Ie

Contents

Synthetic Description Systems for Accurate Data Identification and Selection. Principles and Methods of Nutritional Data nanks

Classification Practice in the USSR. Currellt Status and Development'IJends

TheSwedish Socio· Economic Classification: Rationale and Fields of Application

Unified Medical Language System: Progress Report International Classification Vol. 15 (1988) Nr. 2 UDC 025.4 + 168 + 001.4 (05)

INTERNATIONAL Contents CLASSIFICATION Devoted to Concept Theory, Systematic Ter­ minology and Organization of Knowledge

Editors Editorial Dr. phil. Ingetraut Dahlberg, 0-6000 Frankfurt Classification and its Practice 63 50, Wo ogstr. 36a, Editor-in-chief Articles Prof. Francis Miksa, Graduate School of Lib­ Haendlcr, H.: Synthetic description systems for accurate data identification rary and Information Science, University of and selection. Principles and methods of nutritional data banks 64 Te xas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712-1276, USA Sukiasyan, E.R.: Classification practice in the USSR. Current status Prof. Jean M. Perreault, University Library, and development trends ...... 69 University of Alabama, P. O.B. 2600 Huntsville, Gouido, L:The Swedish Socia-Economic Classification: Rationale Alabama 35807, USA and fields of application ...... 73 Prof. Arashanipalai Neeiameghan, 70/3 4th Reports and Communications Main Road, Bangalore 560055, India Humphreys, B.L.: Unified Medical Language System: Progress Report 85 co-sponsored by Systematics Association, 1987 Meeting - CSNA-88 Annual Meeting � 2nd - FIDICR (Federation Internationale de Do­ Conference of the International Federation of Classification Societies 1989 - cumentation, Committee on Classification Call for Papers: 1989 Europcan Meeting, Psychometric Society - British Rcsearch, address Prof. Nancy Williamson, Classification Society - German Society for Classification: Call for Papers Faculty of Library and Information Science, of 13th Annual Conference - Chemical Nomenclature and'Ierminological University of To ronto, 140 St. George Str., Science - Concept Analysis and Artificial Intclligence - E-mail Directory To ronto, Onl., M5S IAI, Canada and Artificial Intelligence (88) - LC Subject Authority File available Consulting Editors on CD-ROM (68) - Library of Congress Subjcct Headings (LCSH), 11th Mrs. Jean Aitchison, 12, Sollershott We st, Edition (68) - Classification Broadside (68) - BMDP Statistical Software (108). Letchworth, Herts., SG6 3PX, England FIDleRNews 23 Prof. Asterio T. Campos, Departemento de Bi­ Williamson, N.: FID/CR: Its future directions ...... 89 blioteconomia, Universidade de Brasilia, Bra­ U.K. CRG Meeting 26.'i and 266 - Forthcoming Meetings 1988/89: silia OF, Brazil Aug. 28-Sept. 3: IFLA Section of Classification and Indexing - Oct. 15-18: ASIS SIGICR - April 10-12: 13th Annual Conference of the Gesellschaft fUr Dr. A.I. Chernyi, VINITI, Moscow A-219 Bal­ Klassifikation - June 10-21: International Conference on Library tijskaja ul. 14, USSR Classification and its Functions - Summer 1990: 5th International Study Dipl. Math. Hermann Fangmeyer, Euratom Conference on Classification Research CCR C.E.T.l.S. (European Scientific Informa­ tion Processing Centre), 1-21020 Ispra, Italy Infoterm News Colloque sur l'histoire de la terminoiogie, Brussels, 25-26 Mar. 1988 - First Dip!. Volksw. Otto Gekeler, Burgunderweg 9, Latin-American Symposium on Te rminology, Universidad Simon Bolivar, D-7900 Ulm Caracas, VE, 4-8 April 1988 - Lectures on ,;Terminology science and terminQ­ Prof. Eric de Grolier, Conseil lnternational des logy work (with particular emphasis on computer-assisted methods)", Uni­ Sciences, I, rue Miollis, F-75 Paris 15e, France versidad Simon Bolivar, 11-15 April 1988 - 9th European Meeting on Cybcr­ netics and Systems Research, Vienna, Austria, 5-8 April 1988 - First Meeting Prof. Dr. Norbert Henrichs, Forschungsabt. In­ of working Groups of the Association for'Ierminology and KnowledgeTransfer, form. u. Dokum. des Philosophischen lnstituts Trier, 11- 14 Feb. 1988 - ISO Special Workshop on Terminology Standardization, der Universitat Dusseldorf, 0-4000 Dusseldorf, Universitatsstr. I, FRO Vienna, 24-26 Feb. 1988 - New Institute for the Theory of Science and Science Research - Lecture visit to China, 16-26 Nov. 1987 -Terminology ofTerminol­ Yukio Nakamura, Authorized Consulting Engi­ ogy - Mcetings 1988 - New publications (Monographs, Bibliographies, neer, 14-8 Nisikata-l Bunkyo-Ku, To kyo 113, Journals, Hidden Glossaries) ...... 96 Japan COCTANews Prof. Dr. EW. Riggs, Department of Political More work on concepts of development. (J.E. Lane) - INTERCOCTA Science, Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA Report (F.W. Riggs) 97 Book Reviews Mr. Mohinder Partap Satija, Department of lambu, M., Lebeaux, M.-O.: Cluster analysis and data analysis (P. Ihm) . . 99 Library and Information Science, Guru Nanak Dahlberg, I. (Ed.): Klassifikation alsWerkzeug der Lehre und Forschung Dev University, Amritsar-143005, India (Classifikation as a tool in teaching and research) (Bauer) .... 99 Dr. Eugen Scibor, Institut Informaciji Nauko­ Maniez, J.: Les langages documentaires et classificatoires: conception, construc- weij. Technicznej i Ekonomicznej (IINTE), UI. tion et utilisation dans Ics systems documentaires (R. Bouche) ...... 100 Zurawia 3/5, 00-926Warszawa, Poland Aitchison, J. Gilchrist, A.: Thesaurus construction. A practical manual, 2nd ed. Prof. Alfredo Serrai, Universita degli Studi, via (R. Fugmann) ...... 101 Stazione S. Pietro 22, Roma, Italy Satija, M.P.: A primer on Ranganathan's book numbers (P.A. Cochrane) 102 Dykstra, M.: PRECIS: A primer (H. Schnelling) 103 Prof. Dr. Dagobert Soergel, School of Library Craven, T. C.: String Indexing (W. Godert) ...... 103 and Information Services, University of Mary­ Judge,A.J.N. (Ed.): Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential, land, College Park, MD., 20742, USA 2nd ed. (M.P. Satija) 104 Prof. Dr. Robert R. Sokal, State University of Judge, A.J.N. (Coord.): Global Action Networks. Classified Directory by NewYo rk, Stony Brook, NewYork 11794, USA Subject and Rcgion, 4th ed. (M.P.Satija) ...... 106 Gesellschaft fUr Klassifikation e.V. represented Harter, St.P.: Online information retrieval: Concepts, principles and techniques . by Dr. Robert Fugmann, Alte PoststraBe 13, (H. Strater) 107 0-6270 Idstein, FRO Classification Literature 15 (1988) No.2 . • • • . • . ... 109 Infoterm, c/o oster. Normungsinstitut, Postfach Author Index ...... 125 130,A-l021Wien 025.4 168 001.4 (05) UDC + + INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION Devoted to Concept Theory, Systematic Terminology and Organization of Knowledge

Editors: Dr. I. Dahlberg, Frankfurt; Prof. F. Miksa, Austin, TX; Prof. A. Neelameghan, Bangalore, India; Prof. J.M. Perreault, Huntsville, Ala., USA; co· sponsored by FIDleR Editorial Office:cfo Dr. I. Dahlberg, Woogstr. 36a, 0-6000 Frankfurt 50, Tel. 069/523690 Issue frequency:3x/ann. Annual subscription rates: Institution per volume OM 84, -; Individuals per volume OM 67,20; Single issues: OM 28,-, Back issues, hard copy, per Issue OM 18,-, microfiche, per issue OM 6,- (1974-1977). Institutions will be billed. Individuals must prepay. For Air Mail delivery an addi­ tional OM 4,- per issue. Postage and Mwsl (domestic only) is not included. Advertising rates: Advertising rate card No. 1. Advertising facl sheet with details of mechanical requirements and closing dates available upon request. Publisher: INDEKS Verlag, Woogstr. 36a, 0-6000 Frankfurt 50, Tel. 069/523690 Bank Account Nos.: INDEKS Verlag, Postgiro-Konto Frankfurt, No. 151208-608; Frankfurter Sparkasse von 1822, No. 852082 (BLZ 50050201) All rights reserved. Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany 1988 by Oruckerei H. Guntrum II KG, Postfach 180, 0-6407 Schlitz

Vol. 15 (1988) No.2 Contents page I.e.

Harald Haendler: Synthetic description systems for accurate data Gouicdo, L.: The Swedish Socio-Economic Classification: identification and selection. Principles and methods of nutritional Rationale and fields of application. lnt. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2, data banks. In: Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No.2, p. 64-68, 14 refs. p. 73-84, 6 refs. The peculiarities of numerical data as stored in and retrieved from In social and demographic studies it is almost mandatory to use nutritional data banks require highly efficient systems for data classifications by socio-cconomic charactcristics to describe differ­ identification. The principles which have to be considered for ent population groups. Such characteristics can provide key link­ establishing such systems are demonstrated by the methods ages between different statistical systems for studies of various applied in the International Network of Feed Information sub-groups. Indicators of this kind have proved to be of value in Centres. Most important is the principle of (systematic) synthesis, predicting behaviours, attitudes, motives etc., ego regarding which has been used at two levels: (1) to synthesize the entire in­ socialization process, educational selection and achievement pro­ formeme/data unit by its constituents which arc the object, the cesses, and occupational role performances. property, and the conditions; and (2) by using a faceted descrip­ In Sweden several socio-economic classifications havc been used. tion system (thesaurus) for the identification of feeds as the ob­ This paper has as its prime purpose to disscminate the achieve­ ject. The last one is based on semantic factoring of feed denomina­ ments made by Statistics Sweden in developing a new classifica­ tions, whereby the analysis/synthcsis follows strictly the structural tion scheme, the 1982 Swedish Socia-Economic Classification. relationship of the semantic components, which are identical with Furthermore, the paper contains examples of application of this the essential characteristics of the object, and which belong to the scheme to various statistical materials - hcreby illustrating in six categories/facets: Origin, Parts, Process, Growth stage, Cut, some sense social 'class' structures (regarding, for instance, or­ and Grade. In addition to the description with descriptors of these ganizational activities, party preferences) in the Swedish society facets, special identification systems are used for the properties today. (Author) (substances/values), and for the "individual" characteristics of the sample to enable a very prccise selection of data units for different purposes. (Author)

Sukiasyan, E.R.:· Qlassification practice in the USSR. Current Humphreys, B.L.: Unified Medical Language System: Progress status and development trends. Report. lnt. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2, p. 85-86 Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2, p. 69-72 , 6 refs. The National Library of Medicine (NLM) supports the establish­ Under the pertinent USSR National Standard the libraries and in­ ment of a Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) in order to formation centers in the USSR use simultaneously four universal overcome the lack of precise link among related biomedical infor­ classification systems; each having definate functions and spheres mation in different automated systems. The goal is not to impose of application. The problems of interaction of the classification a single medical vocabulary on all users and systems, but to make systems are studied in the present article. Special emphasis is put the myriad of classifications of medical knowledge invisible to the on the Library-Bibliographical Classification (LBC) and its vari­ user while providing a single logical path to a broad range of ants and editions as being used in the overwhelming majority of biomedical information sources. The report describes the UMLS Soviet libraries. The great possibilities of LBC application from knowledge sources, its features, the results of six contractor re­ the point of view of automatic searching are discussed. Author ports, and the NLM contributions. (Ace. to Author)

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The more scientific data are generated in the impetuous Thus, INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION .is meant to be a pro­ present times, the more ordering energy needs to be ex­ gramme for the improvement of classification methods and pended to control these data fn a retrievable fashion. With processes, a forum for discussion for all those interested the abundaflce of knowledge ·nOw available the questions of in the organization of knowledge on a universal or a new solutions to the ordering problem and thus of im­ subject�field scale. using concept analyticai and/or con­ proved classification S stems, methods and procedures have cept-s·ynthetical approaches as we ll as numerical proce­ acqu1red unforeseen 5f gn1ficance. for many years now the)' dures and comprising also the intellectual and automatic have been in the focus of interest. of information scien­ compilation ·and use of classification systems and thesauri tists the world over. ;n all fields of knowledge, with special attention being .Untfl recently, the special literature relevant to classifica­ given to the problems of terminology. tion was published fn piecemeal fashion, scattered over the numerous technical journals servfng the experts of the INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION publishes original articles, various fields, such as reports on conferences and similar communications. the phflosophy and science of science Newsletters of FID/CR (Committee on Classification Re­ science -polfcy dnd science organizat1on search of the International Federation for Documentation). mathematics, statistics. and computer science and COCTA (Committee on Conceptual and Tenninological lfbrary and information science Analysis). book reviews, letters to the editor. and an archivistics and museology extensive annotated bibliography of recent classification journal1sm and com m unicat10n science and indexing literature. covering between 400 and 500 industrfal and commodity classification items in each issue. terminology, lexicograp hY. ling uist1cs Beginning 1974 INTERNATIO NAL CLASSIfICATIO N hAS INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION should therefore be available been serving as a common platform for the discussion of at every university and research library of every country. both theoretical background questions and practical appli­ at every infonnation center, at colleges and schools of In cat10n problems in many areas of concern. each issue library and information science. in the hands of everybody experts from many countries comment on questions of an interested in the fields mentioned above and thus also at adequate structuring and construction of ordering systems every office for updating information on any topic related and on' the problems of thefr use in opening the informa­ , to the problems of order in our information-flooded times. tion contents of new lfterature, of data collections and sur­ veys. of tabular works and of other objects of scientific INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION was founded in 1973 by an in­ interest. ternational group of scholars with a consulting board of Their contributions have been concerned with editors representing the world's regions. the special (1) clarifying the theoretical foundations (general order­ classification fields and the subject areas involved. From ing theory. science-theoretical bases of classification. 1974-1980 IC 1 shed K.G. Saur VerI ag. MUnchen. data analyses and reduct1on) was pub i by 8ack issues of 1978-1985 are available from INDEKS Verlag, (2) describing practical operations connected with numeri­ too. (The 7 volumes of 1978-1984 are offered now at the cal taxonomy/classificat1on. as well as appl1c,atfons of classification systems and thesauri. manual and machine highly reduced price of OM 250.-.) indexing (3) tr�cing the history of classification knowledge and me­ Rates: For 3 issues/ann. (including indexes every three thodology years): Institutions OM 84.-, Individuals f20%). members (4) discussing questions of education and training in clas­ of classification societies & groups (-30%), members of sification Gesellschaft fUr Klassifikation (-40%) + postage. For air­ (5) concerning themselves with the problems of terminolo­ mail delivery add OM 4.- per issue. gy in general and with respect to special fields. INDEKS Verlag. Woogstr. 36a. 0-6000 Frankfurt 50.

IN STRUC TIONS TO AUTHOR-S Journal References should contain the names and 1nitials of all authors. fun title of the publication, abbreviation of Manuscr ts may be submitted in either English. German or the journal according to the ISO Standard No.4. volume French � the editor-ill-chief ln two sets (the original and number. year of publ1cation in brackets. issue number and one copy) typed 1n double space. comprising between 1500 first and lllst page numbers. Mon09ra h References sllould to 3000 words. They should be accompanied by an English give the name(s) of the lIuthor(s). fur� title, edition, place indicative abstract of 100-200 words. of publ1cation, publisher.year lind number of pages. Criteria for acceptance wf11 be appro rfateness to the field EXlImples: of the jOurnal (see Scope and Aimsr. taking lnto account Fugmann. R.: The glamour and the misery of the thesau� the merit of the content and presentation. Papers are ac­ rus approach. In: Int. Classif. 1(1974) No.2. p.76-86. 20 cepted with the understanding that they have not been refs. published. submitted or dccepted for publication elsewhere Sartori, G .• Riggs. F.W .• Teune. H.: Tower o( BlIbel. On and that. if the work received official sponsorship. it has the definition and analysis of concepts in the social sci­ been duly released for publication. Authors wfll usual1y be ences. Pittsburgh. Pa.: Int. Studies Assoc.1975. 107 p... notified within 6 to 10 weeks. Unless specifically request­ Int.Studies Occ.Paper No.6. ed. manuscripts or fllustrations w111 not be returned. mustrations should be restricted to necessary minimum. The text of the papers should be structured by subhead­ Graphs and Diagrams should be supplfed lIS black ·lInd ings;1't should conUin (a) an' introduction. stating the white drawings suitable to reproduct1on. Half-tone f1 ustra� purpose, (b) a description of materials and methods in suf­ tions should be 'sharp, wen-contrasted glossy pAn1 s. ft­ ficient detafl. (c) information on results or systems devele lustrations should be numbered lightly with soft pencil on oped and (d) a conclusion with a discussion and/or summ!)­ the back. Numbered legends should be lIttllched on a sepa­ rization. rate sheet. References should be listed at the end of the paper with Tables should be typed double-spaced on 1I separate sheet. the numbers in brackets referring. to such numbers in contain 1I number and a title at the top lind be cited in the brackets within the text part. text. Each column should have a heading. Additional notes should be indicated in the text by lifted Authors shall receive 25 reprints of their papers free of single numbers (e.g. text ) and equally collected with chllrge. Addtfonal reprfnts may be ordered. their texts at the end of the paper .under the heading Corrections In galley proof exceeding lOt: of the typeset­ Notes. ting costs wfll be charged to the author. channels, for instance through this journal. The fact that there are so many amateurishly developed schemes, not based on any theory nor rules, has done great damage to the reputation of our field of know­ Editorial ledge. It has led to the common opinion that classifica­ tion is something subjective and something that is not Classification and its Practice only superfluous but also misleading. Nor can we deny that the inconsistencies and inadequacies of some of the A few days ago somebody asked me on the telephone: existing general schemes have likewise contributed to how do I go about constructing a classification system? such thinking. What would you have answered? I think we c1as­ There is a wide new area of application of this knowledge which sificationists know quite well how we would tackle any would be very much in need of an available recommendation for given assignment of this sort. However, in order to help CS design and construction. These are all those efforts towards in such a case one would like to refer to a textbook on establishment of systematic or concept-oriented glossaries, as c.g. how to design a classification system (CS). Docs any the ones started with the new Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences exist? by F. W. Riggs. The entries of this Encyclopedia arc not alphabcti­ cally arranged terms followed by long descriptions of the implica­ When S.R. Ranganathan had assembled enough ex­ tions of their concepts, but rather systematically arranged defini­ perience with the construction of the schedules of his tions together with the terms assigned to them. This means that in Colon Classification and had developed a theory for its this Encyclopedia the onomasiological approach has been prefer­ further elaboration, thus being ready to transfer his red over the previous semasiological one. This new form of ar­ rangement presupposes therefore a systematic arrangement ap­ knowledge, he proposed to the FID Council - it was in proached via an alphabetical index of the possible terms used for 1955 - to hold an "International Summer School on a given concept. And there may be many other new terminologi­ Designing of Documentation Classification". The 4- cal applications as this field is growing rather explosive. But how page proposal contained several brilliant ideas for the to go about systematizing concepts? improvement of classification work and on organiza­ I would therefore encourage classificationists interested tional questions. But these ideas were not taken up. In­ in the progress of our field of concern to work towards stead, it was resolved to hold an "International Study the establishment of a guideline and/or a textbook on Conference on Classification" in May 1957 at Dorking, CS design and construction so that any newcomer will England. This event marked the beginning of a series of receive the necessary instruction and will not be left FIDICR International Study Conferences, of which the alone to create another impossible scheme not serving 5th one will take place in Canada in summer 1990. On its purposes adequately. the one hand the Dorking Conference was a necessary In the present issue we are dealing with a number of start for classification theorists and practitione'rs to ex­ very practical problems: From H. Haendler we learn change their knowledge and pinpoint research areas. It about the special problems connected with classifica­ must, however, be deeply deplored that in this way the tion and indexing work in data/fact documentation. Al­ necessary knowledge on CS design was not explicated though he gathered his experience in a very specialized and has never been documented in a textbook. There field of agriculture, namely the feed of our useful ani­ are some articles by S.R. Ranganathan on the design of mals, his findings may be generalized to embrace other depth schedules as well as a recent book by M.A. knowledge fields as well. Gopinath, but these relate to the Colon Classification The article by E.R. Sukiasyan, "Classification Prac­ and cannot, therefore, be generalized. tice in the USSR," reports on the practical work which But there exists at least one attempt to summarize has been accomplished in the USSR with the creation the theoretical and practical preconditions for CS de­ of the Library-Bibliographical Classification. sign in the form of the German standard DIN 32705 In the contribution by L. Gouiedo on statistical clas­ "Classification Systems, their establishment and devel­ sification - an all-time first in this journal - it can be opment", 12 p. (issued by the German Institute for very clearly seen how the identification of classes made Standardization, Berlin, 1987). This standard is meant mutually exclusive by utilizing the complementary/op­ as an introduction for those not having any idea of what position relationship will furnish most remarkable in­ is involved and therefore need some guidance in con­ sights if combined with statistical countings. We are also structing a classification system. When I asked a DIN happy to call attention to the highly practical work official whether this standard was intended to be trans­ done in the USA in establishing a Unified Medical Lan­ lated and fed into the working data of the International guage System - see the report by Mrs. B.L. Hum­ Standardization Organisation (ISO) I was told - to my phreys, p. 85. This latter work could become a model very great surprise - that this standard was not consi­ for other fields as well (law, technology, the social sci­ dered necessary for inclusion in the ISO work. ences, etc). We should look forward to hearing more Now, if ISO does not take up the idea of using an En­ about the experiences made. Here at least an attempt glish translation of this German Standard to further dis­ is made to work towards unification - as proposed al­ seminate its ideas and rules as well as to inform other ready in the Unisist Report of 1971. countries on the existence of such a tool, clas­ Shouldn't we become more serious about developing sificationists should become active themselves and do our field so as to correspond better to the needs of sci­ something about it. This could be accomplished either ence and technology of today? through the possibilities of FIDICR or through other Ingetraut Dahlberg

Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Editorial 63 Data units of this kind play an increasing role in re­ search and decision making in virtually each field of knowledge and in practical Iife2• A prime role in our Harald Haendler world is played by nutrition. Overcoming the wofId'.. Leinfelden-Echterdingen wide problem of hunger and malnutrition, of preserving life and health as far as they depend on a sufficient supply of nutrients requires an immense amount of reli­ Synthetic Description Systems able nutritional data, especially on the composition of animal feeds and human foods3. for Accurate Data Identification The example (3) given above shows the special type of data required for this purpose. A comparison be­ and Selection. Principles and tween this example and the other two shows that the Methods of Nutritional object of (3) - wheat flour - is neither an individual Data Banks object (like Mount Everest) nor a weII-defined chemi­ cal element (like lead), but a heterogeneous material which may differ in its composition due to biological, economical, or technical influences. The original feed or food composition data (as pro­ Harald Hacndler: Synthetic description systems for accurate data duced in chemical laboratories) have to be treated in identification and selection. Principles and methods of nutritional different ways to generate reliable information. The data banks. In: Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2, p. 64-68, 14 refs. data often has to be selected and combined for special The peculiarities of numerical data as stored in and retrieved from calculation (for instance, for the calculation of averages _ nutritional data banks require highly efficient systems for data identification. The principles which have to be considered for or deduced values). If irrelevant data are included in establishing such systems arc demonstrated by the methods such a set of selected data, the deduced data wiII be applied in the International Network of Feed Information wrong. Therefore, to use this kind of data successively, Centres. Most important is the principle of (systematic) synthesis, which has been used at two levels: (1) to synthesize the entire in­ the object in question has to be identified and described formcmc/data unit by its constituents which are the ohjeet, the in a very accurate manner in order to permit the neces­ preperty, and the conditions; and (2) by using a faceted descrip­ sary differentiation of the material. tion system (thesaurus) for the identification of feeds as the ob­ These conditions have challenged the compilers of ject. The last one is based on semantic factoring of feed denomina­ nutritional data banks and networks (or those responsi­ tions, whereby the analysis/synthesis follows strictly the structural relationship of the semantic components, which arc identical with ble for them) to create highly effective systems for data the essential characteristics of the object, and which belong to the identification. II is remarkable in this connection that six categories/facets: Origin, Parts, Process, Growth stage, Cut, completely independent working groups have arrived at and Graue. In addition to the description with descriptors of these the same principles as being essential for achieving the facets, special identification systems arc used for the properties (substances/values), and for the "individual" characteristics of the wanted degree of accuracy. It may be remarkable, too, sample to enable a very precise selection of data units for different that often different terms are used by some of these purposes. (Author) groups to name these principles, which shows that they perceived the theoretical basis without having had any 1. Introduction prior knowledge of it from the literature. It is the intention of this paper to treat these princi­ Information to be stored in numerical data banks may ples as found by the system developers in the light of ac­ be of the kind as shown in the following three exam­ cumulated experience and reflection, and to explain the ples: methods to which these reflections have led. This de­ (1) The altitude of Mount Everest is 29028 feet above monstration will be based on the system developed for sea level. the International Network of Feed Information Centres (2) The melting point of lead is 327 degrees Celsius. (INFIC)'. The principles and methods of this system, (3) The protein contents of wheat flour is 12.85%. now having been in use for about fifteen years, are very The ,propositions or informemes (as they are better cal­ similar to those of some systems established later (or led when used as units in the information processl) rep­ stiII being developed) for describing data on the com­ resented by these sentences have something in com­ position of human foods. mon. In each of these cases we can identify 2. Synthesis and Structure - a special object (Mount Everest, lead, wheat flour), One of the main (if not the main) steps in the develop­ - a property (altitude, melting point, protein con- ment of classification and indexing is the consideration tents), of the principle of synthesis or composition, an insight - a numerical value for the property (29028 m, 327 de- for which we are indebted to 1.0. Kaiser and S.R. Ran­ grees 12.85%). ganathan5• This principle opened the way from conven­ The language representations of such informemes (USUM tion to creation, from stagnation to progress, from limi­ ally expressed in a standardized form) are the data units tation to infinity. Incidentally, the composition of things which can be proc(fssed in the data bank and retrieved that have exist for a long time, but (perhaps) have from it separately. never been put together before, is an act of creation in

64 Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Haendler - Description systems nutritional data banks a very general sense: in biology (esp. genetics), in arts, component has to be chosen or to be coined as its de­ in sciences, in architecture, in drawing conclusions, and scriptor. This method is known as -semantic factoring in using language6• which may be the reason why a similar system for de­ It is obvious that this principle of synthesis must be scribing human foods has been called "Factored Food considered as an essential prerequisite for a highly ef­ Vo cabulary"'- fective description system for data on feeds and foods. It should be mentioned in this context that the useful It is equally obvious that the synthesis must be carried semantic components of feed denominations are pre­ out in a systematic way, since each synthesis has to fol­ cisely the characteristics of a feed which determine its low rules. Though the elements to be combined may specific kind and value and which, therefore, are also vary, the general plan according to which an element of useful for describing typical sets of selection. a special category can be placed within the whole is Another important aspect is the internal structure, fixed. This applies to all kinds of compositions, How the i.e. the kind of relationship existing between the seman­ constituents of a composition are related to one another tic components. This relationship depends on the kind constitutes the structure of the whole, of the characteristic in question or, what is the same, The structure of a unit of numerical data is shown in the category it belongs to. The semantic components examples (I), (2), (3): The constituents are at least a which together determine a specific feed belong to dif­ special object and a property, including a numerical ferent categories or, as we could call them in this con­ value for the latter. Sometimes there are still other con­ text, facets. Semantic analysis has to consider these stituents in data units. As mentioned before, there is a facets systematically. Later on the synthesis of semantic difference between examples (1) and (2) on the one component descriptors for defining a feed of which data hand and (3) on the other. The values given in (1) and should be selected must be carried out in an analogous (2) are independent of any condition; the altitude of way. This is what Kaiser called systematic indexing as Mount Everest and the melting point of lead should al­ far back as 1911. ways be the same, But this is not true for (3) or other The categories to wliich already Aristotle assigned data units of this type, Another very simple example all concepts (or terms) used in his time are divided into may show this: a "basic category" of substances (or entities, objects, (4)The boiling point of water is 100 dcgrecs Celsius. concretes etc.) on the one hand, and categories of at­ tributes, properties, processes etc. on the other hand. This statement (the given value) is only then correct if The necessity to differentiate between "concretes" and the measurement is carried out near sea level, but "processes" in systems for systematic indexing was al­ would be wrong for instance at the summit of Mount ready pointed out by Kaiser. A description system for Everest. That means: the validity of a value may de­ objects like feeds must of course first consider the fun­ pend on specific conditions, This is often the case with damental concrete material, which later can be analytical values of feeds and foods. It has been found specified by adding further characteristics in the form of necessary, therefore, to consider the specific condition descriptors taken from the other facets. as well as a constituent of the data unit. Since each con­ The fa cets of the system for feed description follow stituent has to be identified in an adequate manner, the these principles. The "concretes" in the case of a feed is feed data bank system comprises three different iden­ the original material the feed consists of or is produced tification systems, each for one of the three constituents from. Since such materials as plants, animals, minerals of a data unit: or artifacts are not always used completely, the special - for the object, i.e. the feed, part used as feed has to be identified. Hence, it is neces­ - for the property, i.e. the nutrients (substances) and sary to consider the two facets (Fc.): values, Fc .l: ORIGIN and - for the conditions, i.e. the pecularities of the feed Fc .2: PART. sample. For instance the object in example (3) has two different components belonging to these two facets: "wheat" is 3. Fa ceted Object Description the full plant (belonging to Fc.!), "fluor" is a part of The identification of the object requires great care. A this plant, more precisely a part of a broader part source of additional difficulties for the international "grain", both these parts belong to Fc.2. Other exam­ feed data bank system was the fact that many of the ples for part descriptors are: usual feed denominations are synonyms or polysemes, (5) aerial partlleaves/germs/bran with the meaning of a term (even within the same lan­ guage) often varying from region to region. Another The materials usually undergo special processes or problem is the immense and still increasing number of treatments, which form a further kind of characteristics feeds for which data have to be stored. to be described by a descriptor of the facet : The solution to both these problems has been found Fc .3: PROCESS. in using the synthetic principle for the description of Examples of descriptors of this facet are: feeds as well. To make an effective use of this principle in this case, each feed denomination has first to be ana­ (6) ground/germinated/cracked/toasted/dehydrated. lysed semantically to determine its semantic compo­ These three categories of characteristics must be consi­ nents whereupon a language representation for this dered in each case. Other categories may be applicable

Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Hacndlcr - Description systems nutritional data banks 65 in special cases. For those cases the system provides the Another problem concerning "descriptor making", not following three facets: only in the case of Fc.l but of all facets, was the multi­ Fc.4: GROWTH STAGE plicity of natural languages. The difficulty lies in the fact for identifying the stage of maturity of plants or that corresponding terms of different languages are not animals, always semantically equivalent, their meanings differ Fc.5: CUT from language to language as they are polysemic in dif­ for green forages like grass, clover etc. which ferent dimensions9. Because the INFIC FeedThesaurus may be cut and used severel times during thc is a tool for an international network, it was necessary year, to cope with this problem of insufficient semantic Fc.6: GRADE equivalence between natural languages. A first step was for special factors not identifiable by descriptors the reduction of the languages of the vocabulary, i.e. of Fc.! through 5 which may have influenced the the languages in which descriptors are provided, to quality or composition of the feed. English, German, and French (which are the "system languages"). This does not mean that other languages are neglected, they have been considered for delivering 4. Semantics and the Thesaurus lead-in terms. The application of the descriptor vocabulary, systemati­ Within the "system languages", all efforts have been cally structured in facets, allows the description of a made to achieve strictly semantic equivalence bctween feed in a correspondingly systematical way by corresponding descriptors by choosing useful terms enumerating the correct dcscriptors for its characteris­ with clear meaning in all languages, or by using qual­ tics. This description is unambiguous insofar as the de­ ifiers to restrict, if necessary, the meaning of terms in scriptors used, are in themselves unambiguous. In case one language, or by explaining to what extent the de­ the terms are polysemes, monosemy must be achieved scriptor should be used, i.e. by giving a scope note. by artificial devices. Like other thesauri the INFIC Feed Thesaurus dis­ Using semantic factors as descriptors rather than plays relationships. The generic relationship between complete denominations is already an effective method descriptors within the same facet is a very effective of monosemysing, because the enumeration of the means to make the conceptual structure transparent, in ' characteristics explains the content of the denomina­ which connection it is helpful to ensure the correct use tion. This is really a semantic analysis. But nevertheless of a descriptor. Apart from the generic relationship, the some terms, apparently able to represent a characteris­ partitive relationship sometimes, plays a role also. tic may be polysemic themselves, so that their use may The associate relationship is likewise included in the lead to ambiguous descriptions. To avoid this, all "can­ thesaurus. But contrai::y to general usage the INFIC didate descriptors" had to be tested thoroughly to pre· Feed Thesaurus strictly distinguishes between, on the vent polysemy within the vocabulary. Furthermore it one hand, "real" related terms in the sense that both was necessary to display the vocabulary in such a man­ terms are descriptors within the same facet (Le. a ner that the correct use of all descriptors is facilitated. paradigmatic relationship), and, on the other hand, That means the vocabulary had to be developed into a those terms which are often used in combination within thesaurus which is called the "INFIC FcedThesaurus"H. the same description. In the latt�r case they tend to ap­ The assignment of a descriptor to one of the six pear together in contexts, although belonging to differ­ facets gives a first information about its mcaning. A de­ ent facets (i.e. a syntagmatic relationship). Only in the scriptor's belonging to a specific facet determines first case arc the terms called related terms (RT), while whether it stands for the original material, the part, or in the second case it is better to call them "affinitive the process; this may not always be clear from a descrip­ terms" (AT) . It was felt that the distinction between tor in isolation. The composition of descriptors from dif­ these different relationships is not only 11 helpful device ferent facets in a prescribed range is an effective syntac­ for a precise description, but also a logical prerequisite tical device, like the grammar of natural languages, for a faceted system. which devides the constituents of a sentence into sub­ Different from the relationships among descriptors ject, predicate, object, etc. are those between descriptors and non-descriptors, i.e. The choice and coining of descriptors raised some among synonyms. The "used for" - reference is an ad­ other problems, especially within Fc.I. The large ditional information given to -the descriptors referring number of plants and also animals which can be used as to those synonyms which are not' chosen as descriptors. feeds, and the multiplicity of denominations used in dif­ The most important reference is: the "use" - reference ferent regions and language communities for the same which leads from the non-descriptor to the descriptor. thing (synonyms) required extreme thoroughness. A peculiarity of the INFIC Feed Thesaurus is that for Therefore it was decided to use the scientific (Latin) de­ Fc.! vernacular names of plants as used for instance in nomination with genus and species and, if applicable, tropical countries are considered as non-descriptors with variety. Additionally a preferred term of the com­ from which reference ist made to their respective de­ mon (trivial) denominations is used. scriptors. This allows the identification of a feed in case Descriptors of this facet are for instance: only local denominations are available. These terms not belonging to one of the "system languages" are listed in (7) Tr iticum aestivum, wheat; an auxiliary part of Fc.1 serving as a reference tool or (8) Citrillus vulgaris, watermelon. lead-in vocubulary.

66 lnt. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Haendler - Description systems nutritional data banks It may be evident from-these various additional de­ 6. The System for Sample Description vices that the INFIC Feed Thesaurus' is a very sophisti­ As mentioned before, the validity of a value may cated instrument for achieving an unambiguous and depend on specific conditions which the feed sample very correct description of a feed independent of local has undergone. With an increasing number of sub­ usage of terms and of other linguistic difficulties. The stances (others than the classic nutrients) that had to be thesaurus is also a flexible system for describing any considered important for nutritional information the new feeds with the existing descriptors by setting up question arose whether the value could be assessed as new compositions of these descriptors. "typical" or "non-typical". For correct use of the data Up to now about 25000 different feeds have been de­ it became increasingly important to know what environ­ scribed by this system. All these descriptions are re­ mental factors might have influenced the concentration corded in the "International Feed Description File"HI so of a substance in a feed sample. For this reason a spe­ that no new description is necessary if the same feed cial system for describing pecularities of the feed sam­ has been described before. This list is serially num­ ple has been established, allowing the identification of bered, and the "International Feed Number" (IFN) can kinds of environmental factors as well as their degree. be used for identifying a feed. The IFN can also be used With the inclusion of such a recording system for for a language-independent identification within the "secondary information" a distinction between, on the network, especially for computer operation. one hand, a feed as the class of all comparable feeds Examples of items of the "International Feed De­ and, on the other hand, the individual sample was set scription File" (IFN and descriptions) are as follows: up. The difference between "class" and "individual" (as (9) 5-29-796 Tr iticum aestivum, wheat, malt one element of this class) is clearly demonstrated by the sprouts, dehydrated. two description systems: All characteristics which can (10) 5-27-719 Citrillus vulgaris, watermelon, seeds be described with descriptors of the six facets of the oil residue, mechanical extracted thesaurus are essential characteristics of this class of ground. feeds. But everything for which an additional descrip­ tion is required pertains only to the individual sample, 5, The Coding System for Substances and Va lues i.e. these are individual characteristics not typical of the It was mentioned before that the identified feed is only whole class. This distinction is important for retrieval one constituent of the whole informeme represented by purposes. In general, averages may be calculated from a data unit. At least one property of this feed has to be all elements of one class. But where individual charac­ included to obtain a proposition which can be used for teristics of the sample are concerned it is not be permis­ information. Therefore, besides the identification of the sible to compile all elements of the class for averaging. feed, it is necessary to identify each property which has The special system for sample description is very resulted from a laboratory analysis of this feed. Al­ voluminous. It comprises codes for numerous environ­ though this identification is not as difficult as that of the mental factors like traffic, industry emission, fertilizing, feeds, it must be done very carefully and in such a way pesticide application, soil quality, storage conditions, that precise retrieval under the aspect of the property is weather conditions, and others. possible. For instance the following codes are used to identify Since the establishment of the feed data bank system pollutions sources; the number of properties or kinds of values has in­ (13) 022 � potassium industry and saline. creased steadily. At the beginning of the feed data bank (14) 070 � nuclear energy production plants. activities only "classic" nutrients and their digestibility The distance between the source of emission and the re­ coefficients were stored. Later on, minerals and trace ceptor (the place where the sample is taken) is being re­ minerals, amino acides, vitamins, fatty acids, and the corded by additional codes like multitude of diverse toxic substances were included in (15) 01 � 0 - 10 m the kinds of properties of which values have to be stored in the data bank. For this purpose a special cod­ 10 � 501 - 700 m. ing system was developed. The codes consist of a three In addition to this description of the specific factors of digit number so that up 999 different codes for the the sample, all formal information about the region or kinds of values can be used. The system also includes country, the laboratory, or bibliographical details in the codes for fixing the weight unit or how the concentra­ case of publication of the data, is systematically re­ tion of a substance is recorded. Furthermore the analyti­ corded . This makes it easier to evaluate the data and, if cal method used by the laboratory and others can be necessary, to contact the data producer for ensuring identified by assigning the respective codes. Some of that only reliable data are stored so as to pr<�videusers these codes can also be used as factors for converting the with reliable nutritional information. data into a standard form to make them comparable and In conclusion it can be maintained that the multiple usable for specific purposes. possibilities to synthesize different kinds of identifica­ Codes (so called "attribute numbers") for substances tion elements (descriptors as well as codes) allow, to­ with the "unit" of which the data have to be recorded gether with an adaquate software of course, the selec­ are for instance: tion and compilation of accurately reliable nutritional (11) 109 protein % data in many diverse formats directly from the data (12) 652 riboflavin mg/kg. bank.

Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Hacndler - Description systems nutritional data banks 67 Notes: (13) Kaiser, J.: Systematic indexing. The card system series II., 1911 J. Gibson, London, UK. Concept and term "informeme" was introduced by A Diemer, (14) Svenonius, E.: Facet definition, a case study. In: Int. Classif, see (1). 5 (1978) No. 3, p. 134-142. 2 Cf. Haendler in (10). 3 Ct. Haendler in (6). Address: 4 Cf. Hacndler in (3) and (4). Dr. Harald Haendler, Viehweg 19, 5 We are indebted to E. Svenonius - ct. (14) - for recalling D-7022 Leinfeldcn-Echterdingen. Kaiser's ideas of systematic indexing published as far back as 1911 - ct. (13) - i.e. before Ranganathan's Colon Classifica­ tion. LC Subject Authority File Available on CD-ROM 6 The creative aspect of language usage and its significance for CDMARC Subjects, the complete subject authority of documentary languages has been treated with reference to W. the Library of Congress on CD-ROM, is a reality. It is v. Humbold and N. Chomsky in (2). now available for use on IBM PCs or compatibles by 7 The "Factored Food Vocabulary" (FFV) has been established by the US Food and Drug Administration. The Vo cabulary subscription with three isues in 1988 for USD 300 (U.S.) will be developed into a food identification systems for and USD370 (international). broader use by the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MDI CDMARC Subject offers a hierachical approach to USA with assistance of an internatinal working group. subject headings, making it simple to maneuver intel­ 8 The "INFIC Feed Thesaurus", consisting of several volumin­ ligently through layers of interrelated subject terms. It is ous parts, is not printed as a whole, but is in use in the form of computer files and print-outs; the thesaurus or some as­ the first of three CD-ROM products from CDS, the pects of it has been repeatedly described, d. (5), (7), (8), (9), Cataloging Distribution Service of the Library of Con­ and (12). gress. Work is continuing on CDMARC Names, LC's 9 Cf. Haendler in (11). complete name authority product and CDMARC Biblio­ 10 Cf. Harris et al. in (12). graphic, the complete file of LC's MAchine-Readable References Catalog (MARC) records for books, serials, music, maps and visual materials. For more information on CDMARC (1) Diemer, A.: Informationswissenschaft. Zur Begn'indung ei­ products, write to CDS at the address: Library of ner eigenstandigen Wissenschaft zur Grundlegung eines auto­ nomen Bereichs "Informationswissenschaften". Nachr. Dok. Congress, Customer Services Section, Cataloging 22 (1971) No. 3, p. 105-113. Distribution Service, Washington, DC 20541 , USA. (2) Haendler, H.: Selektionsgerechte Indikation von Sachgebie­ (From CDS Connection (l988)No.2) ten und Sachverhalten (Selection-oriented indication of sub­ CDMARC Subjects was to be the featured item on ject fields and propositions). In: Int. Classif. 2 (1975) No. I, this year's agenda at the Congress of the American p. 25-31. (3) Haendler, H.: International cooperation in data documenta­ Library Association in New Orleans, July 12, 1988. tion of feed analyses. In: Proc. Fifth Wo rld Congress of the Experience with this newest product was to be discussed Int. Assoc. of Agricultural Librarians and Documentalists, by organizations that have actually used it as part of a Mexico City 1975, p. 18-22. nationwide testing program. (4) Haendler, H.: Feed data banks and the International Net­ work of Feed Information Centres. In: Proc. Symposium or­ Library of Congress Subject H di s (LCSH) 11th ganized by the Commission of the European Communities, ea ng Luxemburg 1977, p. 18-22. Edition (5) Haendler, H.:The INFIC Feed Thesaurus. In: Proc. INFIC LCSH II has been published recently as a three­ Wo rkshop "Up-Grading International Feed Data Bank Sys­ volume set. It contains all additions and changes to LC's tem", London, UK, 1981. p. 35-42. subject authority file cumulated through the first week (6) Haendler, H.: The accessibility of nutritional data - neces­ sity and realisation. In: Proc. Eighth Int. CODATA Confer­ in September 1987. ence, Jachranca, Poland 1982. Amsterdam: North-Holland The publication is now issued annually instead of p. 321-324. every four years. It has a completely revised subject (7) Haendler, H.: Konzipiert fUr die BeJange der Datendoku­ headings format, making the headings more under­ mentation: der Internationale Futtermittelthesaurus. In: Stu­ standable and easier to use. Much of the material formerly dien zur Klassifikation 14 (1985) p. 167-174. (8) Haendler, H.: Methods of identifying data units for retrieval included in the "Library of Congress Subject Headings: purposes, as applied in an international data bank system for A guide to Subdivision Practice" has been included in feed analyses. In: Proc. International CODATA Conference, LCSH II in the form of scope and reference notes. The Jerusalem 1985. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, p. 401-404. balance of the material from the guide may be found in (9) Haendler, H.; Neese, u.; Jager, F.; Harris, L.E.: INFIC the "Subject Cataloging Manual: Subject Headings". FeedThesaurus, a multilingual thesaurus for describing feeds Quarterly and annual supplements have been discon­ for the data bank of the International Network of Feed Infor­ mation Centres. Prepared on behalf of INFIC by Dokumen­ tinued, but the weekly tape service, quarterly micro­ tationsstelle der Universitat Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Ger­ fiche, and paper weekly lists will be produced. The price many, HR. of the new three-volume set is USDI50. (CDS Connection (10) Haendler, H.: Analytical data as information sources. In: (1988)No.2, p.2) Quarterly Bulletin of the IAALD 32 (1986) p. 159-162. (11) Haendler, H.: Probleme der inhaltlichen ErschlieBung von Dokumenten in internationalen Verbundsystemen. In: Mit­ Classification Broadside teilungen der Gesellschaft fUr Bibliothekswesen und Doku­ The twenty broad subject areas and subareas of the mentation des Landbaues 38 (1986) p. 59-84. Library of Congress Classification System have been (12) Harris, L.E.; Jager, F.; Leche, T.P. ; M.ayr, H.; Neese, u.; printed on two llx17-inch posters and are available now' Kearl, L.c.: International feed descriptions, international as the "LC Classification Broadside". They may be feed names, and country feed names. International Network of Feed Information Centres Publication No. 5, prepared on placed near card catalogs or shelves of books as a helpful behalf of INFIC by the International Feedstuffs Institute, guide for library users. The price is USD IS. (CDS Utah State University, Logan, Utah: 1980. 11 + 769 p. Connection (l988)No.2, p.2).

68 Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Haendler - Description systems nutritional data banks the world. The Soviet government was interested in having a unified system of classification introduced into all libraries of the country, which would make it possible E.R. Sukiasyan to train personnel in a centralised way, and to provide Lenin State Library of the USSR, Moscow libraries with printed catalogue cards with classification numbers on them. However, the DC of the lIB (later the UDC) never became a classification system applied universally Classification Practice in throughout the USSR, nor the exclusive one used there. Even during the first decade of its existence, the the USSR. Current Status and ways of development of its two variants · for public and Development Tr ends scientific libraries - diverged. For decades (up to the 1960s), the tables for public libraries were steadily revised under due consideration of the realities of the Soviet system and socialist society. While retaining - partial - similarity to the DC in form, the tables sub­ Sukiasyan, E.R.: Classification practice in the USSR. Current status and development trends. stantially differed from them in contents. The second lnt. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2, p. 69-72 , 6 refs. variant -for scientific libraries - developed along in­ Under the pertinent USSR National Standard the libraries and in­ dependent lines, but likewise without regard to the formation centers in the USSR usc simultaneously four universal activities of the Federation Internationale de Documenta" classification systems; each having definatc functions and spheres tion (FlD). In accordance with Resolution N.445 of application. The problems of interaction of the classification adopted by the USSR Council of Ministers in 1962, the systems arc studied in the present article. Special emphasis is put UDC was introduced as an obligatory system into on the Library-Bibliographical Classification (LBe) and its vari­ ants and editions as being used in the overwhelming majority of scientific-technical libraries and scientific and techno­ Soviet libraries. The great possibilities of LBe application from logical information agencies. All subsequent work on the point of view of automatic searching arc discussed. Author UDC has been fu lly coordinated with FlD ever since. At present the third Russian·language edition of the UDC is being completed (FlD No.572). However, the 1. Introduction UDC is used only by scientific-technical, medical and The year 1987 marked the 70th anniversary of the agricultural libraries and information agencies. A broad Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The development of network of libraries in the humanities, all public libraries, the economic, social and cultural spheres of the life of children's and school libraries included (more than Soviet society now undergoing a new stage of restructur­ 300.000 in all) do not use the UDC. They use different ing and acceleration, is characterised by sweeping variants of the Library-Bibliographic Classification changes. Theoretical and practical work in the areas System (LBC), worked out by Soviet scientists. crucial to our fu rther development is coming to the fore The proposals for creating our own, Soviet system of today. The experience of foreign countries is being classification were made as early as the 1920s. For thoroughly studied and the correctness of the decisions several decades work to this end was conducted only in made earlier is being checked. Such work is characteristic major Soviet libraries. At the concluding stage the not only of the branches of the national economy; scientists and specialists pooled their efforts (5 , 6). it is yielding results in special spheres of activity as welL During 1961-1968, the full LBC tables for scientific The present article is an attempt to examine the status libraries were published (25 issues, 30 volumes and trends in the development of classification practice containing about 34,000 main and over 51,000 com· in this country. For obvious reasons we shall skip the pound numbers). On the basis of this variant the follow· historical part, noting, however, that prior to the Great ing tables were worked out in subsequent years: ab" October Socialist Revolution there existed classification ridged tables for scientific libraries in 1970-1972, for systems in Russia which were original and highly inter­ public libraries in 1978, and for regional libraries (four esting in structure and contents bu t were rarely applied volumes) in 1980·1983. Approximately once in five out of the bounds of one library. The names of A.I.Bog· years the variants for public, children' s and school danov, P.G.Demidov, A.N.Olenin, F.F.Reiss, K.K.Foigt, libraries are published. A system of constantly dis· K.M.Bar are noteworthy in the history of classification tributed extensions and corrections keeps the LBC up to thought (2, 3). date. In 1965 the LBC tables were first introdued into the network of scientific libraries. By now they have 2. Traditions and the Present State become the main classification system for a broad In the days of pre-Revolutionary Russia, only major network of libraries in this country (with the exception libraries could afford to have systematic catalogues. of some libraries which continue to use UDC). Russian librarians were well familiar with the Dewey Decimal Classification System (DC) and its extended variant prepared at the Institut International de Biblio· 3. Four Systems: Advantage or Disadvantage? graphie (liB) by Paul OtIet and Henri LaFontaine. However, classification practice in the USSR is not In 1921, N.K.Krupskaya signed a decree introducing confined to UDC and LBC only. Under GOST (State the DC of the liB as an obligatory system for all libraries Standard of the USSR) 7.44-84, Soviet scientific and in the country. As we know, this was the first time ever technical libraries and information agencies use four that such a government decision was taken anywhere in universal classification systems, including UDC and LBC.

Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - SUkiasyan - Classification practice in the USSR 69 The two other systems are relatively new and have approach by specialists to the development of UDC and limited functions and spheres of application. LBC respectively. First, UDC is an international system. The GASNTI (State Automatic System of Scientific Proposals to improve its contents are -submitted by and Technical Information) Rubrication System per· scientists and specialists to FID, which, in analysing forms communication and address fu nctions for scien­ them, does not demand that they be accompanied by tific and technical information libraries and centers. The literature (in the form of a published book or article). Rubrication System' s numbers are printed in informa­ That is why the detailed ness of many sections of UDC tion publications and are also used whenever informa­ reflects not so much the development of literature, and tion/data are exchanged, for instance in transferring documentation as the development of this branch of catalogue cards from one organisation to another with a knowledge itself in the sense of increasing detailedness, view'to creating union catalogues. differentiation of notions, dissection of objects, pro­ The Unified Classification of Literature for book· ducts, instruments into components, each of which is publishing in the USSR (EKL) is used in publishing assigned a class number. LBC was developed on the basis houses for the planning and coordination of book of the analysis and synthesis of information found in publications, in the book trade system, and in national specific publications - books or articles (but not patents bibliographic agencies to compile publication statistics or standards) - which, moreover, were mostly of national and to group material in bibliographic publications. The origin. The latter circumstance substantially lowers the classification numbers of EKL are printed in books and level of conciseness of LBC. One should bear in mind, on the catalogue cards from centralised cataloguing however, that the compilers of LBC did take into agencies. These classification numbers are used for account the subject matter of foreign book publications acquisition in libraries. with the exception of articles. In translating LBC into GOST 7.44·84 also sets forth classification systems their own language, a number of countries (GDR, for standards and technical conditions obligatory in the Bulgaria, Vietnam) revised, and detailed the correspond­ USSR and the International Patent Classification (lPC). ing national sections (history, literature, etc.) (1). As we The sphere of application of these special systems is know, this practice is also characteristic of foreign limited and we shall not dwell on them in detail. libraries using UDC. Four systems - are these enough for the country and New phenomena in social life, rapid developments in its libraries and information agencies? It would be science and technology and in the humanities called for optimal, of course, to have a single, "unified" classi­ a constant improvement of the LBC tablGs. The system fication - system, something the Soviet librarians have of extending and amending the LBC tables has been been dreaming of for several decades. However, attempts taking shape over several decades. Extensions and to create such a system have been of no avail. Present­ corrections to 1110st of the branch sections have been -day practice is based on a sufficiently clear-cut demar­ published separately, many of them several times. cation of the spheres of application and the functions of Simultaneously there emerged another form of publica­ each of the four systems. The new approach to the tion for extensions and corrections which was charac­ solution of traditional problems is based on empirical terised by a certain regularity (twice a year) and bore no knowledge. Experience shows that practically no coun­ relation to any specific branch. In a number of cases the try in the world has succeeded in solving the problem of revision of a section necessitated the complete replace­ a "unified" classification system. More and more spe­ ment of the tables. This was the case with the sections cialists are coming to share the view that such a system on library work, library science and bibliography. A new would be economically unjustified, since it would variant of the tables in the form of extensions and require drafting dozens of special variants for various corrections was brought out to replace the previous one pragmatic purposes. After all, the dream of a universal in its en tirety. language likewise remains just a dream. More and more The growning numbers of extensions and corrections specialists in different countries (to be more precise, has confronted the specialists with a number of complex speaking different languages) are coming to recognise problems, since the variants of the LBC tables (for English as a communication language, at any rate, in the regional, public, children's and school libraries) are sphere of science. Only the future will show which of worked out and published practically simultaneously the information-retrieval languages in this country might with each extension and correction. How to ensure the ' take the fu nctions of a "unified" language. Today we are stability of the tables in the face of their constant trying to train personnel so that they will have no improvement? How to ensure the identity of the LBC difficulty in understanding and translating from one variants and the possibility of transition from one language into another. Systems of automatic translation variant to another? These problems are not' so pressing in from UDC into LBC, from UDC into the GASNTI many other countries, fo r the USSR's broad (300,000 Rubrication System, from LBC into the GASNTI libraries, as mentioned before) and multi-level system of Rubrication System, etc. are being developed now. libraries have no parallel anywhere outside the USSR.

4. LBe: Stability and Consistency of its Variants S. The Problem of the International Character of the Problems of the fu rther development of LBC have LBC Notation come to the fore in recent years. This classification Among the quantitative and qualitative parameters system was developmed in the 1960s. Its structure and influencing the destinies of LBe in our country, one main contents reflect the level of development of science should also mention the multi-ethnic -character of in that period. There is a substantial difference in the the population of the Soviet Union. LBC was developed

70 lnt. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Sukiasyan - Classification practic� in the USSR with due regard to its international character. But what regional variant, is nearing completion. Traditionally, the the compilers had in mind in developing the system was bibliographies of literature on individual villages, towns contents rather than fonn. The LBC notation uses and regions (depending on the administrative-territorial capital (big) and small letters of the Russian alphabet. situation of a library) are compiled in individual Soviet The 28 letters proved to be an obstacle to a broad libraries. Such bibliographies list publications on a introduction of LBC in a number of constituent Soviet systematic basis and are compiled according to specially republics using the Latin alphabet (Lithuania, Latvia, developed classification systems. The regional LBC and Estonia) or their own alphabets (Georgia and tables are, in fa ct, an attempt to transform a universal Armenia). Incidentally, in other republics the national classification into a regional geographical variant where­ alphabet does not always coincide with the Russian one. by all literature of a regional nature (determinants of Different variants were tried out to overcome the place in UDC or the corresponding territorial divisions in aforementioned difficulty. In the end, the proposal to LBC) are collected up according to the regional principle replace the Russian letters in the main row of sub­ with subsequent systematic subdivisions. divisions of LBC by figures gained acceptance. Since 1977, the LBC tables have been published in the figure 6. The Efficiency of the Card Catalogue variant. The letter basis has been preserved only in the The Lenin State Library of the USSR and a number tables for scientific libraries, all of which are equipped of other major Soviet libraries have been using LBC for with elementary conversion tables and can actually more than twenty years. Since recently, we have in­ decide for themselves whether to use the letter or creasingly given thought to the efficiency of our work, figure variant of LBC classification numbers. especially the efficiency of the manual handling of LBC It cannot be claimed that the problems of stability for arranging traditional card-catalogues. Our specialists and interrelation of LBC variants have been solved engaged in the scientific processing of publications are, completely. Today, extensions and corrections of the as a rule, people with a higher educationin the field who complete LEC necessitate a corresponding revision of receive, in fact, a fu rther diploma upon finishing the the tables for regional, public, children's and school Higher Library Courses at the Library. Each incoming libraries provided, of course, they do not affect their publication added to the library stocks is thoroughly corresponding levels of detailedness. A decision has been analysed, the most varied aspects of its contents are taken to regularly publish extensions and corrections to determined, and its significance for the readers, its form the tables for regional libraries. As to the publication qf and way of expounding material is assessed. The decision extensions and corrections to the tables for public, on classification is taken as a result of making the fu llest children's and school libraries it has been found more possible use of all the possibilities of classification tables. expedient to accumulate material for a revised edition. If We must exercise restriction only in the assignment of a need arises to promptly introduce extensions and classification numbers to each publication, since the corrections in the tables, one can use the relevant volume of card-catalogues is growing very fast. information as published in the journal 'Bibliotekar' To what extent can the systematisation process at our (The Librarian). library be called efficient? Are the latent characteristics An ideal situation would be one where the publica­ as reflected by specialists in classification numbers tion of a single (most complete and detailed) LBC during processing put to use later on in the process number would be useful for libraries at all levels using of search? The answers to these questions, which have different table variants. The idea ofa universal, expansive been always asked, do not satisfy us at all. The search in classification, first proclaimed by Ch.A.Cutter, has not the systematic card-catalogue is conducted according to been realised. Nor has it been realised in the Soviet classification numbers from left to right without regard Union, although much has been done in this direction. It to the structure of the numbers. However logical a is difficult to imagine a situation where all variants of classification system may be, it can never anticipate all the tables of a classification system are worked out and the shades of the readers' demand and all variants of published simultaneously. But however difficult it may search. Our experience shows that in the systematic be, we are striving to reduce the number of discrepancies, card-catalogue of a major library only the initial part of since this is the only way to raise the effectiveness of a class numbers is used. Its second part is not reflected in centralised system. any way in the detailedness of the cards. A working LBC is a synthetic, or semi-faceted classification hypothesis was checked: the cards should be arranged in system. The subdivisions of the main tables are com­ strict conformity with all the elements of the classi­ bined with the subdivisions of a great number of auxiliary fication numbers. However, this measure, too, facilitates tables, both general and special. In some cases the the process of search only to a negligible degree. The classification number consists of ten and more elements readers favour the reverse chronological order of card (4). Hence it is easy to imagine the difficulties involved arrangement within a subdivision of 40 to 60 cards, in developing LEC variants, since this is not a question which is more convenient for item selection. In this of "reducing" classification numbers by cutting part of arrangement, new literature comes first. them. All auxiliary tables are analysed, some of them Attempts at indexing readers' inquiries have shown discarded and others reduced. Besides, the variant for that all too often readers need information which can be children's and school libraries has a number of sub­ easily coded but cannot be supplied according to the divisions reflecting the specificity of this type of catalogue without prolonged work with it. If we imagine libraries, the character of its book stocks and the require­ the structure of a classification number in the form of ments of its readers - children and schoolchildren. elements marked by Arabic figures, then we could cite The development of yet another LBC variant, called a several examples bearin� no relation to any specific

Int. Classif. 15 (19R8) No. 2 - Sukiasyan - Classification practice in the USSR 71 subject. Let us imagine that the classification solution is subdivisions of the arrangement in the classification expressed during the processing of a book by the num· numbers. These and other peculiarities of LBC are bers 1·2·3·3·5·6-7-8 consisting, as we see, of eight serious obstacles to the development of an automatic elements. Everything would be all right if the search system. That is why the tables need to be considerably were conducted in strict hierarchical order and in the revised so as to meet the require}l1ents of automation. same order of indications as reflected in the classi­ This work is not so much difficult as it is laborious, but fication numbers, say: 1 (branch), 2 (sub-branch). this obstacle will be overcome �n due course. 3 (territorial subdivision), 4 (period - chronological Il may be recalled that LBC is a system of variants subdivision), 5 (subject), 6 (problem), etc. Obviously, operating in thousands of Soviet libraries. Transfor­ the type of publication would be refiected at the con­ mation of any of them in the direction of automatic cluding stage of the classificatory exposition of contents search cannot be conducted separately, even if other by element 8. But the reader who addresses the catalogue variants continue to be handled manually in the tradi­ may need quite a different combination of indications) tional card-catalogue. The task is complicated by the for instance: 1-4-6 (branch - period - problem, regardless fact that it is impossible to automate the entire network of territory), or 1-3-6 (branch - territory - problem, of Soviet libraries more or less simultaneously. We regardless of chronological period). There may be an propose to charge machines with the task of automatical­ inquiry to which the systematic catalogue cannot ly compiling LBC and to automate the elaboration of its respond at all because it does not contain the main thing variants fo r traditional and other catalogues. - the branch indication (for instance, 4-5, regardless of The programme we just mapped out is a long-term branch). There are quite a few such inquiries. proposition. Its implementation has already started and the preliminary results give us grounds for hope of success. Every specialist with relevan t experience can 7. The Prospects of Automatic Search imagine the complexity of the tasks multiplied by There can be only one solution to the problem: only hundreds of thousands of libraries scattered all over the automatic search can ensure the high efficiency of territory of the Soviet Union. Our efforts today are information supply according to any indications and in determined by the clarity of the prospect, aims and end any combination of them. Il is precisely in this way that results. we at the Lenin State Library of the USSR approach this task today. Computers will provide readers with vast References opportunities. Information can be supplied in repsonse (1)Pr6schner, G.: Probleme der Anwendung der sowjetischen to the set combination of indications relating to both Bibliothekarisch-Bibliographischen Klassifikation in den contents and form. The latter may include the name of Dibliotheken del' DDR. Berlin 1979. VIII,227p. the author, the place and year of publication of the (2) Shamurin, E.I.: Ocherki po istorii bibliotechno-biblio­ graficheskoj klassifikatsii. Moskva 1955-1959. 2 vols. document, the publishing house and many other in­ (3) Shamurin, E.I.: Geschichte der bibliothekarisch-bibliographi­ dications. LBC has been chosen as the main linguistic schen Klassifikation. Leipzig 1964-1967. Mtinchen: K.C.Saur means. Verlag 2.1975. 405+781p. However, LBC was worked out without consideration (4) Sukiasyan, E.R.: Problems of classification in Soviet Libraries. for automatic system requirements. To make classi­ Libr.World 69(1968)N 815. p.275-279 (5)Teslenko, O.P.: Die Klassifikation in der USSR von 1958- ficationnumbers shorter the compilers had to violate the 1965. In (3), p.557-580 logic of the hierarchical structure of tables. The same (6) Teslenko, O.P.: Bibliotechno-bibliograftcheskaja klassifi­ notions in different branches have been expressed in katsiya. In: Trudy/Gosudarstvennaya biblioteki SSSR im.V.I. different ways. In many cases LBC numbers incorporate Lenina. Moskva 1968. T.IO, p.24-54. so-called "Plans of arrangement" , viz. the hidden standard Dr.E.R.Sukiasyan, Head of Department of Systematic and tables without identification marks of their own. Only Subject Catalogues, Lenin State Library. of the USSR, Pr.Kalinina specialists, well versed in the tables can perceive the 3, 10100 Moskva, USSR.

