexes) In : Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. words covered by it and relations between these words is intro� 2, p. 92-103, 142 refs. Part 1 in Intern. Classificat. 5 daced. Language terms expressing basic concepts of subject do� (1978) No. 3, p. 126�133; Part II in 6 (1979) No. I, p. main and reproduced in real texts and speech terms, which are 15�25. free terminological combinations of words, designating concrete concepts are distinguished. The models of grammatical structures 4957 Martin, W. J.: A readable chemical notation. In: are subdivided into two classes: a) models of language terms, b) J. Chem. Inr. Camp. Sci. 18 (1978) No. 4, p. I 99�204 models of speech terms. The class of grammatical language term Description of a chemical notation system which permits direct models is determined by the structure and norms of the language, conversion between name, notation, connectivity matrix and but not by extralinguistic factors; therefore this class should be structural formula. It is readable either verbally as a group of the same for term systems in any branch of science and tech­ symbols or as the name represented by the symbols. nology. (Author) 28 Compatibility & Concordances of CS 4950 Mahapatra, M.: Design of special classification schedules based on the principles of Colon Classification See also 4790, 4798, 4833, 4997 (Edition 7) In: Libri 29 ( 1979) No. 2, p. 169� 188, 17 refs. Descriptive outline of how to proceed in establishing a special 4958 Dixon, 1. E. G.: Concordances KWIC and com­ classification according to the concept�analytical work going with plete. An appraisal. In: Assoc. Lit. Linguist. Compo Bull. the establishment of the Colon Classification. I. Idea and verbal ALLC-Bul!. (Stockport, GB) 6 (1978) No. I, p. 28�33, planes: Choice and study of the subject. Collection of isolates 5 refs. (personality, matter, energy�isolates). Recording, arrangement of Examines the claims made for the merits of the KWIC concordM isolates. Grouping of isolates. II. Notational plane: Allotment of ance and the exhaustive concordance. The author draws the sectors. Writing up the final schedule. Preparation of the index. conclusion that the claims are not always justified, and that Implementation. where they are, other ways of realizing the objectives sought may be preferable, since the disadvantages of these concordances 495 1 Mg�enko , G. L., �arova, A. v.: Development of a outweigh the value of their distinctive fe atures. The criteria of reaction indexing language recognizing reaction frequen� judgement applied to these, as to all concordances, are the prin� cies. (In Russian). In: Nau�no-techn. inform., Ser. 2 ( 1979) ciples of scholarship, and the essentially practical ones of usuabil· No. 4, p. 13·-16, 6 refs. ity, economics, and the user envisaged. (Author) The paper reports on the modification of an organic reaction in­ dexing language using three-character terms which has been pro� 4959 Horsnel1, V., Merrett, A.: Intermediate lexicon posed for an integral information system in chemistry. The in­ research project: Phase 2: evaluation of the switching cidence rate of the reactions indexed by this language was com� and retrieval performance of the Intermediate Lexicon puted in the 60.000-strong reaction file of the "Ftor" ("Fluor­ for Information Science. London : Polytechnic of North ine") computer-based IR system. The incidence rate data were London School of Librarianship 1978. 100 p., £ 4. � used to detail most of the language lexical unit� by which main CBLRDR 5442); ISBN 0-900639-I 1-3

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Classification Literature 195 29 Evaluation of CS 4967 Maron, M. E.: DepthofIndexing. In: J. Arner. Soc. Inform. Sci. 30 (1979) No. 4, p. 224-228, 8 refs. See also 4827, 4885, 4959 For many years it has been believed that in order to design opti­ mal document retrieval systems one must assign index terms to 496 1 Ce jpek,J.: From the thesaurus to full-text method. documents at their optimal depth; therefore, it was of primary (In Czech). In: Ceskoslovenska inform. 20 (I 978) No. 9, importance to answer the fo llowing question: "What is the opti­ p. 238-245, 7 refs. mal depth of indexing'! " This article offers an analysis and answer Comparison between the fundamental operations regarding full­ to this question. We show that the issue of depth of indexing is, text method and thesaurus method and evaluation of their re­ in fact, not a central issue in the design of effective document trieval precision and completeness. retrieval systems. It turns out that the answer to the question about optimal depth is a logical consequence of answers (which 4962 Greaves, M. A.: A comparative study of verbal this article provides) to more fundamental questions about index­ subject data in information retrieval systems in education. ing and retrieval. (Author) In: Educ. Libf. Bull. 21 (I 978) No. 2, p. 1-19, 19 refs. Examines the differences between terms used in the computer­ 32 Subiect Analysis ized education information retrieval systems operated by the Brit­ ish National Bibliography (PRECIS), Educational Resources In­ See also 48 18,4838,487 1 formation Center, European Documentation and Infor mation System for Education, and Unesco International Bureau of Edu­ 4968 Charpentier, C.: Thematic analysis: a linguistic cation. The differences, those which appear to be arbitrary, view of the methodological aspects of quantification. In: those based on national differences, and those related to the ALLC-Symposium (Oxford, GB) 6 (I 978) No. I, p. 23- operation of the retrieval system, are discussed. Differences in 27, 27 refs. the application of the terms to documents are demonstrated. We posit that all art is both vision and form and regard a work of Summaries problems which might arise in standardizing the art as made up of connotative networks; one or several themes terms in all the systems. Too rigid standardization migh hinder constitute the largest part of the node in the writer's creation. A progress in the development of more efficient subject access in given theme is expressed through the means provided by lan­ education. (Author) guage, particularly through words. We try to combine several methods (traditional, statistical, componential) and the ap­ 4963 Oehme, C.: Untersuchung einiger Parameter fUr proach is two-phased: induction, deduction. The statistical die Informationsspeicherung zur Erhohung der Effekti­ analysis leads to the componential which, in turn, leads to the vitat eines Informationsrecherchesystems. (Investigation study of metaphors. (Author) into some parameters of information storage to increase the effectiveness. of an information retrieval system) (In 4969 Frankenberger, R.; Bibliothekarische Sacher­ German). In: Informatik 25 (1978) No. 3, p. 38-40, 3 schIieBung. Neue Aspekte flir die Benutzer durch Einsatz refs. def EDV und Rtickwirkungen auf den Bibliotheksbetrieb. The parameters: frequency of selection from sources, frequency (Subject analysis in libraries. New aspects for the user of descriptor usc and information use were investigated and through computerization and feedback influences for conclusions were drawn regarding the improvement of thesaur­ the library management.) (In German). In: Habermann, us- and indexing quality as well as the effectiveness and ration­ A. et a!. (Ed.): Die wissenschaftliche Bibliothek 1977. alization of information storage. (Author, trans1.) 67. Dt. Bibliothekartag, Bremen, 31. 5.-4. 6. 77. Frank­ furt: Klostermann 1978. p. 202-209, 8 refs. 4964 Takano, F., Okano, H.: Utilisation of thesauri Reverse retrieval: and future problems. 4970\. Fugmann, R., Winter, J. H.: (In Japanese). In: Zyoho kanri 20 Toward analogy inferences by mechanized classification. (1978) No. 11, p. 875-893 Treatise VII on Retrieval System Theory. In : Intern. On the basis of retrieval performance criteria the effectiveness of and typical mistakes in searching in the NASA thesaurus and in Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 2, p. 85 �9 1, 5 refs. Whether or not an object of interest is an element of a class of MEDLARS and EARS are discussed. objects on which important statements have already been made 4965 Uspenskij , V. A., Solov'eva, A. A.: Pre-input pro­ in the literature, can be recognized mechanically by the technique cessing of medical radiology and roentgenology docu­ of "reverse retrieval". Thus, by way of analogy inference, state­ ments. In: Nautno-techn. inform., Ser. 2 (1979) No. 5, ments on the object of interest can be reliably suggested by this p. 17-18, 14 refs. technique and submitted for validity scrutiny. Reverse retrieval Different indexing methods for papers on medical radiology and is an area of information supply which exhibits, as it were, mirror roentgenology intended for the Disciplinary Automated Scientif­ symmetry to the conventional retrieval technique and thus ic Medical Information System were evaluated in quantitative appears as its logical complement. In particular, the former pro­ terms. It has been fo und that title indexing leads to a loss of as mises to open up the book stocks of libraries just as effectively many as 40 % of subheadings and nearly 50 % of descriptors as conventional retrieval does in the case of data banks. On closer compared to whole-text indexing. (Authors) inspection, creative reflection would often turn out to be a variant of analogy inference and could thus be effectively supported by the reverse retrieval technique. (Authors) 3 Classing and Indexing (Methodology) 4971 Gendina, N. L: The use of formal text attributes to identify aspects of document contents. (In Russian). 31 Theory of Classing and Indexing In: Naucno-techn. inform., Ser. 2 (1979) No. 4, p. 7-12, 6 refs. See also 4901,4935 , 4947 An approach to text analysis formalisation which rcduces the influence of the subjective factor in abstracting is presented. Im­ 4966 Fugmann, R.: DIN 3 I 623 oder die Problematik provement possibilities are discussed for the aspect method of des genormten Indexierens. (Concerning the problematics indexing through use of formal text attributes, viz. fixed phrases of indexing standardization). (In German). In: Intern. characterizing particular aspects of document contents. Results Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 2, p. 109-1 15, 2 refs., Anhang of analysis of 200 papers on informatics are presented - a list of p. 116-1 17 identified aspects together with characteristic formal attributes. Critique of the German Draft Standard on "Indexing for subject (Author) access to documents" in two parts. Pt. I is concerned with rele­ vant indexing concepts and criteria for indexing, Pt.2 tries to 4972 Lipski, W. Jr.: On the logic of incomplete infor­ submit rules for coordinate indexing with descriptors and criteria mation. In: Gruska, J. (Ed.) : Mathematical foundations for concept delimitation by descriptors. The Critique treats (1) of computer science. Proc. 6th Symp., Tatranska Lomni­ the peculiarities of controlled and free indexing and (2) the re­ ca, Poland, Sept. 5-9. 1977. New York: Springer 1977. commendations for the delimitation of concepts. p. 374-381

196 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Classification Literature In the context of information retrieval, problems related to in­ 4980 Kruskal, J. B.: Multidimensional scaling and other formation incompleteness were studied by Jaegermann and Lips­ methods for discovering structure. In: Enslein, K., Ral­ ki. These papers are an attempt to extend to the case of incom­ ston, A., Wilf, H. S. (Eds.): Statistical methods for plete information the mathematical model of an information digital computers. Vol. III. New York: Wiley-Interscience storage and retrieval system proposed by Marek and Pawlak. In the 1977. p. 296-339 present paper we discuss two approaches to interpreting formu­ Introduction into multidimensional scaling with a discussion of las of the Predicate Calculus in an incompletely specified model. thirteen commonly used computer programs and their historical These approaches were formulated (earlier) for fo rmulas of a and methodological relationships to one another. specific language tailored to express queries to an information and retrieval system (Author's Introd.) 4981 Williams, W. T., Lance, G. N.: Hierarchical classi­ ficatory methods. In: Enslein, K., Ralston, A., Wilf, H. S. 4973 Sacco, W. 1.: Interpretation of data through pat­ (Eds.): Statistical methods for digital computers. Vol. III. tern recognition. In : Codata Bull. (1978) No. 29. p. 14- New York: Wiley-Interscience 1977. p. 269-295 17, 34 refs. Introduction to the topic of hierarchical clustering methods. The application for data handling is in the fields of biology and chemistry. 37 Reclassification

4974 Zimmermann, H.: Automatische Textanalyse und 4982 Brown, D. R., Mackie, D.: Putting the LC in DCLe. Indexierung. (Automatic text analysis and indexing) (In Illinois reclassification on OeLe. In: Wilson Libr. Bull. German). In: Krallmann, D. (Ed.): Kolloquium zur Lage 53 (I 979) April, p. 570 der Linguistischen Datenverarbeitung. Essen, 22-24 Febr. 1978. Essen: LDV-Fittings 1978. p. 20·-33, 5 refs. 38 Index Generation Programming Report on the linguistic data processing activities at the university of Regensburg, including the syllabus for Linguistics and Infor­ See also 4828, 4974, 4976, 5034 mation science, the services and the projects JUDO (model for a software system for the computer-aided indexing of legal docu­ 4983 Dolan, F. T.: A universal index generator. In: Fifth ments) and ENZY (automatic data processing of encyclopedic Canadian Conference on Information Science, Holiday dictionaries). . Inn, Ottawa, Ont., May 15-18, 1977. Proceedings, Ca­ nadian Assoc. for Information Science 1977. p. 153- 33 Classing and Indexing Techniques 163 See also 4858, 4974 Entities can be described in terms oftheir attributes; the number and type of attributes chosen will depend on the nature of the 4975 Chaumier, 1., Fourteau, P.: Le traitement des the­ entity and on the context. For example, an author could be saurus a schemas fleches par l'informatique graphique in­ described by name, organization, dept., position, phone no., street teractive. (The treatment of arrow-graph thesauri by address, postal code. The universal index generator described gmphic interactive computer handling). (In French). In: allows a non-computer oriented user to build, list, modify, re­ Documentaliste 16(1979) No. I,p. 9-14, 3 rets. trieve from and generate extremely flexible indexes to a descrip­ It is suggested to use the light-pen for indexing or indication of tor file of her/his own design and construction. The description " logical equations for retrieval when searching via the console in­ of this entity in this system is the total or partial set of its des­ stead of typing in the descriptors. criptors. The user controls not only the descriptors appearing in the index entry but also the order in which they will appear. 4976 Parker, I. M., Thorpet, P.: GRIP - a personal on­ (Author) line indexing system using a minicomputer. In: Program 13 (1979) No. l,p. 14-22 39 Evaluation of Indexing

4977 Ramirez San Martin, J. A.: The KWIT (Keyword· Sec also 4934, 4963, 4971 in-Title) selective permuted indexing system using weights for the listing of scientific and technical material. (In 4984 Kreutz, E., Menetre, E.: CONDOR, a natural-lan­ Spanish). In: Rev. Espanola de Documentacion Cientifi­ guage-based information system, In: Inst. d. Recherche ca I (1978) No. 2, p. 149-157 d'Informatique et d'Automatique: Intern. Seminar on KWIT is a form of KWIC and a compromise between specific and Intelligent Question-Answering and Data Base Systems. generic indexing, using selective title indexing enhanced by terms Proc., Banas, France 21-30 June 1977. Le Chesnay drawn from a classification scheme such as UDC. It also does not 1978. p. 199-203 use all significant terms of a title as the KWIC methods but is based The goal of CONDOR is the development of software tools for on selective permutation. Examples are given showing that the the processing of any type of both structured and unstructur�d method overcomes the disadvantages of KWIC. information encountered in information storage and retrieval applications. The main components developed are: a) Descrip­ 4978 Kamenoff, L.: Classification of nursing texts in a tion of information structures, b) Natural language analysis, c) hospital library. In: Bull. Med. Libr. Assoc. 67 (1979) Automatic indexing and classification of unstructured informa­ No. 2, p. 247-25 1, 7 refs. tion, d) Description, interpretation and execution of logical con­ "It was decided to utilise the NLM Classification, but to place trol structure and sequence. nursing texts in the same classes as medical texts on the same subject" and using an adaptation for the nursing literature. Dis­ 4985 Zdanova, N. G.: Establishing and maintaining an cussion of procedure, advantages and problems. Information Support Subsystem thesaurus. (In Russian). In: Algoritmy i program my dlja EVM. Perm' 1978. p. 34 Automatic Classing and Indexing 17-25. I ref. The operational flexibility of an Information Support Subsystem See also 48 12,4816, 4818,4936,4937, 4984, 5044 (ISS) depends greatly on the organization of the ISS thesaurus. The development and maintenance of the ISS thesaurus are dis­ 4979 Hoshido, M.: An automatic extraction method cussed with special emphasis on the thesaurus components, devel­ for important words in the titles of articles on classical opment and updating programs, and logical relation tables. Japanese literature. (In Japanese). In: Dokument. Kenkyu (Author) 28 (1978) No. 9, p. 383·--394, 12 refs. Description of the algorithm used. Results of an investigation on 4986 Leonard, L. E.: Inter-indexer consistency studies 2227 titles proved satisfying. 1954-1975: A review of the literature and summary of 35 Automatic Ordering study results, Urbana-Champaign, 11 1.: University of Illi­ nois. Graduate School of Library Science 1977. 51 p. See also 4867, 4886,4887, 4893, 4973 Examination of inter-indexer consistency, review of criteria for

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) NO. 3 Classification Literature 197 index term matches and discussion of the major summaries that 4994 Richter, Th.: Mit der DK in das EDV-Zeitalter - have been published on the topic. An appendix summarizes all 30 Jahre Erfahrungen als Dokumentar in einem GroBbe� studies according to: indexer education, indexer experience, trieb. In: DK-Mitt. 22 (1978) No. 3-4, p. 7--12, 5 figs., term type, indexing aids, document length, indexing depth, time 5 refs. revision, consistency and relationship to information retrieval Erstellen eines DK-orientierten Schlagwortkataloges mit dem effectiveness. IBM KWOC-Programm --. Die DK-Zahl im Recherchesystem STAIRS (IBM) - 4987 Sparck Jones, K.: Experiments in the relevance 4995 Schiopu, I.: Metoda visuala im C. Z. U. (The visual weighting of search terms. In: Inform.Proc. & Management method in the UDC). (In Roumanian). In: Probl. Inform, 15 (1979) No. 3, p. 133-144, 4 figs., 2 tabls., 13 refs. Following successful initial tests of theoretically-based schemes Document. 12 (1978) No. 2, p. 84--86 The UDC is used in all Roumanian libraries. The proposed method for relevance weighting of search terms, fu rther experiments consists in introducing colours into the UDC card files. were undertaken to validate these results. The experiments were designed to investigate weighting for a large document set, poor matching conditions, hcterogeneous data, and limited relevance 4996 Seiful-Mulyukov, R. B.: Environmental protec­ tion: a scientific classification concept and terminology. information, i.e. the use of weighting in more realistic conditions In: Intern. Forum on Inform. & Doc. 4 (1979) No. 1, than the initial ones. The results confirm the earlier ones: very p. 17-20. striking improvements in retrieval performance were obtained, Discusses problems in the elaboration of classification for UDe especially for the theoretically best-founded weighting fo rmula. 40 Envirology: lack of a rigorous scientific conception by which The experiments illustrate a much more promising application of to identify classification levels; lack of universally accepted con­ statistical methods to indexing and searching than any studied hitherto. (Author) cepts; close relation between envirology and other sciences. Sug­ gests classification and some terms for the environmental protec­ tion field . (Author) I 4 On Universal Systems 4997 Sincai, A.: Compatibility between traditional in­ formation systems and modern ones. (In Roumanian). In: Probl. lnform. Document. 12 (1978) No. 3, p. 115-122, 41 On Universal CS in General 26 refs. The UDC is proposed as a common instrumcnt for the realization See also 4735, 4822, 4834, 4898 of compatibility between information systems. Some examples are given. 4988 Kedrov, B. M.: Classification of sciences. (In Serbo­ Croatian). In: Informatika 12 (1978) No. 1, p. 5-20 4998 Skendzic, N.: Changes in the structure of the UDC in the field of political economics (group 33) between The principles used in the classification of science discovering 1945 and 1975. (In Serbo-Croation). In: Informatika 12 mutual relationships among the sciences are presented. The his­ (1978) No. 3, p. 1 19-124 torical aspect of the classification of the sciences is given (general classification of science, classification of human and natural 4999 Terzic, D.: UDC application possibilities in com­ sciences as well as technology). The practical importance of the puterised information retrieval. (In Serbo-Croatian). In: classification of science is outlined. (Author, ammended) Nau�.-techn. pregl. VTI 28 (1978) No. 1, p. 69-73, 6 ret's. 42 On the Universal Decimal Classification, UDC It has been proved that the UDC can be used for machine search­ ing if descriptor vocabularies are employed. A suitable organized See also 4792, 4816, 4819,4899, 491 1, system memory becomes necessary though for this. Keyword and UDC based document searching ensures highly accurate iden­ 4989 Anders, M.: Die konventionelle Anwendung der tification of the object searched for, irrespective of the docu­ Internationalen Dezimalklassifikation (DK). (The usual ment language. application of the UDC.) In: DK-Mitt. 22 (1978) No. 1- 2, p. 1,�·5, 3 figs., 7 refs. 5000 Varma, S. R.: Treatment of statistics in UDC, LC A short description of the UDe system is given as well as its file and CC: a comparison. In: Indian Library Movement 5 organization and file construction, file handling and the advan­ (1978) No. 3, p. 90-93, 4 refs. tages and disadvantages of filing by UDC. None of the schemes seems to be sufficiently detailed in its sub­ divisions of statistics. Related subjects are scattered throughout 4900 Kenich, L: The birth of the UDC in Japan. (In each scheme also. Japanese). In: Dokument. Kenkyu 28 (! 978) No. 9, p. 395-402 43 On the Dewey Decimal Classification, DOC

4991 Leonchikova, D. T., Titenkova, V. N.· Working See also 4899, 4909, 5092 subject classification schedules. (In Russian). In: Naucnye i techno biblioteki SSSR (1978) No. 6, p. 30-33 5001 Custer, B. A.: Dewey 19. In: Catalogue & Index In order to avoid inconsistent indexing with the UDC by enter­ (1979) No. 53, p. 1--2 ing the index with different terms for the same concept, Working A preview on the changes to be expected in the new, the 19th Classification Schedules and Working SUbject Classification Sche­ edition of the Dewey Decimal Classification. dules have been produced. The article provides suggestions for the construction of such schedules regarding form, procedure for 5002 Farradane, J.: Book review of Henderson, K. L. application and the alphabetical subject index to such schedules. (Ed.): Major Classification Systems: The Dewey Centen­ nial. Urbana-Champaign 1976. In: Libf. Quarterly 47 4992 Lloyd, G. A.: UDC - past, present and future. In: (1977) No. 3, p. 483-484 Hegesth, B., Thalberg, K. (Eds.): UDC and EDP. Oslo: Riksbibliotektjenestcn 1977. p. 7-3 1 5003 Gopinath, M. A.: Book review 011 K. L. Hender­ son: Major Classification Systems: The Dewey Centennial. 4993 Nagy, L.: Reform efforts in the Universal Decimal Urbana-Champaign 1976. In: Intern. Classificat. 6(1979) Classification of the legal and administrative sciences. In : No. 2, p. 130 Intern. Forum on Inform. & Doc. 4 (I 979) No. 2, p. 31-- 32 5004 International Guide to Films on Information Describes the activities of the FID C/34 Committee on UDC revi­ Sources. 3rd. ed. The Hague: Federation Intcrnationale sion (classes 340/343 Legal and Administrative Sciences). The de Documentation 1979. 36 p., == FID-Pub!. 577; work process, the results achieved, and fu ture tasks are presented. ISBN 92-66-00577-0

198 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Classification Literature One of the four groups according to which films, film strips, 46 On the Colon Classification, CC slide/tape presentations and video-cassettes are presented is devoted to films in classification and terminology. Although the See also 4899, 4950, 5000 amount covered here is not exciting (only 5), there are two filmstrips devoted to the Dewey Decimal Classification and one 47 On the Library-Bibliographical Classif.ication, LBC fi lmstrip devoted to the Library of Congress Classification. (BBK) Unfortunately the slide collection of Idis in Bielefeld has not been included which is devoted to an introduction of the UDC. 5012 Meyer, G.: Die mittlere Ausgabe der BBK. (Me­ dium edition of the LBC). (In German). In: ZbL Bibl.­ 5005 Jayarajan, P.: Suggestion for the relation in the wes. 91 (1977) p. 280-283 schedule of "General Management" of Dewey Decimal Classification. In: J. Ubf. Inform. Sci. 3 (1978) No. 2, p. 5013 Neumann, C., Schulz, E., Vogel, 0.: Die Adapta­ 131- 138, I tabl. 4 refs. tion der Teile Marxismus-Leninismus, Philosophie und The schedule of "658 General Management" of the 18th edition Soziologie der sowjetischen BBK flir die mittlere Ausga­ of Dewey Decimal Classification, is a slightly modified one, from be der DDR. (The adaptation of the parts concerning the 17th edition. There are few additiom to the schedule, and Marxism - Leninism, philosophy and sociology of the there are few relocations. In this paper, another major relocation Soviet Library Bibliographical Classification (LBC) for is suggested. The result of the suggested relocation will be a more the medium edition of the GDR) (In German). In: Zbl. helpful sequence at the "Shifted-From" place as well as at the Bibl.wes. 93 (1979) No. I, p. 13-17, 6 refs. "Shifted�To" place. (Author) The Soviet LBC consists out of three editions, fu ll, medium and abridged. Report on the experiences and problems of adaptation 44 On the Library of Congress Classification, LCC and for the medium edition in the German Democratic Republic, with LC Subject Headings particular problems in the field of sociology. See also 4899, 4982, 5000, 5004 5014 Pospichalova, E.: The Soviet Library Bibliographi­ cal Classification and its possible applications. (In Slova­ 5006 Chan, L. M.: The principle of uniform headings in kian) In : Tech. Knihovna 22 (1978) No. 5, 137 -- 141, 9 Library of Congress Subject Headings. In: Libf. Resourc­ refs. es & Techn. Servo 22 (1978) No. 2, p. 126-136, 24 refs. Presentation of the LBC which has been translated into several The recent policy of the Library of Congress to adopt split files languages and which is used outside the USSR also, namely in and its increasing usc of duplicate entries represent a relaxation Bulgaria, German Democratic Republic and Poland. The State of the principle of uniform heading that has been a major principle Library (Lenin-Library) in Moscow has been working on the vari­ in Library of Congress Subject Headings since the beginning of ants of a notation that could facilitate computer processing of the dictionary catalogue. Split files entail the usc of a new head­ this classification's notation. ing for an existing subject while maintaining a separate file for entries already catalogued under the old heading without recata­ 48 On Other Universal CS (alph.) loguing. In order to understand the ramifications and implications of this recent development, a discussion of the origin, rationale, and application of the principle of uniform heading seems to be See also 4821 appropriate. (Author) 50 IS Heaney, M.: The Bodleian classification of books. 5007 Clack, D. H.: The adequacy of Library of Congress In: 1. Librarianship 10 (1978) No. 4, p. 274-282, 6 refs. Description of the classification system of the Bodleian Library Subject headings for black literature resources. In: Libf. W. Resources & Techn. Servo 22 (I 978) No. 2, p. 137- 144, which was introduced in 1883 by E. B. Nicholson. 18 refs. Specificity of headings and the extent to which these subject 5016 McKeon, D. B.: J. Ch. Brunet: The Classification System. headings for black literature resources are coextensive with the (Translation and introduction). (Dissertation) subject treated in the works is examined. (Author, abbr.) Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University. Graduate School of Library Science. 1976. VII, 109 p. 5009 Steinweg, H.: Punctuation in Library of Congress Subject Headings. In: Ubf. Resources & Techn. Serv, 22 (1978) No. 2, p. 145-153, 3· refs. An analysis of the punctuation of the subject headings presented in the eighth edition of Library of Congress Subject Headings 5 On Special Objects CS (Taxonomies) reveals that the punctuation marks most often used are the com­ ma, parentheses, and hyphen Examples of their various uses arc presented and discussed. (Author)