72 Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Sukiasyan - Classification practice in the USSR importance to have instruments which offer pos­ sibilities to observe and describe "classes", "socio­ economic groups" and the like. Leif Gouiedo In ,Sweden several socia-economic classifications Statistics Sweden, Stockholm have been used. Let it suffice here to mention that the value of socia-economic groupings applied to 01,lT 1960 census (built on ISCO) was highly questioned. Con­ The Swedish Socio-Economic sequently Statistics Sweden (SCB) was compelled to put considerable efforts from the mid-sixties through Classification: Rationale and the seventies into the development of a new classifica­ Fields of Application tion scheme. The work was terminated in 1982 (as a re­ sult of an assessment study in 1980) with the SSEC'-ver­ sian described in detail in this article. Since similar work is being done elsewhere in the world today an exchange of experiences in this field Gouiedo, L.: The Swedish Socio-Economic Classification: could be beneficial to all the parties concerned. Rationale and fields of application. Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2, p. 73-84, 6 refs. The prime purpose of this article is to disseminate re­ sults of our achievements in classificational endeavours In social and demographic studies it is almost mandatory to use classifications by sacin-economic characteristics to describe differ­ as regards socia-economic group - as well as the appli­ ent population groups. Such characteristics can provide key link­ cation of the SSEC to various statistical materials3• Sec­ ages between different statistical systems for studies of various ondly, this summing-up is thought to benefit non­ sub-groups. Indicators of this kind have proved to be of value in Swedish agencies and other users in highlighting condi­ predicting behaviours, attitudes, motives ctc., ego regarding socialization process, educational selection and achievement pro­ tions (e.g. income distribution) within socio-economic cesses, and occupational role performances. "classes" in Sweden. A third reason for putting together In Sweden several socio-economic classifications have bcen uscd. material for this paper is to have a convenient "hand­ This paper has as its prime purpose to disscminate the achieve­ out" for foreign visitors, in consultations and so forth. ments made by Statistics Sweden in developing a new classifica­ tion scheme, the 1982 Swedish Socio-Economic Classification. Furthcrmore, the paper contains examples of application of this 2. A Short Historical Review scheme to various statistical materials - hercby illustrating in some sense social "class" structures (regarding, for instance or­ 2.1 Socio-economic classifications ganizational activities, party preferences) in the Swedish society up to the seventies today. (Author) During the first half of this century several different classifications were in use in the production of official 1. Background and Aims statistics in Sweden. In censuses a classification into In social and demographic studies it is - more or less social classes was used, whereas in statistics on general mandatory - to use a classification by socia-economic elections the population was divided into social groups. characteristics to describe different population groups. Especially the latter classification - and variants of it Afew examples of global statistical frameworks and sys­ - was to be applied in several quarters (e.g. by resear­ tems using concepts as "social class", "socia-economic chers) in a variety of studies. (Because of the frequent characteristics" are the following United Nation refer­ usages of the classification in social groups - and vari­ ences: To wards a system of social and demographic ants of it - the scheme became known.) statistics; A system of statistics on education. Another The social class scheme used in censuses was based example where the concept "socio-economic status" is on a division of the economically active population used, is The GEeD list of social indicators.l (and families) into entrepreneurs (f6retagare), officials Socio-economic characteristics can provide key link­ (fOrvaltningspersonal) and workers (arbetarpersonal). ages between different statistical systems for studies of The classification into social groups, on the other various sub-groups. Indicators of this kind have proved hand, was originally used in an analysis of the general to be of value in predicting behaviours, attitudes, mo­ election in 1911 and - while still in use in some quarters tives etc, for instance regarding the socialization pro­ - divided the population into the upper class, now cess, educational selection and achievement processes, called social group I; the middle class, now termed and occupational role performances. social group II; and the labour class, now called social It is apparent that a concept with such an "explanat­ group III. ory power" is used in national as well as international (Social group I consists of professional people, owners of large policies in setting goals, assessing outcomes for various business firms, senior managerial and executive employees in pri­ vate business, and senior civil servants. Social group II consists of policy measures. A wide range of political goals have lower-grade white-collar workers, independent artisans, owners bearings on conditions between "social classes" in a so­ of small business firms, shopkeepers, and full time farmers. Social ciety. Children with different social background should group III consists of farm and forestry workers, manual workers, have equal opportunities to education. Persons from and small part-time farmers. Social group ] also includes univer­ sity students, housewives married to men with occupations in that different social quarters should receive equal treatment social group and pensioners retired from such jobs. Housewives by various authorities etc. To be able to evaluate to and pensioners in the other social groups are classified accord­ what degree such objectives are reached, it is of prime ingly.)

Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Gouiedo - Swedish Socia-Economic Classification 73 During the fifties, however, Statistics Sweden almost first is the position in the production process, where the entirely ceased to use the social groups scheme. In ac­ most important distinction concerns the ownership or cordance with international recommendations, a socio­ non-ownership of the means of production and place in economic classification of the entire population was car­ the organizational structure. The second consists of re­ ried out in connection with the 1960, 1965 and 1970 sources such as education and work experience which Swedish Population and Housing Censuses. In this clas­ the individuals make use bf in order to obtain satisfac­ sification a distinction was made between self­ tory conditions. The third' dimension is the prestige employed and emloyees, and these categories were in which occupation and assets offer. The SSEC has laid turn broken down by occupational group according to hold of the first and second dimensions or characteris­ the first digit in the ISCO. Since aggregates defined by tics, i.e. position in the production process and indi­ a socio-economic classification of this kind become very vidual resources, obtained by means of information on heterogeneous, there was little demand for tabulations. employment conditions and occupations. The prestige In various special studies, partly based on Census data, aspect is not explicitly taken into account but the fact ad-hoc socio-economic classification systems were in­ that the other characteristics are correlated with this as­ stead constructed and used4, with deficient comparabil­ pect will make the socio-economic groups/classes show ity as a consequence. (These classification systems usu­ differences as regards prestige. In order to bring about ally combined occupational data (at the ISCO 3·digit a classification where the classes are homogenous in re­ level) with data on educational level, to arrive at more spect of the above-mentioned dimensions or class homogenous groups.) characteristics, the classification was built gradually by combining a number of measurable characteristics 2.2 The 1980 assesment stndy mainly coupled to the concept of occupation. This state of affairs caused big problems not only to The most extensive SSEC-version is divided into two those who were to assess and evaluate the extent to parts: economically active population and economically which the politically established goals were fullfilled non-active population. The economically non-active are but also to social scientists. So in order to meet various sub-divided into a number of categories e.g. house­ demands, particularly external ones, for a more articu­ wives, old age pensioners and so forth. The economi­ lated and systematically constructed socia-economic cally active are split between self-employed and classification, a working group at Statistics Sweden employees. The employees in occupations in which the drafted a classification system which was presented in holders usually are affiliated to LO i.e. the Swedish 1974. This classification was used in e.g. the Surveys of Confederation of Trade Unions (the "blue collar" con­ Living Conditions, Income Distribution Surveys, and fed.) are called manual workers. Employees in other Party Preference Surveys. In the light of experience the occupations are called non-manual employees. Both classification system was assessed in 1980 by Statistics manual workers and non-manual employees are sub­ Sweden and by then slightly revised. On the whole, divided with respect to the education normally required for though, the Swedish Socio-Economic Classification of the occupation. Furthermore, manual workers can be split between the sectors of production of goods and today agrees with the 1974 draft. An extensive list of oc­ cupations has been added, as the classification work is of production of services, while non-manual employees based mainly on occupational data. can be split between those with and those without sub­ It is an important feature of this development work ordinates. Finally, self-employed can be divided into that there did not and does not exist an established and farmers and other entrepreneurs and also with respect generally accepted international standard classification to the size of the enterprise. in this field. However, many countries use some kind of In its complete form the classification consists of socia-economic classification system. As in Sweden, the eighteen groups which can be aggregated gradually. In basic principle of these systems is usually to classify var­ its aggregated form the classification consists of the fol­ ious occupations in different categories in accordance lowing six groups: with specific criteria. In some instances (though not in I (11-12) Unskilled and semiskilled workers the Swedish system), economically active persons are 2 (21-22) Skilled workers 3 (33-36) Assistant non-manual employees assigned points depending on their "value" on a set of 4 (44-46) Intermediate non-manual employees variables. 5 (54-60) Employed and self-employed professionals, higher In the section that follows a brief account will be civil servants and executives given of the 1982 version of SSEC, which evolved as a 6 (76-87) Self-employed (other than professionals) result of the 1980 assessment study. Presently this ver­ These six groups have been formed by merging the sion is implemented in various surveys subsequently de­ eighteen basic categories of. the economically active scribed. population:

Socio-economic groups Delineations 3. The 1982Version of SSEC 11-22 MANUAL WORKERS Occupations normally organised by LO (the "blue-collar" trade 3.1 Classification structnre union confederation) In sociological stratification research three dimensions 11 Unskilled employees Occupations involving the have, roughly speaking, been stressed according to in goods production production of goods and which stratification in a society can be undertaken. The normally requiring less than

74 Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Gouiedo - Swedish Socio-Economic Classification two years of post-comprehensivc 86 Small-scale farmers Farmers with at most 20 hec'tares school education of arable land and at most 100 12 Unskilled employccs Occupations involving in service hectares of forest land in service production production and normally 87 Medium-scale farmers Farmers with 21-100 hectares requiring less than two years of of arable land or 101-400 post -comprehensive school hectares of forest land education These eighteen groups form the socio-economic classifi­ 21 Skilled employees Occupations involving in goods production the production of goods and cation for the economically active population, The non­ normally requiring two years active population is broken down into six groups: stu­ or more of post-comprehensive dents, who are sub-divided according to the level of school education their studies, and five other groups sub-divided accord­ 22 Skilled employees Occupations involving service ing to previous occupation or husband's occupation. in service production production and normally The groups are: requiring two years or more of post-comprehensive school 101-103 Students The three sub-groups are education (01) comprehensive school level, (02) upper secondary school 33-57 NON-MANUAL Occupations normally organ is- level and (03) post-secondary EMPLOYEES ed by trade unions not affiliated school level to LD 201-287 Housewives The last two digits indicate 33 Assistant non-manual Occupations normally requiring (or male the husband's occupation employees, lower level less than two years of post- equivalents) according to the above defined comprehensive school education groups 34 Assistant non-manual Occupations normally requiring 311-387 Old age The last two digits indicate the employees, higher two, hut not three, years of pensioners previous occupation level, without subordi- post-comprehensive school nates education 411-487 Sickness and The last two digits indicate disability pensioners the previous occupation 35 Assistant non-manual Occupations normally re- employees, higher qui ring two, but not three, 511 -587 Long-term Persons out of work for six level, with subordinates years of post-comprehensive unemployed months or more. The last two school education digits indicate the previous occupation 44 Intermediate non- Occupations normally requiring manual employees, three, but not six, years of post- 601-687 Military The last two digits indicate without subordinates comprehensive school education conscripts the occupation (equivalent) before entering military service 45 Intermediate non- Occupations normally requiring manual employees, three, but not six, years of The main structure of the classifying procedure is dis­ with subordinates post-comprehensive school played in a flow chart format in Fig. 1. More about this education in the section that follows. 54 Professionals and Occupations normally rcquiring In the 1980 population census the following version other higher non- at least six years of post-com- of SSEC was used for the population aged 16-64: manual employees, prehensive school education without subordinates MUllual lVorkers 55 Professionals and Occupations normally requiring 11 Unskilled workers in the production of goods other higher non- at least six years of post-com- 12 Unskilled workers in the production of services manual employees, prehensive school education 21 Skilled workers in the production of goods with subordinates 22 Skilled workers in the production of services 57 Upper-level executives Upper-level executives in private enterprises or organisations with NOli-manual employees at least 100 employees or upper- 33 Assistant non-manual workers I level executives in public service 36 ( = 34 + 35) Assistant non-manual workers II 60-87 SELF-EMPLOYED 46 (= 44 + 45) Intermediate non-manual employees 56 = 54 + 55 + 57) Professionals and other higher non-manual 60 Self-employed Self-employed persons in occu- ( employees/Upper level executives professionals pations normally requiring at least six years of post -com- prehensive school education Self-employed 60 Self employed professionals with academic training 76 Self-employed Self-employed without 79 Entrepreneurs (exe!. farmers) without employees employees, not including 89 Farmers farmers or professionals

77 Small-scale Self-employed with 1-9 Others5 entrepreneurs employees, not including 91 Unclassified employees farmers or professionals 95 Old age pensioners 78 Large-scale Self-employed with 10 or more 96 Housewives (or male equivalents) entrepreneurs employees or large-scale farmers 97 Students with more than 100 hectares of 98 Part-time working arable land andlor more than 99 Information missing 400 hectares of forest land (and not including professionals)

Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Gouiedo - Swedish Socio-Economie Classification 75 INDIVIDUAL

Gainful ly No v.brking Yes

Sick On leave

ed �nenploY ! l less than 6 nonths I

ens one ng e loyed t ng � Un cP Y EmpDoye Fanner �Ret�red)� at:","' hJme serv_l.ce at least nore� ",l thani L � pre- l 6 rronths l 16 neur J I 1 NiW'''yll l 1;'& 'I �TI L Old age L :el""'t� �elpna.te pensioner pensionerr/ in an - � l�n a fannmr enterpris€j hF..v,y ,I � CUd age Old age I pensioner pensioner prevo prevo gainfully non-gain- workinq fully ....urkinq 'j> .. Classiiy C..l.a5Sl.[Y Classify Classify Classify Classify Classify ClassHy Classify Classify as early as old as old as heme as mil. as Ul1- as stud . as rranual/ as en- as farmer pens .ace. age pens. age \O,Qrk acc . serv.ace. enp1 . acc . level oon- trep.acc .(or large prev .occ. acc. prevo pens.acc.cx:::c. of ace/ stud . acc.prev. of stud . rranual , of -scale oce. . 00 occ of sflOuse before oce. \O,Qrker Employees en trep.} sflOuse duty aoc. oce. aoc. acreage Fig. 1; Scheme for classifying individuals in socio-eeonomic groups

In other cases e.g. when presenting political opinion 3.2 Application surveys, it may be suitable not to separate non-gainfully 3.2.1 Classification of individuals working individuals but instead to group those working The SSEC is primarily an instrument for classifying in­ at home, old age pensioners, early pensioners and long­ dividuals but can also be used for classifying households term unemployed individuals together with those gain­ by letting a member of the household represent it. fully working. The groups of non-gainfully working are Sometimes the need is felt of let the household code de­ then classified by means of information on husbands'/ termine the code of all the members. In the last case the wifes' occupation or own fonner occupation. In these classification still remains a classification of individuals cases instructions are issued on how to use the classifica­ but now applied according to the rules valid for the clas­ tion. sification of the household. The general course to take for classifying individuals is shown in Fig. 1. 3.2.2 Classification of households The basis for the classification consists of informa­ The household is assigned the same socia-economic tion on occupation and employment conditions. Clas­ code as one of the adults in the household. As house­ sification based on information on occupation is ef­ hold is considered a single adult plus children, if any, or fected by means of a list of occupations comprising spouses/cohabiting plus children, if any, who share resi­ some 3.000 coded denominations of occupations. The dence. Children living with the parents are included in classification according to the complete form as regards the household of the parents. In Sweden the household the economically active population can be carried out of the residence and the family are practically identical. with the help of additional information on self­ If there is only one adult in the household, this is as­ employed versus employees, size of enterprise, and on signed the same code as the adult. If there are several the existence of subordinates. As regards the economi­ adults, the code of the household is determined by that cally non-active population a question about relevant occupation of the adults which has the highest position category for the individuals examined has to be in­ according to an order of dominance established for the cluded in the most extensive version. socio-economic groups. This preferential order is shown Depending on the subject-matter to be elucidated in the following list. there may be reasons to choose between different forms of SSEC-presentation. In the cases where the aim is to Preferential order study e.g. the relationship between socio-economic 57 Upper-level executives group and individual income or educational level, it 60 Self-employed professionals with academic train- . may be desirable to distinguish between gainfully work­ ing 54-55 (= 56) Professionals and other higher non-manual ing and non-gainfully working individuals. employees

76 Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Gouiedo - Swedish Socio-Economic Classification 87 Large-scale 'farmers The data on individual persons were reported by the 86 Small-scale farmers public on questionnaire forms and housing data were 78 Large-scale entrepreneurs collected from the 1981 Land Tax Assessment. Various 77 Small-scale entrepreneurs 76 Sole entrepreneurs supplementary data were also drawn from some ad­ 44-45 (� 46) Intermediate non-manual employees ministrative registers, 34-35 (� 36) Assistant non-manual employees II The questionnaire for personal data was to refer 21 Skilled workers, producing goods mainly to the situation during the week 8-14 Sep­ 22 Skilled workers, producing services 33 Assistant non-manual employees I tember, 1980. It included data on 11 Unskilled workers, producing goods - gainful employment or other activity 12 Unskilled workers, producing services - occupation 03 Students, post-secondary school level 02 Students, upper secondary school level - name of employer and principal activity at the place 01 Students, comprehensive school level of work - address of the place of work 4. The Application of SSEC in Va rious Surveys - size and composition of household

4.1 Introductory remarks The data drawn from various administrative records, as The introduction of computer technology has drastically specified in the Census Act, included increased the possibilities of co-processing various regis­ - locality classification of real estates ters. Particular interest has been focused on registers on - coordinate number of real estates individuals, in which each person is unambiguously - civil registration number, marital status, parish re- identified by a number. gistration district, parish registration real estate, The Swedish civil registration system provides the postal address, relationship to head of household, most extensive administrative registers on individuals. nationality and country of birth Together, the county registers provide weekly up-dated name and legal form of enterprise, number of estab­ population data on about 8.3 million people, i.e. data lishments and their names, sector classification, ad­ on births, deaths, migrations, immigrations, changes in dress and economic activity classification, marital status etc. These county registers are merged to After the completion of several processings individuals' provide a national register, which in turn provides the occupation was automatically coded, i.e, the occupa­ basis for several other registers on individuals. Changes tional data were entered in plain text and then matched in the national registers are also transferred weekly to against a computerized dictionary of occupations with some of the other registers, e.g. the SCB Register on associated codes, the Total Population (RTB), which is further used for The 1980 Population and Housing Census registers statistical purposes (solely - for current population comprising SSEC classified information will be tapped statistics - or as a sample frame or through linkage extensively in the near future (e.g. on a contract basis). routines, for instance with the Population and Housing The table reproduced here as table 2 gives an overview Censuses). of sex and age composition by certain main SSEC­ Ta ble 1 presents an outline of some statistic sources categories6. for Swedish welfare distribution policies. This outline, adopted from Wahlstrom (1986), shows how the various Ho usehold Expenditure Survey statistical sources can supplement each other. The 4.2.2 Census and the Income and Wealth Statistics are both At the request of the Government the SCB has looked total surveys, while the others are sample surveys. The into the possibilities of making this kind of surveys total surveys permit descriptions of small population more frequently than hitherto has been the case, The groups, e.g. the population broken down by regions last one was conducted in 1978 and the last but one as and municipalities. The sample surveys are more de­ far back as 1969. tailed and cover a wider field in their subject-matter In the 1978 Expenditure Survey a simplified variant contents. of SSEC was applied. The next survey was carried out In the section to follow next details will be given re­ in 1985. In the presentation of results households in the garding the extent to which the SSEC is merged into sample have been reported at the highest level of SSEC these data sources, (with the exception of Statistics on aggregation? Income and Wealth-survey). To broaden the picture we present similar details on two additional sources, i.e. 4.2.3 Income Distribution Survey Labour Force Surveys, and Party Preference Surveys. A This type of survey was developed in the 1970's as a re­ few numerical examples are "fused" into the text, sult of the general political agreement on the need to mainly to shed some light on socio-economic distribu­ improve statistics on living conditions. The objective tions for various subject-matters, was to survey - in conjunction with the Survey of Liv­ ing Conditions developed in a parallel vein of thought 4.2 Detailed account of SSEC mergings - the consumption potential of the households as well as welfare aspects other than purely economic ones. 4.2.1 Population and Housing Census The gathering of data is done in two stages: directly In the autumn of 1980 a Swedish census was performed. from households through a mailed questionnaire, in-

Int. C1assif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Gouiedo - Swedish Socia-Economic Classification 77 Statistics Subject matter Frequency Unit Census! Panel source contents Sample approach

Population Employment Every 5 Person Total Yes and Housing Housing years Household survey Census (Income ) (Education) (Commut ing )

Household Detailed Intermittent Household A sample No Expenditure description of 6 000 Survey of the con­ households sumpt ion of goods and services Income

Income Income before Every year Person A sample Yes Distribution and taxes and Household of 27 000 Survey transfers . persons Most transfers 9 500 are covered. households The income consepts are adjusted to measure the disposable income (Wealth) Employment

Statistics Income, Every year Person Total Yes on Income deductions survey and Wealth according to assessments (computer registered by fiscal authorities) Wealth (net)

Survey of Economic Every year Person A sample No Living resources, Household of 8 000 (but Conditions material persons , panel standard, 8 000 appr o is education, house­ conside­ employment holds red ) conditions , distance to social service institutions, environment, social contacts, leisure activi ties, participation in political and trade union activities, heal th , exposure to violence and accident hazards

Table 1: Outline of five statistical sources of importance for welfare distribution policies Source: From S. Wahlstrom (1982) - but updated vis a sample sizes.