5010 Wellisch, H. H.: Poland is not yet defeated, or: 51 Numerical Taxonomy should catalogers rewrite history? With a discourse on 'When is an island not an island? In: Ubr. Resources & Sec also 4740, 4886, 4980, 498 1 Techn. Servo 22 (I978) No. 2, p. 158-167, 13 refs. The revised instructions of the Library of Congress Subject Head­ 5017 Bock, H. II.: Book review on D. Steinhausen, ings on indirect subdivision of topical headings are analysed from K. Langer: Clusteranalyse. Berlin-New York 1977. In: the points of view of the feasibility of the instructions, their C05t­ Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 2, p. 127-128 effectiveness, and their usefulness for users interested in historical and/or geographical aspects of a topic. It is asserted that the new 5018 Goebl, H.: Zu Methoden und Problemen einiger practices will lead to subject headings that are incongru ous and dialektometrischer MeBverfahren. (Concerning methods unpredictable for users not familiar with the decisions made by and problems of some dialectometrical measurement LC cataloguers. It is proposed instead to use direct subdivision of procedures) (In German). In: Germanistische Linguistik topical headings for all countries or regions in keeping with pre­ (1977) No. 3-4, p. 335 -365 vious LC practice for cities, countries, and regions in the United Application of mathematical methods for the representation of States. (Author) distribution and mixing of dialects and languages in middle Eu­ rope. 45 On the Bliss Classification, Be 50! I McKeown, A. H. P.: Book review of Bliss Biblio­ 50 19 Rijsbergen, C. J. van: Information retrievaL 2nd graphic Classification. 2nd ed. Class I: Psychology and cd. London: Butterworths 1979. ca. 200 p. Psychiatry. London: Butterworths 1975. In: Catalogue In his review (in Compo Reviews 20 (1979) No. 8, p. 321-322) & Index (1979) No. 53, p. 5-6 G. Salton says that "the chapter on automatic classification is

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Classification Literature 199 well done. The author prefers hierarchic clustering procedures, Thesaurus of ERIC descriptors is critically examined and com­ such as the single�link process, over cheaper but theoretically lcss ments are made on its descriptors, scope notcs and multiword appealing clustering methods. He is especially opposed to the use terms. 4 on-line searches are described and the treatment of the of order�dependent methods (where the final classification may subjects of these searches in 3 other educational thesauri is depend on the order in which the individual item enter into the compared with that in the ERIC thesaurus. One of the on-line classific\ltion process) without however going into the question searches was also carried out manually using British education of cluster evaluation to determine whether the order depcndence index; the manual search took 24 minutes, compared with 3 min­ does eventually cause problems in the use ofthe classes". Chapter utes for the on-line search, but provided 7 additional references. 4 which may also be of interest to our readers, is on file struc­ (Author) tures. 66 On CS in the Socio·Area 58 On CS for Kinds of Documents See also 4993 5020 Chambaud, S.: Classification of data banks. In: CODATA. Proc. 5th Biennial CODATA Conf. ,Oxford : 5027 Georgiev, Xh. C.: 'Politika', a new information Pergamon 1977. p. 533-535 language. (In Russian). In: Ispol'z. mat modeJej i elektron. vy�isl. masin v iingvistike. Sofija 1976. p. 191-192 Treats the following : methodology of construction of a forcign policy thesaurus and of an artificial language; translation from the natural language to the artificial language 'Politika'; auto­ matic recognition of the semantic pattern of a text; and main 6 On Special Subject CS characteristics of the 'Politika' language.

5028 Fritz F., Granitzer, W.: Einsatz von STAIRSjVS. TLS in eine:n deskriptororientierten Dokumentationssy­ stem. (Implementation of STAIRS/VS-TLS in a de scrip­ 61 On CS for Mathematics and Area 1 Fields tor-orientied documentation system). (In German). In: IBM Nachr. 29 (1979) No. 245, p. 123-130, 3 refs. 5021 Some important statistical classifications of the Description of development and application of the documenta­ European Communities. In: Statistical News No. 42 tion system of the Austrian Ministry of Defense, using a thesaurus (1978) p. 42, 14-42, 16. and on-line facilities. On CS for the Astro- and Geosciences 63 5029 Bandur, G.; Heymann, I., Ohls, H., Wick, P.: The· saurus der Geschichtswissenschaften. Aufgaben und 5022 Gasanov, R. A., Kerimov, S. K.: Information re­ Anwendung. (Thesaurus for the his�ory sci nces Tasks � .: trieval thesaurus in oil processing and petrochemistry. (In and application). (In German). BerlIn: InstItut f�r I\;Iar� Russian). Elmi Eserler: Aserb. Univ. 1978. No. I, p. 28- xismus-Leninismus beim ZK def SED und ZentraiInstltut 33, 4 refs. fUr Geschichte der Akad. d. Wiss. d. DDR 1976, 266 p., Features of a thesaurus are discussed which was developed for 263 refs. the M. Azizbekov Azerbaijan Petrochemical Research Institute. Introduction into the problems of a historical thesaurus and its possibilities in computerized application. 65 On CS in the Human Area (5)

See also 4962, 4978 67 On CS in the Economics and Technology Area

5023 Pavlov, A. E., Gutman, O. V., Rudsite, T. M.: As· 5030 Eltafenko,E.,Prochorov,I., Sumarokov, L.: Prob· pects of design of a problem-oriented subthesaurus - lems in classifying managerial situations. (In Russian). stomatology. (In Russian). In: Med. kibernet. i informa­ In: Prabl. Sozdanija i Razvitija MSNTI 1977. No. 2,p. 3- tika na slu�be zdravoochr. Riga 1978.p. 235-238,5 refs. 10, 8 refs. D escription of the method and implementation of the stomatol­ An algorithm for the automatic building of the system of intro­ ogy sub thesaurus which consists of terms from the medical the­ jected diffuse classes of managerial situation has been worked out saurus developed by the All-Union Medical Information Research on the base of diffuse set and relations theory. An essential pe­ Institute and compiled by the Latvian Republic Office of Scien­ CUliarity of the algorithm is the application of the operation of tific Medical Information. levelled normalization for the situational similarity relation (the operation is introduced in the paper). The algorithm has been 5024 Suvalona, I. E., Murav'ev, A. A.: Methodical ap­ checked by an experimental situations set. (Author) proaches to the design of linguistic support for a com­ puter-based medical information system for infectious 5031 Markina, N. Ch.: Management and updating of a diseases. (In Russian). In: Med. kibernet. i informatika na keyword dictionary in the "Baikal" MIS information sup­ slu�be sdravoochr. Riga 1978, p. 246-250, 5 refs. port subsystem. (In Russian). In: Algoritmy i prog�ammy Description of the method of term selection. dlja EVM. Perm' 1978. p. 11-16, 8 refs. (TypeSCrIpt No. 1803-78, VINITI). 5025 Tichonova, L. N.: Extralinguistic factors as an es­ Discusses main principles of design and updating of thc keyword sential condition for defining the subject scope of a spe­ vocabulary, which is a component part of the system thesaurus. calized thesaurus. (In Russian). In: Med. kibernet. i in­ Suggests that business terminology be analysed using a faceted­ form atika na sluzbe zdravoochr. Riga 1978. p. 246-250, dcscriptor type language, and that descriptors be identified and 5 refs. descriptor families established so as to resolve synonymy and Discussion of the steps of developing a specialized IR t.\lesaurus homonymy. To fa cilitate searching and provide responses there in the field of phthysiology, constructed by the Moscow Tuber­ are developed a descriptor number and search codes for every culosis Research Institute, Health Ministry. keyword. (Author)

5026 Fox, N., Robinson, A., Irons, P., Young, J.: The ERIC Thesaurus: an analysis. In: Educ. Libr. Bull. 21 (1978) No. 3, p. 14-30,4refs. 68 On CS in the Science and Information Area This analysis of the ERIC thesaurus was carried out by 4 under­ graduates (now graduates) of Liverpool Polytechnic's Department 5032 A common classification scheme of literature for of Library and Information Studiesas part of their assessed course book publishing in the USSR. (In Russian). In: Sov. bib­ work during their final year. (1977/78). The structure of the liografij a (1978) No. 2, p. 3-9

200 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) NO. 3 Classification Literature The creation of such a scheme became necessary in order to en­ of one notation (the English language) to another (the 'semantic sure unity and coordination of work in preparing summary the­ network'). This viewpoint highlights the customary arbitrariness matic plans for the production of printed matter, national biblio­ with wh ich the term 'syntax' and 'semantics' and hence 'under­ graphy, statistics of the press and book distribution. The com­ standing' are applied and leads to a more systematic application mon scheme is described in detail; altogether it contains 890 clas­ of these concepts. Second, it raises the question of why one ses and subclasses and possesses a subject index. notation (grammar, syntax) is more useful than another. The goals of a 'semantic network' notation in contrast to the usual goal: 69 On CS in the Culture Area the explication of the 'semantic content' of language constructs. (Author, abbr.) See also 4908 73 Automatic Language Processing 5033 Philipot, C.: Chelsae School of Art classification scheme, nth edition. In: Art Libr. J. 3 (1978) No. 2, p. See also 4856, 4947 15-20, 3 refs. During the operation of the scheme the subject analysis handled 5039 Bider, I. G.: Word form synthesis using transfor­ with it seemed satisfactory, howcver, the notation was held to be mational grammars: the general concept and mathemati­ susceptible to simplification. The revised, extended notation is cal tools. (In Russian). In: Naucno-techn. inform. SeI. 2 listed and explained. The scheme has proved itself as a shelf (I 979) No. 6, p. 22-30, 6 refs. arrangement system. Lays down the design principles of a general morphological syn­ thesis algorithm which uses a language morphology represented by a transformational grammar. The synthesis is by a step-wise transition from one word-form representation level to another, with one and the same algorithm used to effect transformations 7 Classification and Language between any two levels. Describes the structure of the grammati­ cal tables employed by the algorithm as well as their design methodology, which strives consistently to minimise the storage 71 General Problems of Natural Languages, Metalan­ space requirements of the tables. (Author) guages, Semiotics 5040 Fcdosimov, V. I., Bakulov, A. D.: Morphemic See also 4839, 4948 analysis of word-forms. (In Russian). In: Nau�no-techn. inform. Ser. 2 (1979) No. 4, p. 27 -30, 11 refs. 5034 Michell, B. G.: The natural language foundations An automatic analysis algorithm is presented which describes the of indexing language relations. In: Canadian J. ofInform. word-semantics reflected in the morphological properties of the Sci. 4 (1979) p. 99-104. natural language by identifying lexically significant morphemes of simple and complex words and by identifying morphological 72 Semantics variants of the same root. The algorithm is tailored to the Russian language vocabulary, which does not have to be controlled.Work­ See also 4860, 4922 ing lists of morphemes and operating examples of programs writ­ ten in the PLjl algorithmic language are illustrated. (Authors) 5035 Bram, V. A.: Sentence construction in scientific and engineering texts. In: IEEE Trans. Prof. Communic. 5041 Helbich, J.: Some results of an experiment in sta­ 21 (l978) No. 4, p. 162-164, 4 refs. tistical selection of keywords. In: Prague Studies Math. Scientists and tcchnicians evaluated the understanding of techni­ Linguistics (I978) No. 6, p. 159-175, 10 refs. cal texts and came to the conclusion that the structure of the TIlC experiment reported studied the effectiveness of various sentenccs influenced significantly the understanding. functional criteria for automatic keyword extraction procedures. The corpus consisted of 146 000 words divided into 146 segments 5036 Ciganik, M.: Metainformational in action in the of 1000 words cacho The computer used: a Minsk- 22. process of the automatic semantic analysis. In: Inform. Process & Management 15 (1979) No. 4, p. 195-203, 16 5042 Onoder, N., Uchida, H., Nakai, H., Someya, K., refs. Ono, M.: An automatic word truncation and extraction Most previous attempts for semantic content recognition have system for chemical information retrievaL (In Japanese). used very sophisticated linguistic tools. This paper describes a re­ In: Daj 14 kaj zyoho kagaku gizyutsu kenkyu happyo cognition process based 011 relatively small sets of context rela­ rombunsyu (I 977) p. 123-132 tors, logical relators, phase and state relators, and aspect relators. The system algorithm is based on that used for editing the Chem­ Th ese metarelators are connecting tools in describing meanings ical Titles KWIC index. It uses a dictionary to identify chemical in process of concept formation and human communication. keywords and another one to segment chemical keywords into They represent the names of the categoriai states, activities, and fragments. The system was tested successfully for 8 000 words structures of the real world descriptions. The metarelators repre­ randomly selected from titles in the CA Condensates file. The sent the arcs in a semantic net, in which the nodes are the object test revealed that the truncation and extraction processes in­ sublanguage terms. The recognition vocabulary can be used to creased the number of keywords by as much as 25%. describe the faceted informational patterns that occur in texts of (Author abbr.) the field/universe of discourse/. (Author) 5043 Volodin, K. I., Anno, I. I., Androsova, L. V., 5037 Coulon, D., Aknin, Y., Lancel, J. M., Monfils, M.: Goloma, K. V., Sumakova, L. L.: Automatic coding of A language to describe knowledge by a networkofproce­ document search patterns. In: Naucno-techn. inform. dures. In: Institut de Recherche d'Informatique et Ser. 2 (1979) No. 5, p. 23-28 d'Automatique: Intern. Seminar on Intclligent Question­ Methods of program realization of an algorithm for automatic Answering and Data Base Systems. Proc., Bonas, France, document search patterns coding on the basis of morphological 21 -30 June 1977. Le Chesnay 1978. p. 164-171 , 12 analysis of substantives and adjectives are dieussed. The de­ refs. scribed morphological analysis algorithm can be also used as an The language described takes into account some of the major algorithm for preliminary information processing when building characteristics of knowledge: fuzziness, inconsistency and lack up a syntactical analyser. of information. 5044 Wieland, D., Haller, H.: Verarbeitung natiirlich­ 5038 Partridgc, D.: A syntactic view of semantic net­ sprachlicher Informationen im Projekt CONDOR . (Pro­ works. In: Intern. J. of Man-Machine Studies, (London) cessing of natural-language information in the Project 10 (1978) No. 2, p. 113-119, 11 refs. CONDOR.) (In German). In: Krallmann, D. (Ed.): Kollo­ The mapping from an English sentence to a portion of a network, quium zur Lage der linguistischen Datenverarbeitung. Es­ often claimed to be 'understanding' of the sentence, is a mapping sen: LDV Fittings 1978. p. 23 1-259, 12 refs.