78 Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Gouiedo - Swedish Socia-Economic Classification directly by using administrative registers in various gov­ cordingly, the SSEC flow chart in Fig. 1 gives an ernment agencies/authorities. The questionnaire con­ adequate picture of the various decisions which have to tains such items as the composition of the household, be made in the coding process; this is usually done by level of employment during the year, as well as queries the computer as a result of the programming of the on work-place and -tasks (these questions are basic in SSEC variable (not in the coding itself). the classification of occupational, industrial, and socio­ How is the socio-economic classification used in the economic group). Information on various income presentation of Survey of Living Conditions data? To sources - annual pay, earned income, factor income, answer this briefly we choose the publication Political disposable income - is collected by tapping registers. resources 19789 which illustrates peoples' socio-political (Within this contextual frame the SSEC is based on activities and interest in political questions, in the wide information on occupation, nature and degree of sense of the term. The following fields are covered: employment, collected through questionnaires as well • Organizational activities as income-tax returns.) • Other activities to influence political decisions In the Income Distribution Survey the most detailed • Mass media consumption level of SSEC appears in the stub of table 3, showing • Knowledge of civics, economic and consumer knowledge etc. • Opinion about public services in some different fields average disposable income (decils) per household and • Experiences of erroneous or unjust treatment socio-economic group in 1981. - Results from the 1981 • Ability to make an appeal against a government decision survey have been presented in three issues of the statis­ Table 4 on organizational. activities is an excerpt dis­ tical reports series, Be8: playing the most detailed format of SSEC published re­ 1 An overview of the survey (Be 19H3: 4.1); sultslO• (Please observe that an earlier version than the 2 Incomc dcvelopment for employees from 1973 to 1981 (Bc 1982 version of the classification is used.) Furthermore, 1983: 4.2). 3 Income distribution for households (Be 1983: 4.3) from autumn 1984 onwards the Living Conditions re­ sults are reported in a slightly modified 1982 SSEC ag­ gregration, implying that "home-workers" are classified 4.2.4 Survey of Living Conditions according to occupation of the other spouse, and pen­ As previously indicated this type of survey is continu­ sioners and long-term unemployed according to previ­ ously undertaken to provide information about the dis­ ous occupation.) In addition to this table socio­ tribution and development of some central "welfare economic groups are presented in Political resources components" ("social concerns"). The statistics are in­ · .. with similar breakdowns in various tables within tended to serve public debate and social reform work. fi elds that are covered by the survey (cf. above). The detailed surveys of many different aspects of living (Also based on the Survey of Living Conditions ex­ conditions provide unique possibilities for analysis of tensive data on cultural activities 1982/83 in various correlations and inter-relations between various kinds socio-economic groups have been published in the vol­ of welfare problems. All in all, the components are ume Cultural Statistics 1980-19841l ) in Sweden. meant to give a picture of life At this point it may be appropriate to conclude this The components covered by this survey approach are section by mentioning that the material in Survey of listed in very broad terms in table 1. Statistics on these Living Conditions is very frequently processed on a con­ matters are based on regularly performed interviews tract basis by researchers, committees, institutions, or­ and to some extent on administrative registers. In some ganizations etc. Since most of the components are sur­ years emphasis is put on the investigation of particular veyed every year in more or less detail, the users have components while others are covered in lesser detail. an abundant material for various kinds of analysis. (The following components, however, are surveyed in some measure every year: Health, employment, hous­ Labour Fo rce Surveys ing, education, economy, social relations, security, 4.2.5 political resources.) Thus the main theme for the The SSEC has not yet been applied to the Labour Force 1980-81 survey was the health component; in 1982-83 Surveys. However, from January 1st 1985, a revised ver­ the environment was highlighted. sion of the Nordic Occupational Standard Classification The results are published in "component" reports, has been put to use (agrees with the 1958 version of mainly in the series Living Conditions, in which the ISCQ). In conjuncion with this event the introduction survey variables of each component are given a stan­ of SSEC-coding in Labour Force Surveys will be taken dardized presentation against a number of basic into consideration. background variables: Demographic, geographic, socio-economic. There are also reports that deal with 4.2.6 Party Preference Survey correlations between various factors in the different In November 1972 the SCB launched its first regular components (e.g. education and employment), reports Party Preference Survey which since then has been car­ analyzing groups particularly exposed to problems (e.g. ried out every May and November. In election years a the conditions of low income earners, and living stan­ survey has also been conducted in February12. The aims dard of students), and reports summarizing the findings of the surveys are to estimate the results of a general of several surveyed fields (e.g. a social report on in­ election at the time of the survey, and the strength of equality, perspectives of welfare). the political parties in different sub-classes of the elec­ The coding of socio-economic status in Survey of Liv­ torate. Grants to the SCB for conducting such surveys ing Conditions is based on answers in interviews. Ae- arc allocated on the grounds that they constitute a base

Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Gouiedo - Swedish Socio-Economic Classification 79 �

M F F lmH SEXES 16 --64 M F rom SEXES l3aI'H SEXES Number of Number of M F Number of % % % % % individ . % % % individ. % % % individ .

MANUAL IDRKERS

Unskilled, in goods J?rOduction 14.3 5.6 10.0 100360 11 .1 4.4 7.8 183834 11.0 4.9 7.9 147736 11. 7 4.7 8.3 431930 Unskilled, in service prod.uction 11.6 20.7 16.0 161388 11.0 20.1 15.4 360970 9.2 23.4 16.4 306692 10.5 21.4 15.9 829050 skilled, in goods proouction 17.7 1.3 9.7 97678 19.9 1.1 10.8 251893 15.2 0.9 8.0 149066 17.8 1.1 9.5 498637 Skilled, in service proo.llction 1.3 6.2 3.7 37395 1.4 4.5 2.9 68833 0.9 2.6 1.7 32668 1.2 4.1 2.7 138896

NON-MANUAL EMPLOYEES

Assistant, lower level (I) 2.3 8.0 5.1 51116 2.4 10.1 6.1 143569 3.2 8.5 5.9 110062 2.6 9.1 5.8 304747 Assistant, lower level (II) 2.1 4.0 3.1 30870 6.5 9.1 7.8 182425 6.8 6.1 6.4 120578 5.8 7.0 6.4 333873 Intermediate level 3.6 4.7 4.1 41515 17.2 14.3 15.8 370174 13.9 6.9 10.4 194244 13.4 9.8 11.6 605933 Professionals/higher non-man . 0.6 0.5 0.6 5949 10.3 4.8 7.6 179171 8.8 2.7 5.7 106756 7.9 3.2 5.6 291876 errpl./upper level exec.

SELF-EMPLOYED - " Self-employed professionals /Acad professions 0.0 0.0 0.0 40 ,0 .2 0.0 0.1 3300 0.3 0.0 0.2 2914 0.2 0.0 0.1 6254 Entrepreneurs (excl farmers) 1.0 0.4 0.7 7408 7.1 2.4 4.8 112817 7.3 2.7 5.0 93428 6.0 2.1 4.1 213653 �. Farmers 0.8 0.2 0.5 5217 2.1 1.2 1.7 39112 4.8 2.6 3.7 68484 2.8 1.5 2.2 112$13

� � OTHERS � Unc lassifible employees 0.5 0.3 0.4 4372 0.5 0.3 OA 8501 0.5 0.3 0.4 7469 0.5 0.3 0.4 20342 00<5 00 Pensioners OA 0.4 OA 3993 1.2 1.3 1.2 28530 12.8 16.2 14.5 271924 5.1 6.6 5.8 - 304447 Housewives etc . 0.1 3.5 1.7 17505 0.2 14.0 6.9 161910 0.2 15.3 7.8 146325 0.2 12.4 6.2 325740 Z a Students 31.3 33.6 32.4 326747 3.1 4.7 3.9 90646 0.2 0.5 0.3 6445 7.6 8.7 8.1 423838 0.6 1.1 0.8 8557 0.3 2 A 1.4 31900 N Part-time ....ork 0.5 2.9 1.8 32827 0.5 2.4 1.4 73284 11.6 9.8 10.7 108243 SA 5.3 5.3 125147 4.4 3.4 I Information missing 3.9 73106 6.3 5.5 5.9 306496 SUM 100 100 LOO 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 a a TOI'AL INDIVIWALS 515508 492845 1008353 1201341 1141391 -> 2342732 NUMBER OF -> 924615 946109 -> _.J,.? 70724 2641464 o· _ 2580345 -> 5221809 0- a I Ta ble 2: To tal population (16-24 years) 1980, distributed by socio-economic classification, age and sex en � Source: 1980 Population and Housing Census - manuscript table Y 4, 0

�"" en a 5' 0 ain 0 a 3 o·

0•

�"- 0· 0 -----_._- :[ SOCID-ECCN:JMIC GROUP Decil groups by disposable incane (thousand SEK) Average Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 9,5- inccrne in Q• 10 (thousand sample SEK) �- � - '" HOUSEHOLDS 00 WITH Nr lEAST CNE S GAINruLLY WJRKING 28 .9 43 .0 49 .7 58 .3 72.5 87 .1 100.0 113 .4 130.1 177 .4 204.5 86 .1 8141

�N Households of manuel workers I and non manual errployees 31.2 43 .2 49 .5 57.6 71.5 86 .3 99.5 112.6 128.6 168.7 190.1 84.9 5363 Cl 0 c o· Households of manual workers "- 29 .3 41 .0 45 .9 50 .8 59 .5 73 .9 87 .4 98 .8 111 .8 134.9 145 .3 73 .3 2193 0 Unskilled 26 .7 39 .3 44.1 48 .3 54 .3 65 .9 79.8 93 .4 105 .6 127.6 136 .6 68.5 1387 I en Skilled 35.6 44 .8 50 .2 58 .8 75 .0 87 .6 97.4 108 .4 120.9 144 .7 155.8 82 .3 806 � " a, Households of non-manual !} en errployees 0 36 .2 50.0 61 .1 76 .6 91 .9 106.0 118.1 131 .1 147 .9 193 .0 217.8 101 .2 2991

S· Households excl pro fessionals in0 0 = etc 34.6 47 .6 56 .4 70 .7 85 .6 99.4 111.4 123.7 137 .8 171.1 189.1 93 .8 1971 0 Assistant , lower level (I) 28 .7 39 .8 44.4 48 .7 53.0 65 .3 76 .5 88.8 104.2 130.7 144.1 68.0 255 3 o· Assistant, lower level (II) 34.3 48 .5 58 .5 73 .8 86 .4 97 .5 109.5 119.5 130.7 165 .6 182 .8 92 .4 550 Q Intermediate level � 39 .5 53 .2 66 .1 84.8 99 .9 111 .4 122 .8 134.1 145.7 180 .6 201 .6 103 .8 1166 Professionels and other 47 .8 64.8 82 .7 102.3 116.8 130.1 144.3 161 .4 179.1 233 .9 265 .5 126.3 1020 0 S• higher non-man.errployees

g.= Unclassified households of rranual workers and non-manual employees 23 .6 36 .8 42 .3 47 .7 51.8 57 .1 62 .0 74.8 101 .6 145 .0 164 .8 64 .3 179

Households of self-employed 7.3 39 .0 53 .1 67 .0 81 .9 93 .8 107.2 124.9 153 .0 254.0 318.0 98 .1 2778

Farmers 8.3 32 .2 41 .5 49 .7 60 .8 76.6 93 .0 113.9 146.6 264.7 323.1 88.7 1073 Other entrepreneurs and self- errployed pro fessionals 7.8 47 .2 63 .1 77.9 89.7 99 .2 112 .3 129 .3 155.4 248.2 310.7 103 .0 1705

HOUSEHOLDS WITHOUT /\NY CNE GAINruLLY IDRKING 10.5 26.0 31 .1 34.6 37.3 41 .1 48.1 57 .0 67 .7 96.6 112.5 45 .0 1484 AIL HOUSEHOLDS 19.1 33 .8 40 .1 46 .7 54.3 65 .8 81 .3 98.7 118.2 164.0 188.9 72 .2 9625

Table 3: Av erage income for all households in decil groups by disposable income per household and socio-economic group in 1981 Source: Income distribution for households (Statistical reports, series Be 1983:4.3 Ta ble 25. Statistics Sweden)

00 - 00 --- N SOCIo-ECCN:MIC GROUP Has never Has Has attendErl Has Is a Is a Partici- Holds an Has contacted Nl.m1ber in attended attended rrore than spoken nember nember pates office of a responsible J;OPUlation any n:eeting a meeting twelve on s::rne of scrne of at actively trust in person in an 16-74, thousands with an during the n:eetings occasion asso- least in sane sare association (appr.) asso- last year during at a dation four associa- association in order to eiation the last moeting different tian influence the year types of decision on associa- SCIIE: question tion

ADULT POPULATION 19.7 61 .5 14.6 51 .6 85.0 15.9 38.8 23 .2 29.5 5 964.

MANUAL ""RKERS unskilled 23.2 58.4 10.3 41.8 88.6 12.7 33 .3 16.5 19.6 545 Semiskille:3 21.2 60.1 11.3 46.3 91.1 14.2 33 .9 18.8 27.9 797 Skilled 16.4 64.0 11.6 55.6 92.8 14.7 42 .3 24.0 35.1 654 All workers 20.2 60 .9 11 .1 48.1 91.0 14.0 36.5 19.9 28.0 1 996

NON--MANt1AL EMPLOYEES Assistant level 15.3 68.6 15.3 58.0 93.8 19.1 42.3 29.6 35.8 660 Intermediate level 7.1 81 .5 23.5 75.6 96.7 30.0 56.3 41.4 48.1 578 59.6 Professionals and other higher •.. 8.3 82.1 28.2 79.4 93.8 36.9 43 .7 60.4 391 All erployees 10.7 76.4 21.3 69.3 94.8 27.2 51.4 37.2 45.8 1 629

!" SELF-EMPLOYED Q• Farners 14.4 67.7 16.9 56.5 86 .4 24.2 49.6 37.4 25.6 132 � Entrepreneurs 20.5 60.6 12.8 55.9 79.1 18.4 39.7 24.0 29.6 288 ;:;; - � OTHERS � - Students 22.2 59.3 18.8 52.0 71.1 6.7 43 .5 22.0 21.2 392 '" '" Working at hcrre 31.8 47.5 10.1 33 .9 68.9 5.2 25 .3 10.3 8.1 418 .5 of Which with a sfOuse in Z "manual v.orkers" 36.2 45.6 7.4 28.7 67.1 3.7 21 .1 9.3 6.4 161 0 "non-rranua1 employees" 24.3 53.9 13.9 45.2 73.9 6.9 33.0 15.8 10.8 115 N I Q 24.2 49.9 12.4 37.7 73 .5 9.5 28.1 12.9 19.1 829 0 Old age pensioners " of Which earlier manual workers 26.1 47.3 10.8 31.3 70.6 7.8 22.3 7.5 15.7 428 0" "- nan-manual 0 emp loyees 16.3 54.0 16.3 57.9 83.2 13.6 41 .1 24.3 32 .3 189 I 16.9 56.0 11.0 25.8 77.5 7.8 28.9 10.0 14.4 91 '" farmers • entrepreneurs 30.6 50.8 20.6 49.2 68.3 15 .9 34.9 20.6 13 . .::1 63 0 "- � '" Early pensioners and long-term 0 n unanployed 36.9 34.1 7.2 31.4 67.6 5.2 15.8 6.8 19.7 223 0' Unclassifiable and non-response 31. 5 52.6 18.6 38.9 70.9 6.8 37.0 16.4 19.6 58 mn 0 0 0 �. Ta ble 4: Organizational activities 1978. Percentages in each group Q Source: Political resources 1978. (Living Conditions Report no 31, Table 2.1. Statistics Sweden.) � - Figures in last column are from table 2.2 in the aforementioned publication. � 0" 0 Socio-econanic Centre Liberal Conserva­ Socialde- Cammu- other SUM group party party tive p"rty mocrats nist party parties party

Unskilled, in goods prod . 12.0 2.0 7.3 72 .5 3.7 2.4 100 Unskilled, in service prod . 11 .7 4.8 11 .9 65 .0 2.6 3.9 100 Skilled, in goods prod . 7.2 1.4 9.5 75 .4 3.4 3.1 100 Skilled, in goods prod . 5.7 5.7 15.8 61 . 7 5.7 5.3 100 All \'wOrkers 10.2 3.3 10 .4 69 .4 3.3 3.4 100

Assistant , lower level (I) 8.9 8.1 27.3 51.7 1.2 2.9 100 Assistant , lower level (II) 8.3 8.1 33 .3 45 .8 1.7 2.8 100 Intermediate level 12.2 10 .5 36 .3 32.3 4.4 4.3 100 Professionals and higher non-manual employees etc 9.6 13.5 45 .5 18.1 6.5 6.8 100 All employees 10 .2 10 .2 35.8 35.9 3.7 4.2 100

SELF-EMPLOYED

Self-employed frofessionals 18 .3 7.0 41 . 7 27.0 1.7 4.3 100 Small-scale entrepeneurs 13 .7 8.3 54 .2 18.5 1.2 4.2 100 Large-Scale entrepreneurs (incl large-scale farmers) 34.0 6.0 48.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 100 All self-emp1. prof and entrepreneurs 18.4 7.5 47 .1 21.8 1.5 3.6 100 Small-scale farmers 66 .5 0.0 14.2 16.1 0.0 3.2 100 Mediumrscale farmers 69 .1 1.5 22 .1 3.7 0.7 2.9 100 All farmers (exc1. large-scale farmers) 67 .8 1.3 17.4 10.2 0.3 3.0 100

Students 7.9 7.5 35.8 36.6 7.5 4.5 100 Others (house-wives, pensioners etc . (incl. non-response) 13.9 10.9 24.2 46 .1 1.2 3.6 100

TOl'AL VarING UNIVERSE a) 13 .7 6.3 24.1 48.8 3.3 3.8 100

Ta ble 5: The voting universe in May 1984 distributed by party preferences and socio-economic group. Percentages Source: Partisympatiundersokningen Maj 1984 (Party Preference Survey May 1985). Pressmeddelande 1984:225 (Pressrelease 1984:225) table 11. (Statistics Sweden) - The source contains also interval figures to the point estimates above, however thesc supplementary measures havc bccn omitted here for the sake of brevity. a) That is, the whole electorate.

for decision-making among political parties and mass­ Notes: media. The surveys can also furnish valuable informa­ Thc categories are consistent with the International Standard tion for political science research. Moreover, these sur­ Classification of Occupations (ISCO) and UN Recommenda­ veys provide an alternative to the polls regularly pub­ tions for the 1980 Censuses of Population and Housing in the lished by private institutes13• EEC region. 2 Acronym (in Engl.) for the Swedish Socia-Economic Classifi­ The large sample size (9.000 persons) makes it possi­ cation. ble to estimate party preference distributions in several 3 Hereby illustrating in some sense social "class" structures in sub-classes. the Swedish society. The standard format in the publication of results on 4 As examples may be mentioned (a) Statistics on social background for students at universities and specialized col­ party preferences of the electorate according to socio­ leges 1962/63-1972173 (1972), and (b) An ongoing investiga­ economic group is shown in Table 5. tion of social background for students in higher education

Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Gouiedo - Swedish Socio-Economic Classification 83 1960-1982, where registers from the 1960 and 1970 censuses 13 In Sweden the civil service, to which SCB belongs, is looked and the current higher education register will be used (1981). upon as unbiased and neutral of the political party or parties, 5 Questions on occupation in the census were put only to those whether in power or not. Accordingly, the results are available who were economically active. to all interested, regardless of economic means. 6 Data on occupation and socio-economic status in the 1985 Population and Housing Census will appear in print as Part 7 in the Census series during 3rd quarter 1988. References 7 E.g., a table on expenditures by socio-economie group, and (1) Lennersand, B.M.: Investigation of Social Background for one on expenditures by type of household and socio­ Students in Higher Education by Use of Register Informa­ economic group, in The Family Expenditure Survey 1985 tion. Paper Meeting Sociol. Assoc., Research Committee on (Statistics Sweden, Stockholm 1987). Social Stratification. Amsterdam, 1983. (brebro). 8 Stands for Population and elections (Sw. Befolkning och val). (2) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - Results from the 1983 survey are now at hand but the initial (DEeD): The OECD Lisl of Socia/ Indicators . The DEeD writing of this article has been left unmodified. Social Indicator Development Programme 5. Paris 1982. 9 Living Conditions Report no. 31 (Stockholm 1982). - This (3) Swedish University Education II: Statistics all Socia/ "component" was one of the main social concerns in the 1978 Background for Students at Universities (lnd Specialized Survey of Living Conditions. Preliminary results from the Colleges 1962163-1972173. (Promemorior fran SCB 1976: 1984 Survey have appeared in print as Political Resources 5. (Statistics Sweden, Stockholm, 1976). 1984 (Statistical reports, series Be 40 ,SM 8601. Statistics (4) United Nations (UN): To wards a System of Social alld Demo­ Sweden). graphic Statistics. (ST/ESA/STAT/SER F, New Yo rk 1975). 10 It has to be pointed out that the classifying (and coding) pro­ (5) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organi­ cess as a rule is done in a complete way (implying that each zation (Unesco): A System of Statistics in Education (SSE). individual "receives" a 2- or 3-digit code/cf section 3) even if (Unesco/CES/AC. 23/20, Paris 1976). the presentation of SSEC categories is summarized in some (6) Wa hlstrom, S.: The Economic Crisis and the We lfare Dis­ surveys/publications. tribution Statistics. The Statistical Review (1982) 3: 235-238. 11 Statistics Sweden, Stockholm 1987. - For complementary (National Central Bureau of Statistics, Stockholm). data, ct. the publication Leisure. Living Conditions Report no. 56. Stockholm 1987. 12 For lack of grants the most recent survey was conducted in 1) References to sources for tables 2-5 in this article appears on May 1981. However, grants are now provided for new series these and are, accordingly, omitted above. of surveys which have started with the May 1984, November 1984 and May 1985 surveys. - The November 1987 survey is Address: the latest from which results have been published to date Mr. L. Gouiedo, Statistics Sweden (Pressrelease 1987: 325.) 100 KarlaVagen, S-11581 Stockholm

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84 Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Gouiedo - Swedish Socio-Economic Classification and retrieve, evaluate, and organize information relevant to a particular query.