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No.3 Classification Literature 201 The CONDOR Project processes natural language documents by 5053 Ellis, H. C.: Developing the conceptual data mod­ a linguistic and a statistical component. Texts arc analyzed with­ el to show the way data is used. In: Camp. Bul. 18 out a dictionary, descriptors arc automaticaIly assigned and thc . (1978) No. 2, p. 13-15 documcnt is classed automatically according to its topic. The re­ There is an increasing awareness of the need for data dictionaries trieval process is facilitated by a dialog component permitting to include a conceptual data model as well as a description of the questions in natural language. data stored in computer files and databases. One popular form for this model uses the three concepts: entity, attribute and rela­ 74 Grammar Problems tionship. This paper describes a number of developments of this basic model arising from the following two objectives: to simpli­ See also 4952, 5035, 5038 fy the task of data analysis, and to increase the practical value of the conceptual data model as an aid to systems design. The author 5045 Cerny, A.: Complexity and minimality of context­ is indebted to the members of the British Computer Society Da­ free grammars and languages. In: Gruska, J. (Ed.): Math. ta Dictionary Systems Working Party whose meetings helped to Foundations of Compo Sci. 1977. Proc. 6th Syrup., Ta­ crystalize many of the ideas contained in this paper (Author) transka Lomnica, Poland, Sept. 5---9, 77. New York: Springer Verlag 1977. p. 263-271 5054 Guckler, G.: Maschinelle Lexikographie. In: Krall­ mann, D. (Ed.): Kolloqium zur Lage der Linguistischen 5047 Perrot , J.: Fonctions syntaxiques, enonciations, Datenverarbeitung. Essen, 22-24 Febr. 1978. Essen: information. (Syntactical functions, statements, infor­ LDV Fittings 1978. p. 165-200,9 refs. mation) (In French). In: Bull. Soc. Linguist. (France) 73 Report on the "Investigations concerning the semantic structure (1978) No. l,p. 85-101 of natural languages through electronic data processing" (Projekt The syntactical thcory outlined here proposes to treat a sentence Semstruktur, UnversWit Mainz), sepedaUy on the formal organ­ as a product with a twofold structuring: onc concerningthe state­ ization of the lexicon entries and their transfer into the data ment as the statement unit and the other one concerning the mes­ bank system STAIRS. sage as the communication unit. 5055 Henne, H., Metrup, W., MolIn, D., Weinrich, H. 5048 Sibuya, M., Fujisaki, T., Takao, Y.: Noun-phrase (Eds.): Interdiszipliniires deutsches Worterbuch in der model and natural query language. In: IBM J. Rs. & Devel­ Diskussion. (Interdisciplinary German Dictionary dis­ opment 22 (1978) No. 5, p. 533-540, 15 refs. cllssed) (In German). Dusseldorf: Schwann 1978,284 p. = Basic considerations in designing a natural data base query lan­ Sprache der Gegenwart, 45. guage system are discussed. The notion of the noun-phrase model This volume comprises papers sind discussions of some colloquies is elaborated, and its role in making a query system suitable fo r held in Bad Homburg concerningthe preparation of a new 20 vol� general use is stressed. An experimental query system, Yachima­ ume German dictionary including also volumes for the terms of ta, embodying the concept, is describ�d. (Author) special subject fields.

75 Question-answering Systems 5056 Nussen, G. M.: A framework for future data dic­ tionary systems. In: Compo Bull. 18 (1978) No. 2, p. 10- See also 4736, 4782, 4785, 4839, 4857, 5044 12 One of the sources for major problems in the design, implementa­ 5049 Jones, P. F.: Four principles of man-computer dia­ tion and use of information systems, databases and data dictiona­ log. In: IEEE Trans. Prof. Commumc. 21 (1978) No. 4, ries is the lack of a unified vicw on various aspects ofil1formation p. 154-159 systems, databases and data dictionaries. In this paper we will describe a conceptual framework which permits a "common" 5050 Schmidt,A., Schneider, H.I.: Natiirlich-sprachliche view on several aspects of information systems, databases and Frage-Antwort-Systeme. Bedeutung, Realisierung und data dictionaries. (Author) Ausblick. (Natural-language question-answering systems. Significance, realization and future.) (In German). In: 5057 Pottier, B.: Organisation semantique de l'article Krallmann, D. (Ed.): Kolloquium zur Lage der linguisti­ de dictionnaire. (Semantic organization of a dictionary schen Datenverarbeitung. Essen: LDV Fittings 1978. p. article). (In French). In: Bull. Soc. Linguist. (France) 73 216-229, 13 refs. (1978) No. 1, p. 339-366 Mainly description of the Berlin question-answering system called It is proposed to connect sense and form (semantic and syntag­ BACON (Berlin Automatic Construction of Semantic Networks). matic criteria) where the former should be given priority. Example BACON consists of a translation and paraphrasing component used: the verb 'changer'. called BEAST (Berlin Automatic Semantic-Oriented Translation) 5058 Sterkenburg, P. G. van (Ed.) et al.: Lexieology. and an evaluation component SIREN (Semantic Representation 1. Een bun del opstellen voor F. de Tollenaere ter gelegenheid and Net-Evaluator). van zijn 65e verjaardag door vrienden en vakgenoten. Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff 1977. 375 p., 215 refs. 5051 Siklossy, L.: Question-asking, question-answering ISBN 90-01-81212-0 systems. In: Institut de Recherche d'!nformatique et This Festschrift with contributions concerning dictionary struc­ d' Automatique: Intern. Seminar on Intelligent Question� tures and lexicography comprises also the one by G. Wahrig on Answering and Data Base Systems. Proc., Bonas, France "Informationsklassen in Worterbuchern" (Information classes in 21-30 June 1977. Le Chesnay 1978. p. 151-163 dictionaries) which is a description of the categories or fields ac­ The author is interested in non-linear data bases, containing dis­ cording to which his dictionary of the German language (MUn­ continuities. Examples arc given from tax laws, freight transpor­ chen 1978) is organized. (p. 295-·304, 5 refs.). tation, design and in particular air fares.

76 Lexicon/Dictionary Problems 77 General Problems of Terminology

See also 4851 , 4884, 4974, 5031,5062 See also 4861, 4882, 4949, 5093

5052 Allen, S.: Lexical morphology. A model and an 5059 Arntz, R.: Die Studienkomponente Terminolo�ie­ application. In: Universitat Bielefeld: Methodological lehre in der Ausbildung von tibersetzern und Dolmet­ problems in automatic text processing. Proc., Bielefeld schern. (The course component 'terminology' in the syl­ 6-14 April 1978. Bielefeld 1978. p. 1-17, 7 refs. labus of translators and interpretors. (In German). In : Description of the main piints of the project "Frequency Diction­ Lebende Sprachen 24 (1979) No. 1, p. 1-3 ary of Present-Day Swedish Based on Newspaper Material". It At the University of Saarbriicken courses arc prepared on the fol­ is claimed that the result arc relevant for word�formation of lowing subjects: genesis, nature and function of languages for Swedish concerning morphology as well as semantics. special purposes (Fachsprachcn); methods of recording, organiz-

202 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) NO. 3 Classification Literature ing and handling mono- and multilingual fo nds of technical terms The names of -products to be entered in material properties and (with special regard of language standardization and equivalence applications information systems are analysed. Several substantial problems); mechanical aids. The article shows how this subject aspects are identified in product names. Based Oil these aspects can be combined with other subjects, gives reasons for the intro­ three name entry languages are proposed: (1) an aspect -control­ duction of this teaching of terminology, extends on what had to led vocabulary language, (2) an incomplete reference vocabulary be considered in the preparatory phase and outlines the possibili­ language, and (3) a thesaurus. The choice of a particular entry ties connected with this new subject-field. system depends on the proportion of material applications in­ formation in the overall document flow being processed by the 5060 Beier, R.: Zur Theorie und Praxis der Fachspra­ Material and Substance Property Data Centre and on the relative chenarbeit in der DDR. (Gerhard Wahrig zum Gedenken). importance of this information for the Centre. The above­ (Concerning theory and practice of terminology work in mentioned languages can be used in combinations. (Author) the GDR. In memory of Gerhard Wahrig). (In German). ' In: Muttersprache 88 (1978) No. 4, p . 232-259, 118 5069 Klasson, K.: Developments in the terminology of refs. physics and technology. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell Subheadings: Significance and organization of terminology work 1977. 202 p. = Stockholm Studies in English, 42. in the GDR. Status of theoretical works on terminology. Attempt at a definition of terminology (Fachsprache) and discussion of 5070 Lutz, H. D.: Projekt PUDIS. (In German). In: some related problems. Concerning the role of stilistic investiga­ Krallmann, D. (Ed.): Kolloqium zur Lage der linguisti­ tions in terminology. Concerning application fields of terminol­ schen Datenverarbeitung. Essen: LDV Fittings 1978. p. ogical research in the GDR. 260--290 Since 1971 a problem-solving information system PLIDIS is being 5061 Benassi, P.: International connections of the developed at the Institut fUr Deutsche Sprache, Mannheim with Terminology Bureau and their significance for improving German as its interaction language. Description of the PLIDIS the collaboration with the authors. (In Italian). In: Bull. idea, the application field of the system (industrial sewage con­ Terminol. (1977) No. 30, p. 75-79 trol), its major components, its extension and its transferability. The author shows the connections of the Terminology Bureau of Its programming language is INTERLISP. the Commission of the European Communites in Luxembourg with large national organizations, both in various branches of 79 Problems of Translation (inel. Multilingual CS) technology and in language subjects. Many Italian institutions are described as close collaboratos with this Bureau. See also 4784,

5062 Dubuc, R.: Terminologie et Lexicographie (In 5071 Kirkman, J., Snow, C., Watson, I.: ControHed French). In: Sprachmittler 16 (1978) No. 2/3, p. 32-45, English as an alternative to multiple translations. In: IEEE 10 refs. Trans. Prof. Communic. 21 (1978) No. 4, p. 159·- I 6 1,4 Paper presented at the 5th International Congress for Applied refs. Linguistics, 20-26 Aug. 1978, Montreal, Canada giving a compar­ ison between the common and differing features of terminology 5072 Schott, G.: Book review on H. E. Bruderer: Hand­ and lexicography with regard to nature, matter, situation, finali­ buch der maschinellen und maschinenunterstiltzten ty, function, term-selection, unity, analysis, definition, informa­ Sprachilbersetzung. (Handbook of mechanical and com­ tion unit, product, neologism, standardization. These features are puter supported translation) (In German). In: Intern. also displayed in a table. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 2,p. 131-132

5063 Reese, Th., Pool, 1.: Guide to information re­ 5073 Sreijber, B. T.: Multilingual communication with sources in language planning. In: Language Planning the data bank. (In Russian). In: Naucno-techn. inform. Newsletter 5 (1 979) No. 2, p. 1-3, 10-12 Ser. 2 (1979) No. 4, p. 24-26, 3 refs. The comprehensive article is divided into 4 chapters: A. Serial An approach to user-data bank communication is described which publications and related resources (Newsletters, journals, biblio­ provides for ease of access where the users speak different lan­ graphies, abstracting and indexing servies), B. Monographic publi­ guages - Russian, German, English, etc. In on case, a user speak­ cations and related resources. C. Professional conferences and D. ing a certain language is given access to a part of the data base Research projects. which is inaccessible to a user whose query is formulated in another language. In another case, each of the system's languages Terminology, the 5064 Sager, 1. C.; 10hnson, R. L.: access to a specified data base portion. A query can state of the art. provide In: Sprachmittler 16 (I978) No. 4, p. be presented in any of these languages, with the answer coming I 82-95, I refs. in the same language. This approach can be used to overcome Background - The present situation - Future trends - Teaching the language barrier and to speed up the delivery of information of terminology. to interested persons. Examples of Russian and English queries 78 Special Terminology Problems to a data bank and the respective answers are illustrated. (Author) 5066 Actual significance of the terminological collec­ tion on information industry. (In Japanese). In: Zyoho kagaku 14 (1978) No. 1, p. 102-I 03 For the first issue of the Collection, 25 1 24 words taken from 8 Applied Classing and Indexing magazines, and 10 599 words from newspapers have been iden­ tified , with 16 717 terms having occurred only once. �----J