2. UMLS Knowledge Sources Reports The UMLS will contain at least two new knowledge sources: a Metathesaurus and an Information Sources and Communications Map. Encompassing or complementing the current Medical Subject Headings or MeSH@ file, the Meta­ l thesaurus will store medical concepts and terms in a Unified Medical Language System: Progress Report canonical form to which multiple existing vocabularies 1. Purpose and classification systems will be mapped. The Meta­ Staff of the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and thesaurus will include concept definitions and will contractors supporting the Unified Medical Language represent a variety of relationships among terms, in System (UMLS) met on SepU6-17, 1987 to: addition to the hierarchical relationships in MeSH. define the probable fe atures of the UMLS more The Information Resources Map will include informa­ clearly tion about the scope, location, vocabulary, syntax rules, review work done over the last six months and access conditions of medically relevant databases of develop plans for- the coming year's research efforts, all kinds. The map will be used by other UMLS com­ and ponents or externally developed applications systems to identify UMLS related products likely to be available determine the most appropriate information sources for by Sept.1988. a particular user query. As described in previous articles of the "National Library of Medicine News" (April-May 1987, Sept.l 986), ' 3. UMLS Fe atures the purpose of the UMLS is to overcome the lack A variety of UMLS features will interact both with of precise link among related biomedical information in the UMLS knowledge sources and with the broad array different automated systems. The goal is not to impose a of machine-readable files of medically relevant biblio­ single medical vocabulary on all users and systems, but graphie and factual information. The Query Interpreter to make the myriad of classifications of medical know­ will interact with the user to verify that the user's real ledge invisible to the user while providing a single logical intent has been understood. The Graphical Displayer path to a broad range of biomedical information sources. may well be invoked in this verification step to allow The figure below represents the principal elements of the user to see and traverse the relationships among the UMLS as currently envisioned. There will be two terms and concepts in the Metathesaurus. The display categories of UMLS components: knowledge sources package will also be available for direct use by searchers and fu nctional features. Direct users of computer who wish to explore concepts in the Metathesaurus. applications will be able to select individual components An interactive search formulator, which may also of combinations of components to interpret questions, make use of the Graphical Displayer will help users identify appropriate information sources, translate refine their queries, will consult the Information Sources queries into a variety of different target vocabularies, Map to identify appropriate targets for the queries, and will use the Metathesaurus to translate the question into 1 We gratefully acknowledge permission to reprint this report the vocabulary understood by appropriate information from National Library of Medicine News, Oct.1987, pA-6. sources. A search transmitter will transmit the formatted

UMLS KNOWLEDGE SOURCES

META THESAURuS

INFORMATION USERS J • SOURCES MAP • • OTHER SOURCES • r KNOWLEDGE BASES FEATURES r DATA BANKS OTHE R SYSTEMS QUERY INTERPRETER r E DUCAT!ONAL SYSTEMS CLINICAL RECORDS I SEARCH FORMULATOR r DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS LITERATURE GRAPHICAL DISPLAYER r � SEARCH TRANSMITIER MACHINE READABLE SPECIALIZED OUTPUT PROCESSOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION INFORMATION f- � TUTORIAL SYSTEMS 1- SOURCES f- • f-I- • f- l- •

UNIFIED MEDICAL LANGUAGE SYSTEM (UMLS) lnt. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Reports and Communications 85 search statements to relevant computer systems and ing citations with relevance judgments. This collection, receive the output from these systems. An output as well as a recently established special one year subset processor will merge) organize) evaluate, and rank the of the MEDLINE file, will be used to evaluate potential information retrieved according to its relevance to the system improvements suggested by the UMLS research user's query. effort. The Library has also worked on a number of im· 4. September Me eting: Co ntractor Reports mediate improvements to current information services. At the September meeting) contractor personnel and The bulk of the mapping of the PDQ® (PhYSician's NLM staff reviewed progress on several projects which Data Query) Thesaurus to MeSH has been completed. will either contribute to the design and development of NLM will shortly begin testing the use of the PDQ/MeSH these eventual UMLS components or increase our map as a means of automatically retrieving MEDLINE understanding of the medical information sources with citations relevant to the factual information a user has which the UMLS must interact. retrieved in PDQ. NLM has also mapped the most The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) heavily used terminology in GenBank® , the National reported that structured machine readable descriptions Institute of Health's gene sequence databank) to the for over 800 diseases would be available shortly for use MeSH vocabulary. The GenBank mapping has been by NLM and other research groups. UCSF has begun to incorporated in the 1988 version of MeSH. Gradual analyze and classify the language used to describe expansion and transformation of the current MeSH file various diseases to identify patterns of word and phrase will be one vehicle for moving toward the planned usage. capabilities of the Metathesaurus. NLM has also created Brigham and Women's Hospital described progress in a special MeSHLINK file in which to store the mapping the development of a semantic network structure for the of external vocabulary terms which are equivalent to a UMLS and displayed preliminary tools for building and combination of MsSH terms or a main heading/sub. displaying this structure. Carnegie Mellon University and heading combination. Such mappings cannot be ac· Massachusetts General Hospital have also contributed comodated in the MeSH file as presently constituted. substantially to the semantic network effort over the past six months. GRATEFULMEDTM , NLM's microcomputer-based Yale University School of Medicine has moved from a search interface, already contains several of the desired study of domain independent semantic relationships) UMLS features in a preliminary form. These will be which may be useful in refining bibliographic retrieval) enhanced in successive versions of the program. For to focusing on domain specific semantic relationships. example, as an aid to integrated access to different types Yale is currently developing a test system which will of databases, the next version of GRATEFULMEDTM , permit users of a database of summaries of cases in a currently undergoing testing at NLM, will include a ® restricted domain to retrieve MEDLINE citations "search engine" fe ature which will make it much easier related to clinical questions arising from those cases. for developers of special purpose medical information The University of Pittsburgh and the University of systems to embed access to the MEDLARS® databases Utah have extended their work on a frame-based system in their application programs. The AI/RHEUM expert for linking different clinical findings vocabularies by diagnostic system has already been modified to permit expanding the number of generic frames in the system its users to employ GRATEFULMED to retrieve MED· and developing automated tools for mapping specific LINE citations relevant to particular diagnoses. vocabulary terms to these generic concept repre· Betsy L.Humphreys sentations. Massachusetts General Hospital has expanded Micro­ Ms.B.LHumphrcys, DeptH}' Assoc.Dir., National Library of MeSH, its microcomputer-based tool for searching and Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA displaying MsSH's hierarchical structure, to present information about allowable main heading/subheading combinations and to display information about other Systematics Association, 1987 Meeting than hierarchical relationships among terms. MicroMeSH A symposium on "Prospects in Systematics" had also contains features which assist users in fo rmatting been organized by the Systematics Association from and running queries on MEDLARS and other database July 1-3, 1987. Further information can be obtained systems. from Prof.R.G.Davies, Dept.ofPure and Applied Biology, In the area of studies of the charateristics of medical Imperial College of Science and Technology, Prince information sources) UCSF reported that its comparative Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, England. analysis of terms in standard medical education testing instruments with terms in MeSH and the medical litera· CSNA·88 Annual Meeting ture had been extended to cover portions of the American The Annual Meeting of the Classification Society of Board of Family Practice examination. North America was to be held on June 16-18, 1988 at Carnegie Mellon University discussed preliminary the Greenwich Village Campus of New York University work on the analysis of characteristics of journal abo in New York City. The plans foresaw that the keynote stracts which can help or hinder bibliographic retrieval. address was to be presented by Dr.Fionn Murtagh) a senior systems analyst in the European Space Agency at 5. NLM Co ntributions the European Southern Observatory, Munich, FRG on NLM itself has made progress toward the develop­ the topic: "Clustering of Astronomical Data: Some New ment of a test collection of user queries and correspond· Approaches and Recent Results". Two featured symposia

86 Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Reports and Communications were on "Applications in Psychology and Sociology fication and Related Methods of Data Analysis" (organized by Jeff Tanaka) and "Tree Fitting and (XIII,749p.). They are available for hfl 290.- Clustering" (organized by Geert De Soete). James Ramsey and Suzanne Wins berg were to offer a workshop titled "How to Work with Splines". Sharon L.Weinberg Call for Papers: 1989 European Meeting - Psychometric was the meeting's host. For fu rther information write to Society her at: Program of Educational Statistics, 933 Shimkin The Meeting will be held at the University of Leuven, Hall, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA. Belgium, July 17-19, 1989. Persons wishing to present a Recently Vo1. l6 (1987) of "Classification Literature paper should send: Title; abstract of 150 words; name(s) Automated Search Service" (CLASS) (144p.) has been and institutional affiliation(s) of the author(s); keywords; published by the Classification Society of North indication of how many minutes will be needed (20 America. Members of the Society receive it as benefits min.is suggested, discllssion included); electronic mail together with the "Journal of Classification" in return address, if available. for 1988 annual dues of USD 35.- Submissions should be related to one of the following Applications fo r memberships should be addressed to areas: Test theory, data analysis, multidimensional the Business Manager, Prof.Glenn W.Milligan, Faculty of scaling, statistical methods, structural models, Management Sciences, The Ohio State University, correspondence analysis, measurement theory, multi­ Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. variate analysis, mathematical models, factor analysis, psychophysical scaling, classification. Deadline for receipt of paper and' symposium proposals is March 1, 2nd Conference of the International Federation of 1989. Papers should be sent to the Chair of the Scientific Classification Societies (IFCS), June 27-30, 1989, USA Committee : Geert De Soete, Dept.of Psychology, This conference is to be held at the University of University of Ghent, Henri DunanUaan 2, B-9000 Ghent. Virginia in Charlottesville, VA. It is devoted to the A brochure with information on the conference can be presentation of theoretical, methodological, and applied obtained from �he Chair of the Organizational Com­ papers on classification, pattern recognition, and related mittee: Luc Delbeke, Dept.of Psychology, University of methods of statistics and data analysis in the broad Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. sense, It includes mathematical, statistical, and practical investigations in special fields of knowledge, and the interface between classification and the Information British Classification Society Sciences. Papers are invited for the meeting. Suitable The Annual General Meeting of 1988 took place at topics include: Kew on Friday, June 10, 1988 at the Commonwealth 1. Classification, discrimination, aggregation and clustering Mycological Institute, starting 10:30 a.m. A tour of Kew methods. Gardens with a visit to the Herbarium had been foreseen. 2. Pattern recognition and image analysis methods. Dr.S. BLINKHORN of Hatfield Polytechnic was to 3. Statistical and probabilistic methods for data analysis and speak on "Classification in Psychology". Thereafter, the classification. 4. Similarity and distance measures, data quality and Annual General Meeting (AGM) was to follow. reliability. In 1987 a successful meeting had taken place together 5. Multidimensional scaling and structure recovery methods. 6. Consensus methods and correpondence analysis methods. with the Geological Information Group at the British 7. Biological taxonomy, genome/molecular sequencing. Museum (Natural History) in London. The following 8. Analysis and comparison of tree and graph patterns. nine papers were to be presented, rounded up by intro­ 9. Artificial intelligence and expert systems for classification. ductions to the meeting by W.T.C.SOWERBUTTS from 10. Classification and clustering algorithms and algorithmic aspects. the Geological Information Group and J.C.GOWER 11.Classifica tion and clustering software for microcomputers from the British Classification Society in the beginning and supercomputers. and an open discussion on "Classification and geology" 12. Computer graphics for classificatory problems. at the end. The papers: G.ROSS: What do we expect of 13.Practical applications in fields of biological sciences, infor­ classification schemes? - A.WOOLEY: Evolution of mation sciences, life sciences, mathematical sciences, medical science, and social sciences. petrological classification schemes. - DD.HAWKES: For fu rther information write to: IFCS-89, Dept.of Expert systems for rock classification. -J .HOLLIS: Mathematics, U.of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903. Geological considerations in classifying soils. - W.B.HAR­ Proposals for presentation of papers require that an LAND: Classification and geological time. -P.R.GRANT, English abstract of at most one page should be sent to: R.PEARSE, K.BARTRAM: An expert system in Robert F.Ling, Chairman, IFCS-89 Program Committee, Palaeopalynology. - G.M.V ASEY: The classification of Dept.of Math.Sciences, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC Carboniferous non-marine bivalves: systematic versus 29634-1907. Submission of an abstract must be stratigraphy. - D.T.DONOVAN: Ammonite classification. accompanied by a title, keywords, name(s) and in­ - S.U.HULTBERG, M.D.SIMMONS: Classification of stitutional affIliation(s) of author(s), and the name of organisms: palaeontology versus biology/industry. the contacting author for papers with multiple authors. In March 1989 a Joint Meeting of the British Classi­ Deadline for submitting of papers is January 15, 1989_ fication Society and the Chemometrics Society has been The Federation had held its first International Conference foreseen. For any fu rther information please contact: at Aachen, June 29 -July 1, 1987. The Proceedings of Dr.J.C.Gower, Statistics Department, Rothamsted this conference have been published recently by North­ Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. AL5 2JQ, Holland (Editor: H.H.Bock) under the title "Classi- England. lnt. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Reports and Communications 87 Gennan Society for Classification: Can for Papers of embraces quantities and units, symbols, acronyms, 13 th Annual Conference abbreviations and even pronunciation. Even though This Conference will take place at the University of chemists frequently communicate by means of structural Augsburg from April 10-12, 1989. On the many aspects formulae, the role of nomenclature and terminology is as of the topic "Contents-related and Numerical Analysis important to chemistry as in any other discipline. In of Data" proposals for papers are invited, especially addition, the language of chemistry-or chemical nomen­ regarding the 27 thematical areas which have been clature is not only used by chemists. All kinds of grouped into the following 6 blocks: (1) Data, informa­ scientists -biologists, physicists, environmentalists, tion and knowledge; Hierarchical and nonhierarchical engineers, medical personnel, journalists, lawyers, data structures; Qualitative and quantitative data; educators, publishers, even politicians - have a need Relational, longitudinal and spatial data; Formal and for a chemical language. The Symposium aimed to bring contents�related concept analysis; Incomplete and together representatives from science, industry and insecure information. - (2) Data analysis and scaling; government. The list of speakers included: Prof.Dr. Numerical classification, cluster analysis; Stochastic F.ALDERWElRELDT, University Centre, Antwerpen; methods of data analysis; Evaluation and comparison Dr.K.L.LOENING, Chemical Abstracts Service, Colum­ of classifications;Pattern recognition. - (3) Software for bus, OH; Dr.L.MAAT, Technical University Delft; data analysis and classification; Decision-supporting J.R.MENGARDUQUE, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The systems; Computerization of classification systems. - (4) Hague ; J.ROMPAY, Head of the Analytical Research Systematics and classification of knowledge; Knowledge Department of Janssen Research, Beerse, Belgium; representation and indexing languages; Library classi­ Drs.W.B.SONNEVELD, Managing Director of Topterm; fication and information retrieval; Commodity and and Drs.AJ.YERVOORN, Technical University Eind­ product classification and description; Classification hoven. For fu rther information turn to Topterm, Postbus in online retrieval; Analysis and structuring of concept­ 7971, NL- lO08 AD Amsterdam. systems and classification systems. - (5) Data analysis in market research and psychology; Classification and data Concept Analysis and Artificial Intelligence analysis in economics; Analysis of social science data. - This is the topic of a Meeting of the Special Interest (6) Biological taxonomy and sequential analysis; Classi­ Group on Concept Analysis of the German Society for ficatory problems in medicine; Applications in computer Classification to be held from Oct.6-8, 1988 at the science and in engineering; Analysis of linguistic data. Institute for Informatics, Technical University of CJaus­ Whosoever wants to participate should write, possibly thal-Zellerfeld, FRG. For fu rther information contact: until Nov. 15, 1988 to Prof. Dr. Otto Opitz, Lehrstuhl fUr Prof.Dr.W.Lex, Institut fUr Informatik, TU Clausthal, Mathematische Methoden der Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Erzstr. I, D-3392 Clausthal-Zellerfeld. Universitat Augsburg, Memminger Str. 14, D-8900 Augsburg, TeI.0821-598-385. E-mail Directory of Classifiers William H.E. Day, (Computer Sci., Memorial Univ. of Proceedings of the German Society Newfoundland, Canada) is compiling a directory of net­ for Classification work user addresses of researchers who are interested The proceedings volume of the 11th Annual Conference in classification, clustering, phylogenetic reconstruc­ in Aachen, June 29 - July 1, 1987 has recently been tion, or related methods of data analysis. (Listings of published (Editors: H.-J.Hermes, J.Halzl) under the graduate students are welcome!) On 12 July the directo­ title: Wissensorganisation im Wandel. Dezimalklassi­ ry contained 119 entries. Listing in this directory is ftkation, Thesaurusfragen, Warenklassifikation. (Know­ NOT restricted to members of particular societies or to ledge organisation in a changing world). It is available residents of particular countries. The directory usually from Indeks Verlag, Frankfurt in the Series "Studien zur doesn't include addresses for sending mail from one net­ Klassiflkation", Vo1.18. The proceedings volume of the work domain to another since such addressing conven­ 12th Annual Conference, held March 17-19, 1988 in tions usually depend on the originating node. Darmstadt, entitled "Classification and Order" will be If you wish to be listed in the directory, please send edited by R.Wille and is to be published by the end of to Dr. Day (at any of the e-mail addresses below): your 1988 as Vo1.19 of Studien zur Klassifikation, Indeks full name as you wish it to appear in the directory, Verlag. e.g. Day, William H.E. and the network user addresses by which you are Chemical Nomenclature and Terminological Science known ALONG WITH identifications of the corre­ On June 24, 1988 the terminology-bureau Topterm sponding message domains, at Amsterdam organized a Symposium on "Chemical whday@mun Nomenclature and Terminological Science: a useful e.g. Bitnet/EARNlNetnorth: CDNnct: [email protected] blending of two disciplines". In the field of chemistry it uuep: garfield!whday is recognized that exactness in communication is essential to effective progress. A good system of nomenclature is If you agree to permit this information to appear in the a fu ndamental necessity for exact communication. directory, then Dr. Day will send you current versions Chemical nomenclature covers a much wider field than of the directory. He sends the directory only to persons simply assigning names to chemical compounds; it whose names appear in it.