5067 Drozd, L.: Von der Wirtschaftslinguistik zur heu­ 81 General Problems and Indexing Rules tigen Fachsprachenforschung. (In memoriam Gerhard Wahrig) (From economics linguistics to present-day ter­ See also 490 1,4966 minology research. In memory of Gerhard Wahrig). (In German). In: Muttersprache 88 (1978) No. 4, p. 203- 5074 Fasihuddin, M.: Study of indexing policies and 208 , 9 refs. practices and the literature of toxicology. (PhD Thesis) The contribution is based on the introductory paper which the Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh 1976. 155 p. author presented at the First European Symposium "Language for Special Purposes (LSP)" in Wien, 26-28 Aug. 1977. 5075 Manecke, H.-J.; Schramm, R.: Aspects of subject and source orientation in information processes. In: In­ 5068 Gejvandov, E. A., Fel'dman, V. M., Selimov, I. N.: tern. Forum on Inform. & Doe. 4 (1979) No. 2, p. 19-- Entering names of products in material properties and 30, 6 tabls., 6 figs., 17 refs. application information systems. (In Russian). In: Nauc­ The authors show that peculiarities of certain subject areas or no-techno inform. Ser. 2 (1979) No. 2, p. 16-20, 5 refs. source types must be taken into account in order to rationalize

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) NO. 3 Classification Literature 203 and improve the efficiency of information processes, above all, data base. Access to the files is a. o. through a number of codes indexing and abstracting. The theoretical base was a study of for individual concepts and their names and to document types, publications scattering and structural composition of document� date of publication, bill numbers, etc. ary sources in shipbuilding. Recommendations are given on methods for developing subject-oriented indexing rules and their 86 Indexing and Indexes of CS presentation, including an evaluation of their efficiency. Source­ oriented indexing and abstracting were studied for invention spe� See also 4796 cifications of the GDR. Recommendations based on data obtained provide for labour savings in these processes and quality im­ 5086 A1sheimer, R.: Oer Sch1agwortindex (SWI) der provement of resulting products. Possible directions for further Universitatsbibliothek Bremen. (Index to the systematic investigations are outlined. (Authors) catalog of the university library of Bremen). (In German). In: Habermann, A. (Ed.): Die wissenschaftliche Biblio­ 5076 Popovich, C. J. (ed.): Business data bases: the POM thck 1977. 67. Dt. Bib1iothekartag, Bremen 1977. Frank­ licies and practices of indexing. In: RQ Reference Serv­ furt: Klostermann 1978. p. 188-190 ices Div. Amer. Libr. Assoc. 18 (1978) Fall, p. 5-15 The systematic catalog of the university library of Bremen can (ALA Conference Program, Detroit) be approached by an index which serves several functions. Brief description of the organization of this index and its state ofdevel­ 5077 Romeyk, H.: Indexierarbeit im Archiv. In: Archi­ opment. var 31 (1978) No. 2, p. 195-203, 12 refs. Considerations on how to establish an index to the archival ma­ 87 I ndexing of Secondary Literature terials, e.g. through repertoire indexing or by setting up an organ­ ization model for the indexing by computer. There are no prac­ See also 48 14, 4954 tical experiences as yet. 88 Indexing of Primary Literature and Documents 5078 Sawyer, D. C.: The Canadian Education Index: a view of index editing. In: Canadian Libr. J. 35 (1978) 5087 Bander, E. J.: Indexing for publishers. In: Law No. 4, p. 277-281 Libr. J. 71 (1978) p. 463-6

82 Data ndexi ng 5088 Mockey, S. M., Jones, A., Mandel, G.: Indexing 1 Hebrew periodicals with the aid of the F AMULUS do­ cumentation system. In: Jones, A. (Ed.) et a1.: The com­ See also 4973 puter in literary and linguistic studies. Proc. 3rd Intern. Symp. Cardiff, GB: University of Wales Press 1976. p. 5079 Gadiokov, V.: Data indexing in. INIS: Problems 38-46 and approaches. In: Proc. of the 5th Biennial CODATA The F AMULUS documentation system has been developed by Conference. Oxford : Pergamon 1977:p. 203-208 the University College London Computer Centre. 5080 Pappe, l. Ja., Archange1skaya, N. V.: Index of structural components of chemical compounds for an abstract journal in chemistry. (In Russian). In: Naucno­ techno inform. Ser. 2 (1979) No. 5, p. 19-22, 5 refs. Describes a permutational index of structural components of organic compounds developed for an abstract journal in chemis­ try and serving to retrieve compounds that contain definite cyclic systems, characteristic groups, chemical elements and multiple 9 Classification "Milieu" (Org. & Econ.) carbon - carbon bonds in open chains. The index is oriented towards computerized preparation. (Author) 5081 Rush, J. E.: Handling chemical structure informa­ 91 General Problems of Organization of Classification tion. In: Ann. Rev. Inform. Sci. Techno!. 13 (1978) p. 209-262, 27 p. refs See also 4836

83 Indexing of and by Titles, Phrases 5089 Roberts, D. C.: Organization of personal index files. In: Use of medical literature. 2nd ed. London: But� See also 4952, 4953, 4977 terworth 1977. p. 44 1-452 . 5082 Matter, R.: PRECIS als zwischensprachliches Sy­ 92 Persons and Institutions in Classification stem. (PRECIS is an interlingual system) (In German). In: Nachr. Dok. 30 (1979) No. 3, p. 117-122, 5 figs., 1 See also 4861, 5061 ref. The aim of the PRECISjTranslingual Project is the design of a set See also 4861, 5061 of routines to allow the automatic conversion of a "string" of indexing terms in a source language into appropriate terms in a 5090 Miksa, F. L. (Ed.): Charles Ammi Cutter. Library chosen target language. Each string ofindexing data is "switched" Systematizer. Littleton, Colo .: Libraries Unlimited 1977. term by term , and then manipulated by a standard program 344 p. = The Heritage of Librarianship Series 3. to provide index entries in the target language or languages. ISBN 0-87287-1 12-6 (Author abbr.) 5092 Vann, S. K.: Melvil Dewey. His enduring presence 5083 Verdier, V.: PRECIS Translingual Project. In: Bri­ in Hbrarianship. Littleton, Col o.: Libraries Unlimited tish Library Bibliographic Services Div. Newsletter No. 1978. 273 p. = The Heritage of Librarianship Series. 4. 10 (1978) p. 2-3 ISBN 0-87287-1 34-7 5093 Fortin, J. M.: La banque de terminologie du QUeM 84 Indexing of Texts bee, un instrument d'information scientifique et techniM que de langue francaise. (The terminology bank of Que­ 5084 Conger, L. D.: Codes and content in the CIS data bec, a scientific and technical information instrument of base. In: Database 1 (1978) No. 1, p. 42-43, 47 -49, the French langua ge.) (In French). In: Colloque franco­ tables. Quebecois sur l'information scientifique et technique de The U. S. Congressional Information Services Index to Congres� langue fra nyaise, 1978, Montreal, P. Q. Montreal: Infor­ sional Publications has on on-line version which is the CIS Index matech France-Quebec 1978. p. 97- 103

204 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Classification Literature 5094 Malhan, I. V.: James Duff Brown and his contri� 5104 Menou, M.: Teaching of indexing and indexing bUlions. In: Herald Ubf. Sci. 17 (1978) No. 1 , p. 53-58, languages in less developed countries. In: Education and 23 refs. Training: theory and provision, with a look at new devel­ States the life, service with publishers, marriage and the rare qual� opments and an example of the challenge confronting ities of head and heart of James Duff Brown. Mentions him the information workers. The Hague: FID 1979. fo under of the Library world and as editorofvarious publications, Paper presented at the 1978 Pre-Congress FID/ET Seminar. his role in the revision of ALA Cataloguing Rules, visits abroad, and as pioneer of "open access." Examines Quinn-Brown Classi­ 5105 Romer, G.: Classification teaching for students of fication, his Adjustable and Subject Classification schemes, his librarianship. Reflections and proposals. In: Intern. Clas­ improved form of shcaf catalogue, his library quarterly guide, his sificat. 6 (1 979) No. 2,p. 104-108 capacity to organize Islington Public Library as chief and its Se­ As a contribution towards an improved teaching of classification lect Catalogue. Describes him inventor of indicators and other knowledge in German library schools some seven problem areas library appliances. (Author, abbr.) are outlined among which the lacking clarity as to the teaching objectives, the training deficits of teachers, their isolation and 5095 Mooers, C. N.: Rigors of _pioneer in information the lack of teaching aids. Against these, some seven proposals for science. In: Bull. Amer. Soc. Inform. Sci. 5 (1979) No. 3, improvement are submitted. In the annex a list of topics concern� p. 14-· 16 ing the teaching of classification and subject indexing at the Li­ The article is the author's acceptance speech upon receiving the brary School of Baden-Wtirttemberg, Stuttgart are given. 14th ASIS Award of Merit during the 1978 AS IS Annual Meeting. His contributions to the field (through mathematization, coding 98 User Studies methods, invention of the terms 'information retrieval' and 51 Using the SIC (Standard Indus­ 'descriptor', and programming) started already in 1947. For the 06 Melanson, R. G.: trial Classification) in business reference. future he admonishes to overcome the complexity in incompati­ In: RQ Refer­ bility of "all these wondrous systems." ence Services Div. Amer. Libr. Assoc. 18 (1978) Fall, p. 16-18.

5096 Venkatappaiah, V. (Ed.) together with Subba 99 Standardization in Classification Rao, C. V., Chatterjee, A. (Eds.) : March of Library Scien� ceo Kaula Festschrift. New Delhi, etc.: Vikas Publ. House See also 4966 1979. XII, 626 p. 5107 Dahlberg, I.: Normung und Klassifikation. (Stand­ Volume of 52 papers in honor of Prof. P. N. Kaula, Varanasi, at ardization and Classification) (In German). In: DK-Mitt. his 50th birthday, 1974. The papers are arranged in 12 sections, 22 (1978) No. 5-6, p. 13-17, 11 refs. one of which deals with the organization of knowledge and con­ Historical aspects of classification standardization - Possibilities tains the following papers: 5097 Dale, D. C.: Melwil Dewey in for more efficient organization of classification work - Standard­ the year1890. 5098 Parameswaran, M., Rajan Pillai, C. V.: Crys­ ization in the construction of classification systems - Standard­ tallography: the need for the recognition of a new basic subject. ization in the application of classification systems - A(.t ivities 5099 Trehan, G. L.: Organization and classification of know� of the German Standardization Institute in this regard . ledge in Vedic India. 5100 Shukla, M. M.: Book number - a dif­ ference in opinion. 5101 Man Mohan Das, T. K.: Extrapolation 5108 Friis-Hansen, J. B., Weitemeyer, M.: One com­ and interpolation in array and chain. - His personal bibliogra­ mon classification system and one common indexing sys­ phy covers 47 books and monographs, 17 schedules of depth clas� tem in the Danish libraries? A review to the Committee sification, over 600 articles and reviews. The latter are not listed on Classification Systems and Subject Catalogues for at the end, only the journals are mentioned in which these have Public and School Libraries. (In Danish). Copenhagen: appeared. A separate list gives the articles in publications and the July 1978. 37 p., 39 refs. enormous amount of bibliographies, compiled by him (Bibliogra­ Report on the functions of classification systems in libraries, phical and documentation work). existing systems in Danish libraries, compatibility and converti� bility between systems and the relations to international data­ bases and networks as well as on the functions of indexing lan� ___ 94 Organisation on the National and International Level guages, convertibility between them and the role of PRECIS. See also 4835 The report concludes in a recommendation of PRECIS as the best offer in the indexing language market, based on a number of 5102 The Subject�Catalogue Committee of the Library reasons. Whereas PRECIS is considered a joint possibility for all Bureau: Information on the work and proposals of the Danish libraries, several systems must be in use for the classifica­ Subject�Catalogue Committee. (In Danish). Copenhagen, tion: DK5 in the public and school libraries, Dewey and DK5 in December 1978. 19 + 21 p. the national bibliography, Dewey, UDC or special systems in the Report on committee-work as prolegomena to a series of confer­ other general and special libraries (Author) ences, which the Library Bureau has had in mind, before deci­ sions can be made as to the future subject-catalogue organization 5109 Heinrich, G.: Book review of Regeln fUr den in public and school libraries in Denmark. The proposals concern Schlagwortkatalog "Erlanger Regelwerk". (Rules for the the bibliographic data-base existing at the Library Bureau, and subject-headings catalog "Erlanger Regelwerk"). MUn­ PRECIS is regarded as the best possibility among the indexing chen: VerI. Dokumentation 1977. (In German). In: Bi­ languages known to the committee. A number of reservations arc bliothek. Forschung und Praxis 2 (1978) No. 3, p. 217- introduced, together pointing to further investigations, before 219 any decision is taken. If PRECIS does not fulfill the requirements mentioned, other systems should be further investigated, for in­ 5110 Sutter, E.: International dissemination of stan­ stance NEPHIS. (Authors) dards information. Tools needed to operate the network : the ISO Thesaurus and the ISONET Manual. In: Indexer 11 (1979) No. 3,p. 157-159. 95 Education and Training in Classification and Index­ Description of the tools prepared for the exchange of informa­ tion on standards and standard-type documents in the frame of See also 4859. 4974, 5059 the International Standardization Organization (ISO). The 5103 Gopinath, M. A.: Classification teaching in India. ISONET Manual as well as the ISO Thesaurus have already been In: Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 2, p. 117-118 tested and may become operational soon. (Paper had been Syllabus for advanced courses in classification and indexing in delivered at the Unesco Symposium onISONET, 5-7 Oct. 1977). India. (Courses at Masters and Post�Master's level in Information Science in India; courses conducted at DRTC, Bangalore; INS­ 5111 Yamanouchi, C.: Uniform classification in indus� DOC, New Delhi; Delhi University; Madras UniversitY,Bangalore trial libraries. (In Japanese). In: Dokument. Kenkyu 28 University). (See also Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3, p. 181) (1978) No. 7,p. 25 1 -260

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Classification Literature 205 Swift, D. F., Winn, V. A" Bramer, D. A.: A multi-modal ap­ proach to indexing and classification. 4, No. 2, p. 90-94 CUMULAT ED INDEX to Vois. 4-6 Stokolova, N. A.: Paradigmatic relations. Pt. II of 'Elemcnts of (without 'Classification Literature') a semantic theory of information rctricval'. 4, No. I, p. 11-19 Wiim, V. A. - see Swift, D. F. (Vol. 4 (19771, Vol. 5 (1978), Vol. 6 (W79)) Winter, J. H. - see Fugmann, R. Yosimura, T.: The 'Classification of Science and Technology'. 4, No. 1, p. 26-28 A. ALPHABETICAL INDEX Zingel, H.-J.: Experiences with TITUS II. 5, No. 1, p. 33-37 1. Articles

Bakewell, K. G, B.: The London Classification of Business Stu- 2. Reports and Communications dies. 6, No. 1, p. 29-35 Balk, M.: On patent categories. 5, No. 2, p. 65-72 Bock, H. H.: First International Symposium on Data Analysis Bramer, D. A. - see Swift, D. F. and Informatics. 4, No. 2, p. 105 Carpenter,A. M., Jones, M., Oppenheim, Ch.: Consistency of use Campos, A. T.: Classification at the 9th Brazilian Conference on of the IPe. 5, No. 2, p. 73-80 Library Science and Documentation. 4, No. 2, p. 105 Carpenter. A. M., Jones, M., Oppenheim, Ch.: Retrieval tests on Dahlberg, I.: C.E.C. on "Qualitative Evaluation of Thesauri". five classification schemes. 5, No. 2, p. 73-80 4, No. l,p. 40· -41 Dahlberg, I.: Citation codes in classification and terminology, -: International Workshop "The Cognitive Vicwpoint". 5, No. 2, p. 91-92 4, No. 1, p. 41 ··42 .-: A referent-oriented, analytical concept theory for INTER- --: Founding the Gescllschaft fUr Klassifikation cV. (In German) . CONCEPT. 5,No. 3, p. 142-151 4, No. 1, p. 42 Dahlberg, W.: Towards a geometry of basic concepts. -: Meeting ofWGsofthe German DIN Classification Committee. 6, No. 2, p. 73-84 5, No. 1, p. 38 Eisenschitz, T. S., Oppenheim, Ch.: Reasons for inconsistencies -: Progress in launching INTERCONCEPT. in the use of the IPC. 6, No. 1, p. 26-28 5, No. 2, p. 102 Farradane, J., Guiutzan, P.: A test of relational indexing inte­ -: "New Developments in Classification". grity by conversion to a permuted alphabetical index. 6, No. 1, p. 36 4, No. 1, p. 20-25 -: Matter and methods of subject access to knowledge. -: A comparison of some computer-produced permuted alpha- 6, No. 2, p. 119 betical subject indexes. 4, No. 2, p. 94-101 -: Classification topics at 1979 ASIS Conferencc. Forst, H. T.: On the hierarchical classification of observation 6, No. 3, p. 179 units according to comparative characteristics (In German) Dahlberg, W.: First confcrence of the German Classification 5, No. 2, p. 81-85 Society. 4, No. 2, p. 103-104 Fugmann, R.: Toward a theory of information supply and index- -: Coopcration in classification. 5, No. 2, p. 95-98 ing. 6,No. l,p. 3-·15 -: The research activity of MERU - itsrelevance for classification Fugmann, R., Winter, J. H.: Reverse retrieval: Toward analogy rescarch (In German). 5, No. 2, p. 103-106 inferences by mechanized classification. 6, No. 2, p. 85-91 -: Classification and Cognition. Report on the Third Annual Guilitzan, P. - see Farradane, J. Conference of the GeselJschaft flirKlassifikation eV Hemalata Iyer - see Raghavan, K. S. 6, No. 3, p. 177-178 Henzler, R. G.: Free or controlled vocabularies. Dickson, A. J.: Informatics 5 - "Analysis of Meaning" 5. No. 1, p. 21-26 6, No. 2, p. 118-119 Jones, M. - see Carpenter, A. M. Felber, H.: Results of the ISO/TC46/WG5 Meeting in Paris. Judge, A. J. N.: Knowledge-representation in a computer· 5, No. 1, p. 38 supported environment. 4, No. 2, p. 76-81 Fugmann, R.: Concerning the problema tics of indexing standard- -: Representation, comprehension and communication of sets: ization (In German). 6, No. 2, p. 109-117 thc role of number. P. I 5, No. 3, p. 126-133; Pt. II t, No. Gopinath, M. A.: DRTC Annual Seminar (15). l, p. 15-25; Pt. III 6, No. 2, p. 92-103 5, No. 2, p. 93-94 Karlgren, H.: Viewdata - something to be crazy about? -: Classification tcaching in India. 6, No. 2, p. 117-118 6, No. 3, p. 172-176 6, No. 3, p. 180 Leclercq, H.: "Europe": a term for many concepts. Greiner, G.: FID/CCC Classification Symposium. 5, No. 3, p. 156-162 Hoffmann, E. - sec Schuck, H. J. McDonell, D. J.: Classifications and their keys. 5, No. 1, p. 3-7 Infoterm: Terminology standards and guidelines. Nocetti, M.: Agricultural soil science in universal classification 4, No. 1, p. 43-44 systems. A comparative analysis. 5, No. I, p. 15-20 Leclercq, H.: Terminologic, multilinguisme et automatisation. Oppenheim, Ch. - see Carpenter (In French). 4,No. 2, p. l02-103 Ostarhild, K.: Problems of commodity classification. Ohman, E.: A giant alphabetic index to a medium UDC edition. 5, No. 1, p.27-29 5, No. 3, p. 163-165 Perreault, J. M.: Library of Congress Subject Headings: a new Picht, H.: Co-operation of thc Nordic countries - NORDTERM. manual. 6, No. 3, p. 158-169 6, No. 3, p. 181-182 Raghavan, K. S., Hemalata Iyer: Structuring of compound and Riggs, F.: The Committec on Conceptual and Terminological complex subjects in social sciences: a user's survey. Analysis, COCTA. 5, No. 3, p. 166-167 5, No. 1, p. 8-14 --: INTERCONCEPT aims redefined. 6, No. 3, p. 178-179 RebaB, S.: On the evaluation of information resources by means Schuck, H. J.: The Colloquy "Scmestructure", Mainz/Frankfurt, of the theory of fuzzy sets. (In German)5, No. 3, p. 152-155 21 Scpt. 1976. (In German) 4, No. 1, p. 37-38 Rescher, N.: The systematization of knowledge. -: Technical languages and the common language. 4, No. 2, p. 73-75 5, No. 2, p. 94-95 Riggs, F. W.: A new paradigm for social science terminology. -, Hoffmann, E.: 7th International Conference on Computa- 6, No. 3,p. 150-158 tional Linguistics (COLING 78). 5, No. 3, p. 167-169' Romer, G.: Classification teaching for students of)ibrarianship. Silvestri, G.: The early German-language translations of Dewey's Reflectionsand proposals. 6, No. :2,p. 104-108 Decimal-Classification in Austria-Hungary. (In German). Sengupta, I. N.: Some observations on the forthcoming 19th 4, No. 1, p. 35 edition of the DDC scheme. 6, No. 3, p. 170-172 Soares de Oliveira, R. M.: Brazilian Conference onBibliographical Soergel, D.: An automated encyclopedia .... a solution of the in­ Classification. 4, No. 1, p. 3"6-37 formation problcm? 4, No. 1, p. 4-19; No. 2, p. 81-89 Sundstrom, E.: Thc TERMDOK Bulletin. Sundstrom, E.: Introducing TNC and the TERMDOK system. (Nos. 28, 29, 40) 5, No. 2, p. 109-110 5, No. 2, p. 86-90 (Nos. 41, 42, 43) 5,No. 3, p. 172-173 Svenonills, E.: Facet definition: a case study. (Nos, 44, 45, 46) 6, No. 1, p. 43-44 5, No. 3, p. 134-141

206 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No.3 Cumulated Index to Vols. 4-6 Svenonius, E.: First CCRG Conference, Melrose 1978. Library of Congress: Classification Class K. Subclass KE: Law of 5, No. 2, p. 98-100 Canada. (H. G. Schon) 4, No. 2, p. 109 Turnbo,Z. N. Z.: State of-the-art of terminology in Tanzania. Maltby, A.: Classification in the 1970s: a second look. 5,No. 3, p. 170-171 (D. Foskett) 4, No. I, p. 47 -48 Wellisch, H. H.: International PRECIS Workshop in Maryland. Meyer-Uhlenried, K.-H.: Methodische Grundlagen flir die Pla­ 4, No. 1, p. 38-39 nung von Informationssystcmen. (Methodical foundations for the planning of information systems, Chapt. 3.4). 3. Infoterm News (Wellisch) 5,No. 2, p. 117-118 lnfoterm News. (from NL No. 6) 4, No. 2, p. 107-108 Mills, J., Broughton, V.: Bliss Bibliographic Classification. Vo\. Infoterm News. (from NL NO. 7 and 8) 5, No. I, p. 41-42 1, Class J, Class P. (Bakewell) 5, No. 1, p. 43-44 }nfoterm News. (from NL No._9) 5, No, 2, p. l07 ·111 Papentin, F.: Ordnung, Intelligcnz, Evolution. (In German). Infoterm News. (from NL No. 10) 5, No. 3, p. 170-171 (W. Dahlberg) 5,No. 3,p. 181-182 �amurin, E. I.: Geschichte der bibliothekarisch-bibliographischen Info term News. (from NL No. 11) 6, No. 1, p. 41-42 Klassifikation. (History of library-bibliographical classifica­ Infoterm News. (from NL No. 12 and 13) 6, No. 2, p. 121-124 tion). (D. Zimmermann) 4, No. 2, p. 112-113 Infoterm News. (from NL No. 14 and 15) 6, No. 3, p. 181-183 Scheele, M.: Ordnung und Wortschatz dcs Wissens. (Organization and vocabulary of knowledge). 4. Book Reviews (Soergel) 5,No. 2,p. 113-117 Serrai, A.: Le c1assificazoni. (Vasctti) 4, No. 2, p. 113-114 Aitchison, J.: Unesco Thesauru_s. (Dahlberg) 6, No. 3, p. 184 Settel, B.: Subjcct dcscription of books. Atherton, P. et al.: Books are for use. (Brazier) 5, No. 2, p. 118-119 (Tell) 6, No. 1, p. 47-49 Spath, H.: Cluster-Analyse-Algorithmen zur Objektklassifizie­ Bahner, H., Friede, H.-J., Haendler,H., Schoen, P. J.: Thesaurus rung und Datenreduktion. (Cluster-analysis algorithms for Tierische Produktion. (Thesaurus Animal Production). (In the classification of objects and data reduction). German). (M. Scheele) 5, No. I, p. 45-46 (Bock) 5, No. 2, p. 112-113 Bakewell, K. G. n.: Classificarion and indexing practice. Steinhausen, D., Langer, K.: Clusteranaiyse. (Needham). 6, No. 1, p. 46-47 (Bock) 6,No. 2,p. I 17-128 Bartelt, F.: Standardlistcn zur Schlagwortgebung. (Authority Union of International Associations. Year-Book of World Prob­ lists for the assignment of subject headings). (1. Dahlberg). lems and Human Potential. (I. Dahlberg) 4, No. 2, p. 114·-115 6, No. 3, p. 187 Van Slype, G.: Conception et gestion des systemes documentai­ Bausch, K. J., Schewe, W. H. U., Spiegel, H.-R.: Faehsprachen. res. (Conception and organization of documentary systems). (Sager) 4, No. 1, p. 49-50 (Rolling) 5, No. 1, p. 45 Bolton, N.: Concept formation. Wahrig, G.: dtv-Worterbuch der deutschen Sprache. (dtv-Diction­ (Riggs) 6, No. 2, p. 125-127 ary of the German language) . (In German). Barko, H., Bernier, C. L.: Abstracting concepts and methods. (Hoppe) 5, No. 3, p. 179-180 (I. Dahlberg) 4, No. 1, p. 50 Wellisch, H. H.: International PRECIS Workshop. Borko, H., Bernier, Ch. L.: Indexing concepts and methods. (Perreault) 5, No. 2, p. 119-121 (I. Dahlberg) 6, No. 2, p. 131 Wersig, G., Neveling, U.: Terminology of documentation. Brown, A. C.: Introduction to subject indexing. Vol. 1: Subject (Farradane) 4, No. 1, p. 48-49 analysis and practical classification. Wojciechowski, J. E. (Ed.): Conceptual basis of the classification (Richmond) 4, No. 1, p. 45 of knowledge Proe. Ottawa Conf. 1971. Bruderer, H. E.: Handbook of mechanical and computer sup­ (Dickson) 6, No. 3, p. 185-187 ported translation. (In German). (Schott) 6, No. 2, p. 131-132 Carosella, M. P.: Atti de Seminario di studi sulla CDU. (Ricci) 5,No. 3,p. 117-178 Dahlberg, I. (Ed.): Prinzipien der Klassifikatoion. (Classification B, FORM AND SUBJECT INDEX principles). (In German) (Oeser) 5, No. 3, p. 174-177 (The arrangement in this index follows the "Outline of form and Downing, J. C., Yelland, M. (Eds.): Dewey International: papers. subject categories of the field of classification science and ...Banbury, 1976. (Wellisch) 5, No. 1, p. 44-45 applied classification" as given in Vol. 6 (1979) No. 1, p. 50. It Drasdowski, G. et al.: Nachdenken tiber WorterbUcher. (Con­ contains also all the anonymous items which have not been listed templating on dictionaries). (In German) in the Alphabetical Index. The non-English titles have been (I. Dahlberg) 5,No. 2, p. 123-124 translated into English.) Engelkamp, J.: Satz und Bedeutung. (Sentence and meaning). (In German). (BUlow) 4, No. 2, p. 110-112 01 Bibliographies European Communities: Overcoming the language barrier. (D. Zimmermann) 4, No. 2, p. 112-113 Classification Literature 4, No. 1, p. 51-69 (2201-2591};4, No. Foskett, A. c.: The subject approach to information. 2, p. 116-133 (2592-3082); 5, No. 1, p. 47-62 (3083- (Richmond) 6, No. 1, p. 46 3461); 5, No. 3, p. 183-204 (3462 ·3947); 6, No. 1, p. 50- Haase, R.: Der mef,\bare Einklang. (Measurable harmony). (In 70 (3948-4385); 6, No. 2, p. 133-148 (4386-4733); 6, No. German) (W. Dahlberg) 5, No. 3, p. 181-182 3, p. 188-205 (4734-5 111). Henderson, K. L. (Ed.): Major classification systems: The Dewey Cumulated Author Index 1974-19774, No. 3, p. 134-144 Centennial. (Gopinath) 6, No. 2, p. 130 Classification Literaturc? (Editorial) 5, No. 2, p. 63 Jung, R., Sickmann, L. (Eds.): Schlagwortgebung und Sehlag­ IINTE Clearing House 6, No. 1, p. 38 wortkatalog. (Subject headings assignment and the subject 04 Classification Systems and Thesauri heading catalogue). (1n German). · (1. Dahlberg) 6, No. 2, p. 132 Aitchison, J.: Unseco Thcsaurus (Dahlberg)6, No. 3, p. 184 Krammer-Benz, M.: World Guide to Terminological Activities. Bahner et at.: Thesaurus animal production. (Scheele) (Riggs) 6, No. 1, p. 45 ·46 5, No. 1, p. 45-46 Kuhlen, R.: Experimentelle Morphologic in der Informations­ Scheele, M.: Organization and vocabulary of knowledge. (Soergcl) wissenschaft. (Experimental morphologie in information 5, No. 2,p. I13-117 science). (In German). (Gotthardt) 5, No. 2, p. 122-123 05 Periodicals and Serials Kutschera, F. v.: Einftihrung in die intensionalc Semantik. (In­ troduction into intensional semantics). (In German). A journal devoted to ...(Editorial) 5, No. 1, p. 1-2 (lIeydrich) 6, No. 2, p. 128-130 Cataloging & Classification Quarterly 6, No. l,p. 39 Laake, M. v. d., Port, P. (Ed.): Deutschel"Dokumentartag 1977. 06 Conference Reports. Proceedings (Sect. on "Intentions and methods of indexing"). (Scchser) 5,No. 3, p. 178-179 Wojciechowski, J. E. (Ed.): Conceptual basis of the classifica­ Langridge, D. W.: Classification and indexing in the humanities. tion of knowlcdge. Proc. Ottawa Conf. 1971. (Dickson) (Perrault) 4, No. 1, p. 46-47 6, No. 3, p. 185-187

Intern. Classifieat. 6 (1979) NO. 3 Cumulated Index to Vols. 4-6 207 Henderson, K. L. (Ed.): Major Classification Systems: The AILA Conf., Montreal, 1978-08-20/26. 6, No. 1, p. 42 Dewey Centennial. (Nov. 1975) (Gopinath) IFLA starts talks on classification, Strbske Pleso, 1978-08-27. 6, No. 2, p. 130 6, No. I, p. 38 Carosella, M. P.: Atti de Seminario di studi sulla CDU (Sept. 1st Symposium on Terminology Teaching, Quebec, 1978-08- 5, No. 3, p. I77-178 1975). (Ricci) 28/30. 6, No, I, p. 42 Brazilian Conf. on Bibliographic Classification, 1976-09-12/17. Intern. Colloquy, Dresden, 1978-08-29/31. 6, No. 2, p. 121 (Soares de Oliveira) 4, No. 1, p. 36-37 UN-Interagency Meeting on Language Arrangements, Documen­ Colloquy "Semestructure", Mainz, 1976-09-21 (Schuck) tation and Publications, New York, 1979-09-5/1 1. 4, No. I, p. 37-38 6, No. I, p. 42 International PRECIS Workshop in Maryland, 1976-10 (Wel- Edinburgh F1D/CCC Meeting, Edinburgh, 1978-09-18/20. tisch) 4, No. 1, p. 38-39 6, No. I, p. 39 Wellisch, H. H.: International PRECIS Workshop. (Perreault) 2nd Conference on ECSSID-TermNet acitivities, Blazejevko, 5, No. 2, p. 119-121 1978-10-16/21. 6, No. 2, p. 121 FID/CCC Classification Symposium, BrOssel, 1976-11-25/26 Workshop on Eurodicautom, Luxembourg, 1978-11-9/10. (Greiner) 4, No. 1, p. 39-40 6, No. 2, p. 121 C.E.C. "Qualitative Evaluation of Thesauri", Luxembourg, Classification topics at 41st ASIS Conference, New York, 1978- 1977-01-13/14. 4, No. I, p. 40-41 11-13/17. 6, No. l,p. 36-37 International Workshop "The Cognitive Viewpoint", Ghent, Subject description in large universal libraries, MUnchen, 1978- 1977-03-24/26. 4, No. I, p. 41-42 11-14/15. 6, No. 1, p. 37 Third European Congress on Information Systems and Networks, 2nd Meeting of ISD/TC37 WGI. Moskva, 1978-11-20/24. Luxembourg, 1977·-05-3/6. 4, No. 2, p. 107-108 6, No. 2, p. 121 Terminology, multilingualism and automation, Luxembourg, Classification and education, K61n, 1978-12-7/8. 1977-05-3/6. (Leclercq) 4, No. 2, p. 102-103 6, No. 1, p. 37-38 Overcoming the language barrier, Luxembourg, 1977-05-3/6. Informatics 5 "Analysis of Meaning", Oxford, 1979-03-21/23. (D. Zimmermann) (Dickson) 6, No. 2, p. 118-119 5, No. 2, p. 121-122 Matter and methods of subject access to knowledge, Kaln, 1979 Meeting of Experts on INTERCONCEPT principles and strate- ·�03-28/29. 6, No. 2, p. 119 gies, Paris, 1977-05-9/11. 4, No. 2, p. 108 1 st International Conference on Terminological Data Banks, Problems of Commodity Classification - IGWT Meetings, Wien, Wien, 1979-04-2/3. 6, No. 2, p. 122-124 1977-05-31/06-3. 4, No. 2, p. 105-106 Infoterm Advisory Board Meeting, Wien, 1979-04-04 First Conference of the German Classification Society, MUnster, 6, No. 2, p. 124 1977-06-04. (W. Dahlberg) 4, No. 2, p. 103-104 3rd GFK Annual Meeting and 1st FID/CR Regional Conference, Dahlberg, I. (Ed.): Principles of classification. MUnster, 1977-06 Kanigstein, 1979-04-5/7. (Program) 6, No. 1, p. 39-40 -04. (Oeser) 5, No. 3, p. 174-177 Classification and Cognition. 3rd Ann. ConL of Ges. f. Klassifi­ The 1977 Classification Society Meeting, Dartmouth, USA, kation, Kanigstein, 1979-04-5/7. (W. Dahlberg) 1977-06-7/9. 4, No. 2, p. 104-105 6, No. 3,p. I77-178 Classification at the 9th Brazilian Conference on Library Science Classification Society, North American Branch, Gainesville, and Documentation, Porto Alegre, 1977-07-3/8. (Campos) 1979-04-8/10. 6, No. I, p. 39 4, No. 2, p. 105 French Seminar "Drdre et Classification", Paris, 1979-04-23. Terminology and terminological lexicography. Wien, 1977-08- 6, No. 2, p. 119 26/28. 5, No. I, p. 41-42 Annual General Meeting, Classification Society, European First International Symposium on Data Analysis and Informatics, Branch, London, 1979-04-30. 6, No. 2, p. 119 Versailles, 1977-09-7/9. (Bock) 4, No. 2, p. l05 Dictionary Society of North Amerca, London, Ont., 1979-06- New Developments in Classification. Edinburgh, 1978-09-25/ 28/30. 6, No. 2, p. 120 28. 6, No. I, p. 36 Chemosystematics: principles and practice. Southhampton, The Classification Society Meeting, Oxford, 1977-09-29. 1979-07-10/12. 6, No. 2, p. 119-120 4, No. 2, p. 105 INTERCONCEPT aims redefined, Budapest, 1979-08-21/23. Laake, M. v. d. et al: Deutscher Dokumentartag. "Intentions and (Riggs) 6, No. 3,p. I78-179 methods of indexing"), SaarbrUcken, 1977-10-3/7. (Sech­ Classification topics at 1979 ASIS Conference, Minneapolis, scr) 5, No. 3, p. 178-179 1979-10-14/18. 6, No. 3,p. 179 Study on the development of TermNet. Wien, 1977-10-19/21 Conference on Pattern Recognition, Oxford, 1980-01-9/11. 5, No. I, p. 42 6, No. 2, p. 120 DRTC Annual Seminar (15). Bangalore, 1977-12-5/9 (Gopi- Software developments in cluster analysis and identification, nath) 5, No. 1, p. 93-94 York, 1980-03-31/04-1. 6, No. 3, p. 180 Computational aids in terminology and lexicography. ISO/ TC37/WG4. Offcnbach, 1977-12-8/9 5, No. I, p. 42 2nd Meeting, Informal Task Force on Indexing Vocabularies, 09 Standards, Guidelines New York, 1978-01-17/20. 6, No. I, p. 38 Technical languages and the common language, Mannheim, 1978 UNISIST Draft on Indexing Principles 4. No. I, p. 29-34 -03-14/17. (Schuck) 5, No. 2, p. 94-95 Terminology Standards and Guidelines 4, No. I, p. 43-44 Cooperation in classification, Frankfurt-H6chst, 1978-04-6/7. (W. Dahlbcrg) 5, No. 2, p. 95-98 1 Theoretical Foundations Data structure analysis and applications, London, 1978-04--07. 5, No. 2, p. 100 Order and classification. (Editorial) 6, No. 1, p. 1-2 First CCRG Conference, Melrose 1978-05-6/7. (Svenonius) Classification and cognition. (Editorial) 6, No. 2, p. 71 5, No. 2, p. 98-100 Representation comprehension and communication of sets: the 1978 Classification Society Meeting, USA. Clemson, S.c., 1978- role of number (Judge) 5, No. 3, p. 126-133 05-21/23. 5, No. 2, p. IOO 6, No. I, p. 15-25 1st Conference of the French Classification Society, Nice, 1978 6, No. 2, p. 92-103 -05-24/26. 5, No. 2, p. 101 Papentin, F.: Order, intelligence, evolution. (W. Dahlberg) (In Progress in launching INTER CONCEPT, Hattenheim, 1978- German) 5, No. 3, p. 181-282 05-30/06-1. 5, No. 2, p. 102 Society of Indexers International Conference, London, 1978- 12 Conceptual Basis of Classification 06-14/16. 5, No. 3, p. 165-166 Report on the 1st Terminology Seminar, Copenhagen, 1978-·06 Intern. Workshop "The Cognitive Viewpoint" (I. Dahlberg) .. 20/30. 6, No. I, p. 41-42 4, No. I, p. 41-42 Classification and terminology of commodities. Wien, 1978- Systematization of knowledge. (Rescher) 4, No. 2, p. 73-75 07-5/8. 5,No. 2,p. 101-102 Meeting of experts on Interconcept 4,N". 2,p. 108 7th International ConL on Computational Linguistics, Bergen, Progress in launching Interconcept. 5, No. 2, p. 102 197&-09-1.4/19. 5,No. 3, p. 167-169 On patent categories. (Balk) 5, No. 2, p. 65-72

208 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Cumulated Index to Vols. 4-6 A referent-oriented, analytical concept theory for Interconcept. Brown, A. G.: Introduction to subject indexing. Vol. 1. (Rich- (I. Dahlberg) 5, No. 3, p. 142-151 mond) 4, No. 1, p. 45 Committee on Conceptual and Terminological Analysis (COC- SUbject description in largc universal libraries. TA). (Riggs) 5, No. 3, p. 166-167 6, No. 1, p. 37 Interconcept Pilot Project. 6, No. p. 37 Bakewell, K. G. B.: Classification and indexing practice. (Need- Reverse retrieval: toward analogy inferences by mechanized ham) 6, No, 1, p. 46-47 classification. (Fugmann/Winter) 6, No. 2, p. 85-91 Barko, H., Bernier, Ch. L.: Indexing conccpts andmethods. Gcometry of basic concepts (W. Dahlberg) 6, No. 2, p. 73-84 (Dahlberg) 6,No. 2,p. 131 Bolton, N.: Concept formation. (Riggs) 6, No. 2, p. 125-127 Jung R. et al. (Eds.): Subject headings assignment and the sub­ Kutschera, F. v.: Introduction into intensional semantics. (In ject heading catalogue. (In German) (Dahlbcrg) German). (Heydrich) 6, No. 2, p. 128-130 6, No. 2, p. 132 Interconcept aims redefined. (Riggs) 6, No. 3, p. 178-179 Reverse retrieval: toward analogy inferences by mechanized Wojciechowski, J. E. (Ed.): Conceptual basis of the classification classification. (Fugmann/Winter) 6, No. 2, p. 85-91 of knowledge. (Dickson) 6, No. 3, p. 185-187 Bartelt, F.: Authority lists for the assignment of subject-head- ings. (Dahlberg) 6, No. 3, p. 187 17 Classification Problems 35 Automatic ordering An automated encyclopedia a solution of the information Pattern recognition and artificial intelligence. 6, No. 2, p. 119 problem? (Soergel) 4, No. 1, p. 4-10 Confercncc on Pattern Recognition. 6, No. 2, p. 120 4, No. 2, p. 81-89 Classification and information. (Editorial) 4, No. 2, p. 71-72 Union of International Associations: Year-Book of World Prob­ 4 On Universal Systems lems and Human Potential. (I. Dahlberg) 4, No. 2, p. 114-115 FID/CCC Classification Symp. (Greiner) 4, No. 1, p. 39-40. Research activity of MERU - its relevance for classification Maltby, A.: Classification in the 1970s: a sccond look. (D. Fos- research. (In German). (W. Dahlberg) 5, No. 2, p. 103-106 kett) 4, No. 1, p. 47-48 Haase, R.: Measurable harmony. (W. Dahlberg) IFLA starts talks on classification. 6, No. 1, p. 38 5, No. 3, p. 181-182 Bartelt, F.: Authority lists for the assignmcnt of subject head- 19 History of Classification ings. (Dahlberg) 6, No. 3, p. 118 §amurin, E. I.: History of Library-bibliographical classification. 42 On the UDC (D. Zimmcrmann) 4, No. 2, p. 112-113 Classifications and their keys. (McDonell) 5, No. 1, p. 3-7 Early German-language translations of Deweys Decimal Classifi­ cation in Austria-Hungary. (Silvestri) 4, No. 1, p. 35 A giant alphabetic index to a Medium UDC Edition. (Ohman) S, No. 3, p. 163-165 2 Structure and Construction of Classification Systems Carosella, M. P.: Proceedings of a seminar on the study of the UDC. (Ricci) 5, No. 3,p. 117-178 Serrai, A.: Le classificazioni. (Vasetti) 4, No. 2, p. 113-114 Edinburgh FID/CCC Meeting. 6,No. l,p. 39 Van Slype, G.: Conception etgestion dessystemes documentaires. (Rolling) 5, No. 1, p. 45 43 On the DDC Meyer-Uhlenried, K.-H.: Methodical foundations for the plan- ning of I. S., Chapt. 3.4 (Wellisch) 5, No. 2, p. 117-118 Downing, J. c., Yelland, M.: Dewey International. ..(Wellisch) On the evaluation of information resources by means of the 5, No. 1, p. 44-45 theory of fuzzy sets. (Reball) 5, No. 3, p. 152-155 Henderson, K. L. (Ed.): Major Classification Systems: The De- 2nd Meeting on Indexing Vocabularies. 6, No. 1, p. 38 wey Centennial. (Gopinath) 6, No. 2, p. 130 Classauri in information work. 6, No. 2, p. 120 Some obscrvations on the forthcoming 19th edition of the DDC Classification and their keys. (McDonell) 5, No. 1, p. 3-7 scheme. (Sengupta) 6, No. 3, p. 170-172 Facet definition: a case study. (Svenonius) 5, No. 3, p. 134-141 Paradigmatic relations. (Stokolova) 4, No. 1, p. 11-19 44 On the LCC Library of Congress Classification. Subclass KE: Law of Canada. 29 Evaluation of Classification Systems (H. G. Schon) 4, No. 2, p. 109 Library of Congress Subject Headings: a new manual. (Perreault) C.E.C. von "Qualitative Evaluation o� Thesauri" (Dahlberg) 6, No. 3, p. 158-169 4, No. 1, p. 40-41 Free or controlled vocabularies. (Henzler) 5, No. 1, p. 21-26 45 On the Bliss Bibliographic Classification Consistency of use of the International Patent Classification. Mills, J., Broughton, V.: Bliss Bibliographic Classification. (Bake- (Carpenter, A. M. al.) 5, No. 1, p. 30-32 well) 5, No. 1, p. 43-44 Retrieval tests on five classification schemes. (Carpenter, A. M. et al.). 5,No. 2,p. 73-80 48 On Other Universal Classification Systems The Classification of Science and Technology . (Yosimura) 3 Classing and Indexing (methodology) 4, No. 1, p. 26-28 Consistency of use of the International Patent Classification. Knowledge-representation in a computer-supported environ- (Carpenter et al.) 5, No. 1, p. 30-32 ment (Judge) 4, No. 2, p. 76-81 Reasons for inconsistencies in the use of the International Multi-modal approach to indexing and classification. (Swift, Patent Classification. (Eisenschitz/Oppenheim) D. F. et al.) 4, No. 2, p. 90-94 6, No. 1, p. 26-28 The Socicty oflndcxers Intern. Conf. 1978. 5, No. 3, p. 165-166 Laake, M. v. d. et al. (Ed .): Dt. Dokumentartag. ("Intentions 51 Numerical Taxonomy m and ethods of indexing"). (Sechser) 5, No. 2, p. 178-179 1 st Internatlonal Symposium on Data Analysis and Informatics. Toward a theory ofinformation supply and indexing. (Fugmann) (Bock) 4, No. 2, p. 105 6, No. 1, p. 3-15 On hierarchical classification of observation units according to Directory of course on indexing. 6, No. 1, p. 39 comparativc characteristics. (In German). (Forst) Foskett, A. C.: The subject approach to information. (Richmond) 5, No. 2, p. 81-85 6, No. 1, p. 46 Data structure analysis and applications. 5, No. 2, p. 100 Barko, H., Bernier, C. L.: Abstracting concepts and methods. Spath, H.: Cluster-analysis-algorithms for the classification of (Dahlberg) 4, No. 1, p. 50 objects and data reduction. (Bock) 5, No. 2, p. 112-113 Structuring of compound and complex subjects in social sciences: Steinhausen, D., Langer, K.: Cluster analysis. (Bock) (Raghavan/Hemalata Iyer) 5, No. 1, p. 8·-14 6, No. 2, p. 127-128 A test of relational indexing integrity (Farradane/Gulutzan) Software developments in cluster analysis and identification. 4, No. 1, p. 20-25 6, No. 3, p. 180

Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Cumulated Index to Vols. 4-6 209 52 On Taxonomies and Nomentlature for Chemistry 79 Problems of Translation Chemosystematics: principles and practice. 6, No. 2, p. 119-120 3rd European Congress on Information Systems and Networks. Luxembourg 1977. 4, No. 2, p. 107-108 57 On Commodity Classification Systems World Transindex. 5, No. �, p. 108 Problems of commodity classification - IGWT meetings. European Communities: Overcoming the language barrier. (D. 4,No. 2, p. 105··106 Zimmermann) 5, No. 2, p. 121-222 Commodity classification. (Ostarhild) 5, No. 1, p. 27-29 Workshop on Eurodicautom. 6, No. 2, p. 121 Classification and terminology of commodities. Bruderer, H. E.: Handbook ofmechanical and computer support­ ed translation. (Schott). (In German) 6, No. 2, p. 131-·132 5, No. 2, p. 101-102

6 On Special Subjects Classification Systems 8 Applied Classing and Indexing Agricultural soil science in universal classification systems. A International policy and practice in indexing. 5. No. 1, p. 40 comparative analysis. (Nocetti) 5, No. 1, p. 15 -20 Concerning the problematics of indexing standardization. The London Classification of Business Studies. (Bakewell) (Fugmann). (In German). 6, No. 2, p. 109-117 6, No. 1, p. 29··35 Intern. PRECIS Workshop (Wellisch) 4, No. 1, p. 38-39 Experiences with TITUS II. (Zingel) 5,No. l,p. 33-37 A comparison of some computer produced permuted alphabet� Langridge, D. W.: Classification and indexing in the human- ical subject indexes. (Farradane) 4, No. 2, p. 94-101 ities. (Perreault) 4, No. 1, p. 46-47 Wellisch, H. H.: International PRECIS Workshop. (Perreault) 5, No. 2, p. 119-121 Settei, B.: Subject description of books. (Brazier) 7 Classification and Language 5, No. 2, p. 1 18-119 Atherton, P. etal: Books arc for use. (Tell) Colloquy "Semestructure", Mainz. (Schuck). (In German) 6, No. l,p. 47-49 4, No. 1, p. 37-38 A giant alphabetic index to a Medium UDC Edition. (Ohman) AILA Conferences, Montreal, 1978. 6, No. 1, p. 42 Engelkamp, J.: Sentence and meaning. (Blilow). (In German) 5, No. 3, p. 163-165 4, No. 2, p. 110-112 91 General Problems of Organization of Classification Kuhlen, R.: Experimental morphology in information science. (Gotthardt). (In German) 5, No. 2,p. 122-123 Study on the development of TermNet. 5, No. 1, p. 42 7th International Conf. on Computational Linguistics. (Schuck/ Network of terminology information and documentation (Term- 5, No. 2, p. 108 Hoffmann) 5,No. 3, p. 167--169 Net) 2nd Conference on ECSSID-TermNet activities. 76 Lexicon, Dictionary Problems 6, No. 2, p. 121 Classification Planning. (Editorial) 6, No. 3, p. 149 Drosdowski, G. et al.: Contemplating on dictionaries. (Dahlberg). Viewdata - something to be crazy about? (Karlgren) (In German) 5, No. 2, p. 123-124 6,No. 3,p. I72-176 Wahrig, G.: dtv-Dictionary of the German language. (Hoppe). Co-operation of the Nordic Countries � NORDTERM (Picht) (In German} 5,No. 3,p. 178-180 6, No. 3, p. 181-182 1st Meeting of ISO/TC37, WG3 "Layout of vocabularies" TcrmNet activities. 6, No. 3, p. 182-183 6, No. 1, p. 41 Dictionary Society ofN.A. 1979 Meeting 6, No. 2, p. 120 92 Persons and I nstitutions in Classification In Memoriam: Engen Wuster (1889-1977). (Lang). (In German) 77 General Problems of Terminology 4, No. 1, p. 2·. . 3 Bausch, K.-J. et al: Special purpose languages. (Sager) In Memoriam: Rasmus Molgaard�Hansen. (Fink) 4, No. 1, p. 49-50 5, No. 3, p. 169 Terminology, multilingualism and automation. (Leclercq). (In Founding the Gesellschaft fu r Klassifikation. (Dahlberg). (In French) 4, No. 2, p. 102-103 German) 4, No. 1, p. 42 Terminoiogical lexicography. 5, No. 1, p. 42 Meeting of WGs of the German DIN Classification Committee. Computational aids in terminology and lexicography. (Dahlberg) 5, No. 1, p. 38 5, No. 1, p. 42 Terminology Center Wieselburg. 5, No. 1, p. 42 Technical languages and the common language. (Schuck) IINTE Clearinghouse 6, No. 1, p. 38 5, No. 2, p. 94 .. 95 The Committee on Conceptual and Terminological Analysis 1st Terminology Seminar, June 1978. 6, No. 1, p. 41-42 (COCTA) (Riggs) 5, No. 3, p. 166-167 1st Symposium on Terminology Teaching. 6, No. 1, p. 42 IFLA starts talks on classification. 6, No. 1, p. 38' Krommer-Benz, M.: World Guide to Terminological Activities. Infoterm Advisory Board Meeting. 6, No. 2, p. 124 6, No. 1, p. 45 ..-46 (Riggs) 95 Education and Training in Classification and Indexing 2nd Meeting of ISO/TC37 WGI. 6, No. 2, p. 121 Documentation training course. (In German) International Colloquy in Dresden. 6, No. 2, p. 121 1st International Conference on Terminological Data Bankds. 5,No. 2,p. ll1 Directory of courses on indexing. 6,No. 1, p. 39 6, No. 2, p. 122-124 Classification and education. 6, No. 1, p. 37-·38 Co-operation in NORDTERM 6, No. 3, p. 181-182 Classification teaching for students of librarianship. (Romer) TermNet acitivities. 6, No. 3, p. 182-183 6, No. 2, p. 104···108 Classification teaching in India. (Gopinath) 6, No. 2, p. 117-118 78 Special Terminology Problems 6, No. 3, p. 180 Matter and methods of subject access to knowledge. (Dahlberg) Wersig, G., Neveling, U.: Terminology of documentation. (Farra- (Seminar on teaching) 6, No. 2, p. 119 dane) 4, No. 1, p. 48-49 World Health Organization in Geneva. 4, No. 2, p. 108 Introducting TNC and the TERMDOK system. (Sundstrom) 99 Standardization in Classification 5, No. 2, p. 86-90 Classification and standardization. (Editorial) "Europe" many concepts. (Leclercq) 5, No. 3, p. 156-162 4, No. l,p. l The Committee on Conceptual and Terminological Analysis Results of the ISO/TC46 WG5 Meeting in Paris, 1977 (Felber) (COCTA). (Riggs) 5, No. 3, p. 166-167 5,No. l,p.38 Terminology in Tanzania. (Tumbo) 5, No. 3, p. 170-171 Citation codes in classification and terminology. Proposal for Colloque d'Hammamet. (Agricultural terms)6, No. 1, p. 42 an international standard. (Dahlberg) 5, No. 2, p. 91-92 A new order for the names of bacteria. 6, No. 2, p. 120 Bartelt, F.: Authority lists for the assignment of subject head- Social science terminology. (Riggs) 6, No. 3, p. 150-158 ings. (Dahlberg) 6, No. 3, p. 187

210 Intern. Classificat. 6 (1979) No. 3 Cumulated Index to Vols. 4-6