88 lnt. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Reports and Communications which will have a significant impact on FIDICR activities, consists of five major programme areas as follows: 1. Improvements in the availability and applicability of informa- tion r�sources; FIDleR News 23 2. Developing the information market-place; 3. Development of tools for information work; 4. Increasing basic understanding of the properties of informa­ FIDleR: Its Future Directions tion; and 5 Over the past several years, FID has been engaged in a 5. Professional development, especially the education and thorough analysis of its programmes and activities with a training of documentalists. view to long. range planning designed to respond to the Within the above context, Committees must take into technological, social, cultural and economic changes, consideration not only the appropriateness of projects which are occurring, and which will continue to occur as for the proposed programme, but also each Committee is time moves toward the 21st century. It was with this expected to have a plan of its own. In each case, this purpose in mind that the membership of FID, at its will necessitate establishing the requirements for General Assembly in Montreal in 1986, endorsed a research and development, defining an R and 0 pro­ "Strategic Plan" to revitalize the organization and to gramme, planning and defining the scope of activities adopt a new approach to achieving its goals and objec­ and products within the programme, and developing tives. Underlying this decision was the need for financial proposals for carrying out the research and evaluating prudence as well as for a response to change, which results. would make the best use of FID's resources, while To meet the requirements of this plan a new and attracting support from other fu nding agencies. General more active kind of approach on the part of the Com· acceptance of this Strategic Plan carries with it an mittees will be necessary. How might FIDICR be ex· obligation on the part of the various Committees of FID, pected to fit into the "new" FID? The first step must be including FIDICR, to respond to the Plan and its pro· a critical re-examination of FID/eR's goals, objectves posed programmes. It is essential that the Committees and projects determining what they are, how they are reassess their goals, activities and projects in the light of carried out and the importance of their contribution to these programmes to determine ways in which they the theory and practice of classification and indexing. In might best shape their activities and projects to take the second step, the research needs of FIDICR's areas of advantage of the Plan, while Ijleeting the goals of FID interest should be identified and described and some and the needs of the world in general and their national priorities set. Only then will it be possible to develop constituencies in particular. a plan of action for the Committee which would meet Periodic assessment of goals, objectives, and projects the criteria set by FID and serve the international is essential in any organization it if is to remain a vital classification and indexing community. and effective force in its area of endeavour. Times Of the five major programmes proposed, programmes change, needs alter, and financial requirements evolve. 3 and 5 appear to be most directly related to FIDICR's Critical evaluation on a periodic basis provides a mecha­ needs and interests. While programme I, 2 and 4 may nism for responding to such changes and is in itself a not be entirely irrelevant to classification research, they mark of vitality. FIDICR is no exception to this rule. appear much less likely to be central to FIDICR's main Moreover, fu ture fu nding of FIDICR activities and focus. Programme 1 focusses on maximum use of projects will be highly dependent on the Committee's resources and resource sharing; programme 2 is people, ability not only to respond to the needs of its con­ or client-oriented but could provide a forum for projects stituents, but also to attract the sponsorship of other which relate classification and its use to database design fu nding agencies, while meeting the criteria established and data display. Programme 4 deals with the properties for the Strategic Plan. of information which provides some scope for the It is against this background that questions related to theoretical considerations of classification. However, the fu ture directions for FID/CR, activities and projects programmes 3 and 5 appear to focus directly on issues are addressed here. There are no quick or easy answers which are central to FIDICR's interest. They appear to the questions and no final answers are posed here. to be broad enough in scope to support the theoretical Rather, the purpose of this discussion is to inform the foundations of classification and to encompass most of FIDICR membership of FID's plans for action as they the kinds of activities or projects which the Committee will affect FIDICR, to explore the possibilities fo r might elect to undertake. Together these two program­ planning and to solicit suggestions and comments from mes allow for projects involving the creation of classi­ FIDICR members. This discussion also forms the basis fication and indexing tools, the evaluatlon of retrieval for a response to the proposed programme plan for systems, the education and training of classifiers and 1989·1992 which has been requested by the FID Coun· indexers and the promotion of the profession. cil. While the time and space available for this present What is the Strategic Plan and what programmes are discussion do not permit an in·depth analysis of all of being proposed for 1989·1992? The plan is a general the needs and requirements, it is possible, at a general plan for action by FID and its Committees intended to level, to begin to identify some of the most important provide the framework for activities over the next concerns which must be taken into account in establish­ four years. A key component of the Strategic Plan is a ing the FIDICR's fu ture directions. As presently out­ proposed programme plan which is to be presented for lined in its brochure, FIDICR has ten purposes (or approval at the 44th FID Conference and Congress, in objectives). To summarize them briefly, these objectives Helsinki, Aug.28 . Sept.l, 1988. This programme plan, . relate to the planning and sponsoring of study con·

Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - FIDICR News 23 89 ferences and seminars, collaboration and cooperation of momenteous decisions concerning its fu ture. It seems with national and regional classification groups, keeping appropriate and logical to ask whether or not FID/CR track of classification terminology and the sponsoring of might contribute in some way to research and develop­ research in this field, publihsing on classification and ment which would aid in those decisions. Other concerns indexing matters, the education of classifiers and in­ which fall within the purview of FID/CR are indexing dexers and the maintenance of various files and direc­ and thesaurus development. As well, classification and tories pertaining to people and activities in the field. Past classification theory have an essential role to play in the projects and activities fall into a number of the above fu ture development of knowledge-based systems. These categories. There has been a good deal of communication are only some of the possibilities which might be and dissemination of information on classification identified. Yet, even in this very preliminary analysis, it research through publication of high quality and four is possible to see at least three broad areas in which very successful international study conferences. Less FID/CR might begin to build a programme for research emphasis has been given to education, although a pro­ and development. Initial considerations might focus on posed project to provide an international directory of the following : 1) theoretical considerations; courses in indexing and classification would be a step in 2) the application of classification and indexing in that direction. Nevertheless, although FID/CR has a existing systems; and 3) research and investigation into primary interest in research and encourages individual the potential for classification and classificatory struc­ researchers by soliciting papers and providing a forum ture in fu ture systems, for international exchange of ideas through the study What research should be done is only one aspect of conferences, the Committee does not have a research the problem. The other major concern is "Who will do and development plan and does not presently have it, now and in the future?" Where are the classifica­ projected itinerary for co-ordinated and cumulative tionists who will take us into the 21st century? Are research. The most obvious implication of FID's Strategic classificationists a dying breed? To pose such a question Plan is the need for greater "activity" on the part of the may be undue pessimism in the extreme. However, Committee as a whole, particularly in planning, direction classification research is not an area of research which and sponsorship of research. How such activity could be has attracted many young and energetic recruits over the established and sustained, and what form it would take past few years. It is true that many of the "great names" is not an easy question to answer. "What research in classification are still active, vitally interested, and is needed?" may be less difficult to determine. More serving the cause of classification well. However, the study is needed. Also in the near fu ture, there will be at time may have come to be concerned about who will least two conferences, one in Albany, NY, USA (see the come after. In the next few years, it will be essential to announcement in FID/CR News 22) and the other in cultivate and bring into FID/CR and similar organizations Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, June 1989 (announcement young, enthusiastic professionals with creative and below) which could provide food for thought on this analytical minds, who will take their places in classi­ matter. Indeed, it may not be the identification of fication research, both nationally and internationally. research needs, but the establishment of priorities and Where will they come from? How do we find them? the development of a "plan" which will present the How do we get them involved� One obvious route is greatest challenge. through library and information science education where Since FID is committed to the theoretical aspects of it may be possible to encourage student involvement documentatioh, there seems to be no question of FIDICR in FID/CR sponsored research projects. It is important decreasing its emphasis on classification theory. Indeed to recognize that this should not be the only source. For it is essential that FID/CR continue this fundamental example, in the past, practicing documentalists and and important role internationally. Balanced against information scientists have made important con tribu tions theoretical considerations there should be carefully to classification and indexing research. If classification developed applied research in the most important research is to have an impact on contemporary and areas of need. For example, there is still much scope for fu ture systems design, it is essen tial that this constituency research and experimentation in the role of classification of information profeSSionals be involved. They are the and indexing in computerized systems. In our con­ people who design the systems and create the databases. temporary world of Boolean and keyword searching, While new directions in FID may be the catalyst for a classification has frequently receded into the shadows reconsideration and reassessment of FIDleR and its when information systems are being designed. There is activities, the group of people who recognize the im­ often an absence of the understanding of classification portance of research and development in classification and classificatory structure in the broadest sense and and inexing is growing smaller. FID/CR is the appropriate its potential for effective use in present and fu ture body to promote renewed interest and new directions information systems. New and more effective systems for classification and indexing research. It is important must be designed which exploit various methods of that we begin now to formulate a plan for action. What access to information depending on the requirements of role can and should FID/CR play in shaping the fu ture the particular system. At the same time history has of classification and indexing theory and practice? What shown that existing systems are not quickly superceded are some of the ways in which we might effectively by new systems, no matter how excellent those new involve the membership of FID/CR? Do you have some systems may be. There is some obligation to ensure the suggestions or answers? Any contributions you can make most effective use of existing systems while needed, at on these issues will be important in determining the the same time seeking a better world. In particular, FID's fu ture directions of FID/CR. What directions to you see own classification - UDC - is currently the subject for classification research? Nancy Williamson

90 Int. Classi!. 15 (1988) No. 2 - FIDICR News 23 UK.: eRG Meetings 265 and 266 Forthcoming Meetings The 265th meeting of the Classification Research Group was held at University College London on Febru­ Aug.28-Sept.3, 1988: IFLA Section of Classification and ary II, 1988 with 12 members and one guest (Mrs.Nila Indexing Jani of SNDT, Bombay) present. At the IFLA Annual Conference in Sydney, Australia, MrJack Mills introduced discussion on the classi­ Aug.28-Sept.3, 1988, Robert P.Holley will present a fication of History in the second edition of the Bliss "Report and review of the work of the Section on Classification (BC2). In History proper (history of Classification and Indexing in the Division of Biblio­ events) the effective primary facet is communities, it graphic Control. In the section meeting papers will be becomes the first class under Historical period. Unlike a presented on "Australian Directions in Subject Access" normal inverted schedule, the primary facet is not (Elaine Hall) and on "Classification in Online Cata­ preceded by the secondary, tertiary, etc., facets (Specific logues: Present Problems and Future Prospects" (Nancy periods, Aspects) since these are regarded as dependent Williamson). The latter paper describes research being on the nation or community. Under Universal History carried out in preparation for the development of (with the world as the community) the facet formula is: a computerized system for the Library of Congress aspect - specific period - particular community. He Classification schedules. For fu rther information please reminded of the fact that in Class K "Society" aspects contact the Chairperson, IFLA Section on Classification were followed by general period and these by particular and Indexing, Dr. Robert P.Holley. whose new address communities. Mrs,Aitchison expressed concern at the effective July I, 1988 is: Associate Dean of Libraries, alteration of the arrangement in Social History from that Purdy Library, Wayne State University, DetrOit, MI of Class K. Mr.Langridge defended that History was a 48202, USA. much older discipline and as it is much wider in scope, an independent analysis was justified. At a later point in Oct.15-18, 1988: ASIS SIG/CR the discussion he also pointed out that literary warrant At the annual conference of ASIS in Atlanta, USA, should not be disregarded. Mr.Mills agreed that the the SIG/CR programme theme will be "The Impact of clustering of topics reflected the way in which many Technology on Classification Research". Papers will be historians think, yet he was constrained somewhat by presented on "The Library of Congress Classification: the original order of BC in which History followed the Towards an Online System for the Schedules" and "The Social Sciences. Unified Medical Language System". For fu rther infor­ The participants in the meeting received with regret mation please contact MsJennifer Younger, Vice-Chair, the news that Mr. John Campbell had died. ASIS SIG/CR, 330 Memorial Library , 728 State Street, The 266th meeting of the Classification Research Madison, WI 53706, USA. Group was held on April 28, 1988 with 9 members present. It had been intended to discuss the problems April 10-12, 1989: 13th Annual Conference of the of Communication and Information (Mrs. Aitchison), Gesellschaft fUr Klassifikation however, this topic was postponed until the October the German Society for Classification sent out a call meeting. The discussions were instead concerned with for papers for its 13th Annual Meeting, to take place at the 3rd edition of Class J in BC2 which - as Mr.Foskett Augsburg, FRG under the general topic: "Contents­ said in his opening remarks �had now been completed. Related and Numerical Analysis of Data" . The themes of He suggested to make the class an independent volume the call have been listed under the Section "Reports and in itself with summary outlines of Classes I (Psychology), Communications" of this issue. For further information K (Society), and Q (Social Welfare) including also a please contact: Prof.Dr.Otto Opitz, Lehrstuhl fUr summary of all the auxiliaries as well as an updated Mathematische Methoden in den Wirtschaftswissenschaf­ version of the third outline of the whole scheme in the ten, Universitat Augsburg, Memminger Str. 14, D-8900 prelims. The latter could also serve as a curriculum facet. Augsburg. When he was accused of trying to make a general c1assi� fication serve as a series of special classifications, he and June 20-21, 1989: International Conference on Library Mr. Mills replied that this was precisely their intention. Classification and its Functions In comparing this class with the second edition of his This conference will take place at Alberta, Edmonton, London Classification of Education (LEC2) he found a Canada. It will focus on three functions of classification, number of terms which did not occur in BC2. And after the bibliothecal function, the bibliographic function and checking also with the EUDISED Thesaurus, Mrs. the cognitive fu nction. It will also consider such topics Aitchison's thesaurus and the annual volume of the as artificial intelligence, and automatic classification. For British Educalion Index with the alphabetical index to fu rther information please contact: Dr. Andre Nitecki, the scheme, he found that many of the missing terms Faculty of Library Science, University of Alberta, T6G were actually in the schedules as synonyms. The sections 2J4, Edmonton, Canada. were then discussed in detail, especially the one on Human biology, health and hygiene and Vocational Summer 1990: 5th International Study Conference on Education. Classification Research The meeting approved the appointment of Mr.A. This conference will continue the tradition of the Sandison as treasurer, and authorized Dr.McIlwaine and first 4 conferences. A call for papers and details of the MrJ.Mills as Signatories for the Group's Building Society proposed conference will be published in FID/CR News account. later this year.

Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - FID/CR News 23 91 terminological co-operation, development of theoreti­ cal principles, preparation, management and use of ter­ minologies, training in terminology and terminography, Infoterm News terminological data banks, the development of scien­ tific-technical Spanish and Portuguese, terminology (Compiled from Infoterm Newsletters 47 and 48) and technology transfer, terminology standardization and terminology and documentation. Colloque sur I'histoire de la terminologie, Brussels, "Red Iberoamerican de Terminologia" [Iberoameri­ Belgium, 25-26 March 1988 can network on terminology]. Considering the increas­ This "Colloquium on the History of Te rminology" was ing importance of terminology in information and organized by the Centre de Te rminoiogie de Bruxelles knowledge transfer as a prerequisite for scientific-tech­ [Terminology Centre of Brussels] of the Institut libre nical and economic-industrial self-sustained develop­ Marie Haps from 25 to 26 March 1988. About 150 par­ ment, especially in the Iberoamerican countries, the ticipants mainly from the Benelux countries (63% - participants of the 1st Latin American Symposium on most of them from Belgium), but also from France Te rminology adopted a resolution focussing on the (17%), European institutions (7%), Canada and the promotion of the "Red Iberoamericana de Ter­ USA (together 8%) as well as from several other Euro­ minologia (RIT)", the Executive Secretariat of which pean countries convened to listen to a selected group of will be conferred to the Simon Bolivar University for well-known experts. To pics were grouped under the fol­ the next two years. lowing headings: RIT's objective is the establishment of communica­ 1 History of the science of terms tion and information channels between persons and in­ 2 History of vocabularies stitutions of the region involved in terminological ac­ 3 Diachronic terminology and society tivities; through this network the terminology of 4 Prospectives Spanish and Portuguese and, if applicable, of other ver­ nacular languages in the region will be consolidated in order to contribute to and to facilitate the transfer of First Latin-American Symposium on Te rminology, knowledge and information. Therefore an appeal was Universidad Simon Bolivar, Caracas, Venezuela, made to regional and national authorities and institu­ 4-8 April 1988. tions charged with the transfer of information and This symposium was held under the auspices of the knowledge in the Spanish-speaking and lusophone Fundacion Bicentenario de Simon Bolivar (Caracas), countries to support the activities of RIT. Comision Nacional Quinto Centenario (Madrid), The outcome of the symposium can be considered a Union Latina (Paris), and of the International Informa­ great step forward, as the foundation was laid for ur­ tion Centre forTerminology (Infoterm), Vienna. The or­ gently required co-operation between the Spanish­ ganizers, the Grupo de Investigacion Te rminologica del speaking and lusophone countries in the development Departamento de Idiomas of the Universidad Simon of terminological activities. At the national level, it Bolivar (USB), were able to assemble a considerable allows for the harmonization of terminology planning number of representatives of institutions as well as indi­ activities and the integration of all institutions prepar­ vidual experts from Latin America and the Iberian ing and utilizing terminologies. The establishment of Peninsula engaged in terminological activities, such as terminology as a scientific discipline at the Simon translation- and documentation-oriented terminology, Bolivar University is also planned and will be of benefit terminology field work, terminology standardization, to all sectors whithin the University. etc. The main objectives of the Symposium were: Lectures on "Terminology science and terminology - to define the present state of terminology in the work (with particular emphasis on computer-assisted Iberoamerican region as a field of scientific en­ methods)", Universidad Simon Bolivar, deavour and its' practical applications. 11-15 April 1988 - to establish the significance and validity of terminol­ Parallel to the symposium described above, lectures, ogy in the socio-cultural context of the Iberoameri­ followed by a course, were given by a representative of can region. Infoterm for USB teachers and representatives of other - to promote the Iberoamerican contributions to the institutions in Caracas, providing an introduction to ter­ investigations of the theoretical and practical founda­ minology science, terminology work and the connec­ tions of terminology. tion between terminology and documentation. Particu­ - to define strategies for accessing information in the lar emphasis was laid on terminological principles and various centres of terminology in the region and for methods, terminological data categories, planning and promoting their co-operation. implementation of terminology projects, coordination - to identify and disseminate the results of terminolog­ of terminological activities, terminological data banks ical research and development in the Iberoamerican and, last but not least, terminological knowledge region. engineering. The lectures were accompanied by a practi­ In order to achieve these objectives the delegates of the cal terminology project, which gave the participants the Symposium presented a total of 30 papers reporting on opportunity to collect and analyze terminological data

92 Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Infoterm News and to prepare concept systems and a thesaurus on the Certain endeavours in hrainstyle computing go back basis of the terminological data at hand. to the 1940's, when the first formal account of the neuron was published. The idea of using the brain as a Lack of publications on terminology model for a computational system was put into practice The discussions during the Symposium have indicated by Va n Neumann (also known as the Van Neumann both an enormous need for basic works - above all for model). translations - of the "classics" of terminology as well The practical realisation of this model has been most as for recent theoretical literature and a lack of fruitful with self learning systems, which require a sim­ adequate information and co-operation in the ple structure but complex representations. This is also Iberoamerican region. of relevance to concept-oriented knowledge data It became evident that the Spanish-speaking and the banks. lusophone countries still have to make great efforts to Once serial processing reached a ceiling in proces­ catch up with terminologically advanced institutions sing speed, a new paradigm was needed. The brain per­ and organizations in Europe, North America and forms parallel processing and has a pattern association Japan. function. For this reason several Infoterm publications have al­ Rumelhart developed a computer which has all these ready been translated into Spanish by Spanish institu­ functions, including the ability to generalize by apply­ tions with the assistance of Infoterm collaborators and ing the process of inturbulation. partner organizations: This procedure allows the modification of functions (1) WOSTER, E.: Einfiihrung in die Allgemeine Ter­ in the system; the problem was how to propagate minologielehre und terminologische Lexiko­ through real world physics. The solution was found by graphie. 2nd ed. Kobenhavn: LSP Centre, The building a network which stands as a model for world Copenhagen School of Economics, 1985, 214 p., physics. In this respect, the learning sequences as de­ AS. ISBN 87-88511-10-3. veloped by Mike Jordan were quite useful. (2) FELBER, H.:Terminology manual. Paris: Unesco! Basically they are a mathematical model to compute Infoterm, 1984, 21 + 426 p. (PGI-84!WS!21) the deviation between the intentions of the operator and the output of the system with a correction or adap­ The Spanish manuscript of the: first publication was pro­ tion facility. vided by Hispanoterm, the second by Te rmEsp. Both works should be available soon. In addition, information brochures on Infoterm have First Meeting of Working Groups of the also been translated into Spanish and Portuguese and Association for Te rminology and Knowledge disseminated in the Ibero-American region. Tr ansfer, Trier, 11-14 February 1988 In 1987 the Union Latine, a multinational organiza­ Upon the invitation of the Association forTerminology tion for the promotion of the Romance languages and and Knowledge Tr ansfer, a meeting of special working cultures with headquarters in Paris, organized a special groups on "Workstations for experts working in linguis­ issue of the periodical Te rmNet News in co-operation tic fields and the "Conceptualizing of terminological with Infoterm. The Spanish-Portuguese original will be data banks" took place on the premises of the Univer­ published by the Union Latine in Paris, the English­ sity of Tr ier, 11-12 February 1988. The introductory French translation by Infoterm in Vienna. _paper for all sessions was presented by Infoterm on the At the Symposium several organizations agreed to topic "Terminological knowledge engineering". co-operate in the publication of the six volumes of In conjunction with the meetings of the working "Selected readings in terminology"; the German manu­ groups, a board meeting of the Association for Ter­ script of the first volume is almost complete, while the minology and Knowledge Tr ansfer was held, during English and French translations are being prepared in which it was decided to set up a numtl'er of additional co-operation with partner organizations. programming and working groups such as "Computer­ The translation of some key documents by Infoterm assisted terminology work by experts", "The pro­ is also being envisaged. This co-operation in the transla­ fessional profile of terminologists and knowledge en­ tion and publication of key documents and information gineers", etc. in order to assist in the solution of specific material in Spanish and - if possible - in Portuguese problems; guidelines concerning the future working will have a significant influence on the development of procedures of these special interest groups were also terminology and its application to knowledge and established. technology transfer in the Iberoamerican countries. ISO special workshop on terminology 9th European Meeting on Cybernetics and Systems standardization, Vienna, 24-26 Fe bruary 1988 Research, Vienna, Austria, 5-8 April 1988. This workshop, intended for experts active in terminol­ Lecture by Prof David Rumelhart, ogy standardization, was organized by Infoterm with Stanfo rd Un iversity on "Brainstyle Computation". the aim of providing the basic knowledge and skills In knowledge engineering there is a strong interest in necessary for terminology work and its organization, exploring the ways and means of how knowledge is ac­ the application of terminological principles and methods, and particularly the preparation of terminol­ quired and processed in the human brain and in draw­ ing models for the computer from it. ogy standards. This workshop, attended by some 20 par-

Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Infoterm News 93 ticipants from 12 different countries, covered the fol­ Unifying National Science and Te chnology Te rms lowing subjects: (CNCUNSTT), the Institute of Scientific and Te chnical - introduction to terminology standardization, Information of China (ISTIC), as well as publishers of terminology standardization at the national level, encyclopedias, lexicons, specialized dictionaries, insti­ terminological principles, tutes of the Academia Sinica, etc. have embarked upon methods of terminography, terminological projects. In order to conduct basic ter­ preparation of vocabulary standards, organization of terminology work. minology research, a large number of relevant publica­ tions on terminology have been translated into In addition, participants were also introduced to practi­ Chinese, and have thus been made available to the cal terminology work, encompassing the preparation of Chinese public at large. Recognizing the importance of concept systems on the basis of collected material, 'terminology standardization' prior to 'subject stan­ selecting and recording terms, drafting of definitions, dardization' • particularly for the transfer of knowledge preparation of alphabetical indexes, etc. and technology, terminology standardization is given Due to the positive response to this workshop, there top priority in China. A national Chinese terminology are plans to hold the next workshop in connection with data bank is soon to be established. an "International Congress on Te rminology Standardi­ Te rminology planning plays a crucial role in China, zation and Harmonization", being held in conjunction last but not least for scientific and technical reasons, as with the next plenary meeting of ISOrrC 37 "Terminol­ well as economic and industrial developments. Under ogy (principles and co-ordination)" in Tu nis (probably the guidance of CNCUNSTI, an authoritative organi­ in March, 1989). zation responsible for the planning, implementation and uniformity of the terminologies of natural science and technology in China, some 30 subcommittees have New Institute for the Theory of Science and been set up, corresponding to the number of natural sci­ Science Research ence disciplines and interdisciplinary fields. These sub­ Due to recent developments in the science of sciences committees are responsible for the examination of sci­ and in the theory of knowledge, a new institute has entific and technical terminology in their respective been established at the University ofYienna. The head fields. Since actual terminology work can only be ac­ of this "Institute for the Theory of Science and Science complished by adequately trained experts, the need for Research" is Prof. Oeser, a distinguished expert in terminology training is also gaining increasing impor­ philosophy, theory of science and the evolutionary tance. For this reason, it is envisaged to prepare and im­ theory of knowledge, now also active in terminology plement training programmes on a large scale with the science. Part of this Institute will be dedicated to ter­ assistance of Infoterm. minology research and knowledge engineering and the theory of scientific-technical knowledge. Staff members of Infoterm will be lecturing on theoretical and practi­ "Terminology of terminology" cal aspects of terminology research from October 1988 In November 1986 the project "Terminology of ter­ onwards. minology" was launched; the need for the comparison Postgraduate students will be able to acquire a doc­ and harmonization of concepts and terms used in ter­ tor's degree after 2 years' studies and a doctoral disser­ minology science, terminology work etc. became evi­ tation. Part of the studies will be practice-oriented in­ dent on the occasion of the preparation of ISO/DP 1087 struction aimed at training the students as knowle'dge "Vocabulary of terminology". engineers in their respective subject fields. In order to guarantee complete terminographic re­ cording of the terminology of terminology. a worksheet was designed with a view to subsequent computeriza­ Lecture visit to China, 16-26 Novemher 1987 tion of the files. As all important terminological data Upon the invitation of the China State Bureau of Stan­ concerning concepts and terms and the necessary addi­ dards (CSBS) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences tional data can be recorded and processed according to (Academia Sinica), and thanks to a travel grant by well established terminographic principles on the basis the Austrian Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs, a of this worksheet, this approach has proved successful. representative of Infoterm was able to conduct a semi­ In the first stage of the project relevant national and nar on terminology, to present lectures on terminology international standards and the most important works and documentation, and tb disc.uss future joint projects of the Vienna School of Te rminology in German and related to terminology standardization and documenta­ English were analyzed. tion, terminography, knowledge engineering, ter­ After all the data had been recorded, the English minological data banks, etc. entries were ordered according to a systematic structure The importance of the theory of terminology, as wen designed especially for this purpose. as its practical aspects, 'are being increasingly recog­ This step is a pre-condition for the second stage, the nized in China as the basis of an accenerated knowledge intra- and interlingual harmonization of the concepts and technology transfer. For this reason, a number of and terms already processed. The final aim is the prep­ . Chinese institutions such as the China State Bureau of aration of a vocabulary of terminology in German, Standards (CSBS), the China National Committee for English and French.

94 lnt. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - lnfoterm News Meetings 1988 New publicatiolls Aug. 29-2 Sept. Vienna, Austria: 5th Infoterm Summer School. Monographs Contact: Infotcrm, clo Austrian Standards Institute (ON) P. O. CEDEFOP, INFOTERM. Tools for multilingual institutional Box 130, A-102l Wien, Austria. work in the field of vocational training. A CEDEFOP­ Sept. 6-8. Dresden, GDR: 7th Int. ConL on Applied Linguistics Infoterm publication. First edition. Berlin: CEDEFOP, 1987, and LSP training, Technischc Universitat Dresden. Contact: 101 p. ISBN 92-825-7976-X. ISBN 92-825-7977-8. ISBN 92- Scktion Angewandtc Sprachwissenschaft, Mommsenstraf3e 13, 825-7985-l. Dresden, GDR. Ozeki, S.; Galinski, C. {cds.]. Taminorojigaku. Byusta no gengo­ Sept. 11-16. Beijing, China: 22th General Assembly of the Inter­ tetsugaku to sono oyo [Terminology sciences. Wiister's lan­ national Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) organized by the guage philos()phy and its application]. Kyoto: Tosho Shuppan China Association for Science and Te chnology (CAST). Con­ Bunrikaku, 1987. 193 p., A 5. ONv. tact: MsWU Gan Mai, Cast, Beijing, China. Bedart, C. let al.] lnventaire des travaux en cours et des projects Sept. 21-22. Geneva, Switzerland: "Rencontre internationale sur de termin% gie [Inventory of terminology works and pro­ l'cnseignement de la tcrminologie" , organized by the Univer­ jects]. Quebec: Gouvernement du Quebec, 1987. 115 p. ONv. sity of Geneva, Contact: Universite de Geneve, Ecole de CEDEFOP; INFOTERM. Hilfsmittel fUr die vielspraehige traduction et d'interprctation, Geneve, Switzerland. Facharbeit auf dem Gebiet der Berufsbildung. Eine Sept. 21-24. Cambridge, England: Int. Conf. on Te rminology for CEDEFOP-Infoterm-Veroffentlichung. Berlin: CEDEFOP, Museums, co-sponsored by the Museum Documentation As­ 1988, 245 p. (CEOEFOP Oakumcn' HX-50-87-590·0E·C). sociation (MDA) and the Getty Art History Information ISBN 92-825-7976-X. Program (AHIP). Contact: The Museum Documentation As­ sociation, Building 0, 347 Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge Czap, H.; Galinski, C. [cds.] Te rminology and Knowledge CB 1 4DH, England. Engineering. Supplement. Proceedings of the International Sept. 28-0ct. 1. Passau, FRG: 19th Annual Meeting of the Congress on Terminology and Knowledge Engineering, Trier, Gesellschaft fUr Angewandte Linguistik. Contact: UniversitiH 29 September-l October 1987. Frankfurt: INDEKS, 1988, 256 Duisburg, FB 3 Romanistik, attn.: Mr B. Spillner, p. ISBN 3-88672-203-1. OEM 49,60. LotharstraBe 65, 0-4100 Duisburg 1, FRG. Oct. 6-8. Clausthal, FRG: Begriffsanalyse und kiinstliche Intel­ Bibliographies ligenz [Conceptual analysis and artificial intelligence] or­ Krammer-Benz, M.; Schernthaner, M. Internationalbibliography ganized by thc Gesellschaft fUr Klassifikation. Contact: Prof. of Hidden Glossaries/Bibliographie internationale de voc­ Dr. W. Lex, Institul fUr Informatik derTechnischen UniversiUit abulaires caches/lnternationale Bibliographie der unselbstan­ Clausthal, ErzstraBe 1, 0-3392 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, FRG. dig veroffentlichten Wo rterbiicher (BT 17). Wien: Infoterm, Oct. 13-14. Saarbriicken, FRG: Wo rkshop "Computer und 1988, 60 p., A 4. Sprache" [Computer and language] at the Saarland University. (Topics: - computer-assisted foreign language learning - Journals computer-assisted lexicography and LSP-researeh - computer­ assisted tools for translators.) Contact: Universiti:i.tdes Saar­ Te rmNet Ne ws (TNN) landes, I. I. I. - Projektbiiro, rr au Riehm, Bau 36, 1m Stadtwald, 0-6600 Saarbriicken, FRG. Three issues ofTNN, i.e. TNN 17 "Special issue on Benelux coun­ 17-18. Reutlingen, FRG: Annual Conf. of the lnt. Assoc. for tries", TNN 18 "Special issue on USA" andTNN 19 have been Language and Business. (Topics discussed will be: language, prepared and published by Infoterm. Sample copies arc avail­ business, and new media.) Contact: Mr John D. Graham, Am able on request. Flutgraben 22, D-4100 Duisburg 17, FRG. The next regular issue ofTNN and four special issues arc in Nov. 19-20. Vaasa, Finland: Autumn-Symposium on Classroom­ preparation. oriented Research in Foreign Language Pedagogics and Spc­ cial Language Communication-research and Didactics at the BiblioTerm (BIT) Institute of Pedagogical Education of Abo Akademi. Contact: BIT25 was published by Infoterm and is available on request. BIT Mr Rolf Palmergille, Abo Akademi, Opettajankoulutuslaitos, 26 will be available soon. PI 311, SF-65101 Va asa, Finland. Nov. 24-25. To kyo, Japan: IS ED '88 - International Symposium on Electronic Dictionaries at the New Ta kanawa Prince Hotel. StandardTerm (STT) Contact: Inter Group Corp. (ISED '88), Akasaka Ya makatsu SIT 5 was pUblished by Infoterm and is also available on request. Bldg. 8-5-32 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107, Japan. SIT6 will be available SOOIl. Sept. 1990. Trier, FRG: "2nd International Congress on Te rminol­ ogy and Knowledge Engineering: Applications". New Infoterm· Documents 1-88en Budin, G.; Galinski, C.; Nedobity, W.; Thaller, R.:Ter­ 1990 minology and knowledge processing. In: Czap, H.; Sept. 1990. Trier, FRG: "2nd International Congress onTerminol­ Galinski, C. {cds.]. Terminology and Knowledge ogy and Knowledge Engineering: Applications". Engineering. Supplement. Proe. Int. Congress on Ter­ The Second Congress on Terminology and Knowledge Engineer­ minology and Knowledge Engineering, Trier, 29. ing will cover the following To pics: Sept. -1 Oct. 1987. Frankfurt: INDEKS 1988. p. 50-60. information and knowledge representation 2-88en Galinski, c.: Some reflections on the costs for setting-up distributed representation and operating a terminological data bank (TDB). Wien: workstations in information and knowledge engineering Infoterm 1988. 15 p. terminological knowledge bases 3-88de Nedohity, W. : Ordnungsstrukturen fUr Begriffsdatenban­ terminology and knowledge acquisition ken [Ordering structures for conceptual data banks]. technology assessment Wien: Infoterm 1988. 4 p. man-machine interaction 4-88de Galinski, c.: Terminologie in China. Berieht eines Vor� social implications (human factors) tragsaufenthaltes in China, 16.-27. Nov. 1987 [Terminol­ products and services ogy in China. Report ofa lecturing tour in China]. Wien: information and knowledge management Infoterm 1988, 6 p. education and new professions 5-88de Galinski, C.: Vertrag ML 32 zwischen der Kommission der Europaischen Gemeinschaften (KEG) und dem In· Contact: Mr. Christian Galinski, Infoterm, P. O. Box 130, ternationalen Informationszentrum fOrTenninologie (In­ A-1021 Wien,Austria. folerm). AbschluBbericht Januar 1988 {Contract ML 32

Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Infoterm News 95 between the Commission of the European Communities Grabarczyk, Z.: Textbook of medical English (en-pI). (CEq and the International Information Centre forTer­ Bydogszcz: Akademia medyczna w Bydgoszczy 1987. Glos­ minology (Infoterm). Final Report January 1988]. Wien: sary: p. 268-337. ONy. Infoterm 1988. 8 p. Hesse-Huber, M.: Fauna Iberia: Aves (es-Ia -de) [Spanish fauna: 6-88en INFOTERM. Annual Report 1987. 13 p. birds]. Lebende Sprachen 32 (1987) No. 4, p. 177-179. ONv. INFOTERM: Report on the Second International meeting of ex­ perts on "Guidelines for the recording of terminological data Hidden Glossaries for machine processing". Wien: Infoterm 1983. (TermNet 4-83), AAA: Business Buzzwords, International Management, October 16 p. (Glossary: Annex 4) ONy. Koskoff, E.:The diamond world. New Yo rk: Harper & Row, 1981. 1987. p. 28 ONv. AAA: Business Buzzwords, International Management, 234 X 153 mm (Glossary p. 331-334). Krol, J. [ed.J: Telecommunication systems and services directory. December 1987. p. 22 0Nv. 3rd ed. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1988. 1125 p. [in­ AAA: Das Camcorder-Lexikon [The camcorder dictionary]. Trend No. 11 (1987) p. 282. ONv. cludes Glossary). Laganiere, M.: Petit lexique de la planche a voile (fr-en) [Small AAA: Les travaux de terminologie de l'Academie nationale de dictionary of windsurfing (fr-en)]. C'est-a-dire ...17 (1987) medecine (France) [Terminological works of the Academic . No. 5, p. 3-5. ONv. nationale de medecine (France)]. t.:Actualitc terminologiquel / Lampe, B.; Gerzymisch-Arbogast, H.: Management-G1ossar Terminology Update 20 (1987) No. 4, p. 17-19. ONy. (en-de). Te il I, II u. III [Management glossary (en-de). Parts Balzer, H.: Wichtiges Computerwelsch fUr den modernen In­ 1, II, III]. Lebende Spraehen 32 (1987), No. 3, p. 109-113, genieur (en-de) (Important computer jargon for the modern No. 4, p. 160-163; 33 (1988) No. 1, p. 18-26. ONv. engineer (en-de)]. VDI Nachrichten No. 41, 1987. p. 22. ONv. Lepage, J.: "Label" ct "labelling" ou "I'habillage par etiquetage, Bauthier, D.; Lurquin, G.: La terminologie de la tectonique des enveloppage et impression des conditionnements liquides" plaques (fin) [Terminology of plate tectonics (end)]. t.:Actual­ itc terminologiquerrerminology Update 20 (1987) No. 4, p. [Labelling by ticketing, wrapping and printing of packaging for liquids) (en-fr). I.:Actualite terminologiquerrerminoiogy Up­ 7-9. 0Nv. Blakey, G.: The diamond. New York/London: Paddington Press date 20 (1987), No. 4, p. 2-4. ONv. Ochs, B.: Te rminologie des Sporttauchens (dc-en) [Terminology Ltd., 1977 (Gloss",y p. 274-276). of Blockhuys, S.; Constribucion a un glosario de la industria diaman­ diving (dc-en)). Lebende Sprachen 32 (1987), No. 3, p. 114-119. 0Ny. tista (es-nl) [Contributions to a glossary of the diamond in­ Pavel, S.: Some aspects of the terminology of artificial intelli­ dustry (es-nl)]. Antwerpen 1987. 246 p. Comite Europeen de Normalisation. CEN/CENELEC: Internal gence (Part 2). I.:Actualite terminologierrerminology Update 20 (1987) No. 1, p. 3-7. ONy. Regulations. Te i! 2; Gemeinsame Regeln fur die Normungs­ arbeitiPart 2: Common Rules for standards work:2eme partie: Piirainen, LT.; Barke, J.; Lochert, M.: Fachsprache des Mark­ Regles Communes pour les travaux de normalisation. Bruxel­ scheidewesens. Untersuchungen zum Wo rtschatz der bergmiin­ nischen Vermessungskunst [Special language of mine survey­ les: Comite Europecn de Normalisation 1988. 54 p. Onv. (Ter­ ing. Investigations of the vocabulary of practical geodesy of minology: p. 16-17). miners]. Ocr Abschnitt 37 (1985), No. 2-3, p. 87-93. ONy. Dietz, R.: Bankauskunft (de-fr) [Banking information (dc-fr)]. Seufert, H.: G10ssar Vergasertechnik (it-de) [Glossary of car­ Lebende Sprachen 32 (1987) No. 4, p. 166-169. ONv. burettor engineering (it-de)]. Lebende Sprachen 32 (1987) Dionne, M.: Un petit lexique de la guitare (fr-en) [Small dic- No. 3, 134- 137. ONv. tionary of the guitar (fr-en)]. C'est-a-dire 17 (1987) No. 3, p. 2, 4-5. ONv. Wilhelm, 1.: Giossar der Schafhaitung und Schafzucht (de-es) Franz, R.: Entstehung und Entwicklung des Kachelofens [Origin [Glossary of the keeping and breeding of sheep (de-es)]. Lebende Sprachen 32 (1987) No. 3, p. 126-130. ONv. and development of the tile stove]. Konsument, No. 1 1988, p. 26. 0Nv. Internationales Informationszentrum HirTerminoiogie EQstein, M.: Mechanische StetigfOrderer (de-fr) [Continuous (lnfoterm), c/o Osterreichisches Normungsinstitut (ON), conveyors (de-fr)]. Lebende Sprachen 32 (1987), No. 3, lO20Wien, HeinestraBe 38, Tel. (0222) 267535, p. 122-126. ONv. Te lex: 11 5960 onorm a.

Just publ i shed

Studien zur Klassifikation, Bd. 18 Wissensorganisation im Wandel Dezimalklassifikation - Thesaurusfragen - Warenklassifikation

Proceedings , 11. Jahrestagung der Gesel l schaft fUr Klassifi kation eV Aachen, 29.Juni - 1.Juli 1987. Herausgeber: Or. Hans-Joachim HERMES, MUnster; Prof. Josef H�LZL, Wien 1988. 208 S. , gebunden, OM 48.- ISBN 3-88672-018-7

I NOEKS VERLAG Woogstr.36a 0-6000 Frankfurt 50 Tel .: 069 523690

96 Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Infoterm News tion? Whereas the model of economic transformation resulting in higher levels of affluence appears to be re­ levant for Third World countries, it is questionable whether there is something similar with regard to some COCTA NEWS model of political development. Political development seems to be more culturally determined than socio­ COCTA has taken the initiative of a number of concep­ economic development. The attempts to identify a spe­ tual and linguistic analyses of social science concepts. cial pattern of golitical transformation has failed as the Let me just mention a few: ethnicity, growth and power. attempt to model political development in a particular COCTA has tried to promote the work on the way. Why? methodology of conceptual and linguistic analysis as in the Giovanni Sartori basic semantic model and Fred Measurement W. Riggs' ana-semantic (or onomantic) model. Time has come to do more work on concepts of development, It is not enough to dwell upon reflections about the a truly interdisciplinary concept in the social sciences meaning of "development", because we wish to pro­ (see the INTERCOCTA Report below). The concept of ceed to a statement of the differences and similarities in development presents a variety of problems that have the level of and rate of change in development in the to be faced - meaning, measurement and values. countries of the world. Thus, we need indices or indi­ cators. When the countries of the world are divided into the advanced countries and the LDC's, then which mea­ Ambiguity and multi-dimensionality surement procedures are used? It is often claimed that Development is often qualified as social, economic or the gap between the rich countries and the poor coun­ political development. We must not only inquire into tries keeps growing larger, but is this really true for all the meaning of economic and social and political devel­ the countries in the Third World? The use of measure­ opment but also find out how these different forms of ment tools means that we have to take a careful look at development relate to each other. Conceptual analysis the available statistics. The data keeps being improved has to go hand in hand with empirical investigations. for more and more countries meaning that we can base Theoretical modelling must be combined with the struc­ our analysis of patterns of development on more reli­ turing of the data with indicators. Economic and social able statistics for a larger set of countries. How do we development seem to be closely associated, but how tie our indicators of development - economic, social about political development versus socia-economic de­ and political - with our concepts of development? velopment? Economic development is typically approached as identical with growth in GOP per capita. However, Va lues there are several problems in such a simplistic concept. It is impossible not to talk about values in relation to Firstly, what is the import of rapid growth rates in GOP the concept of development as the whole notion of de­ per capita? Does it really mean a higher level of afflu­ velopment is heavily value ingrained. Development, ence for the whole population, the abolishment of basically, is a change process considered desirable. But poverty? Secondly, there is the difficult problem of what are the criteria for designating one transformation modelling economic growth: which factors are the basic process as development and another change pattern as determinants of increases in output? It is now agreed undevelopment? It is often claimed that the whole no­ that it is not enough to look at only pure economic vari­ tion of development is a We stern biased conception; ables like capital investments, as economic growth de­ yet, most LOC's strive hard for development in order pends on the wider social and political set up. And we to handle future problems. It would prove interesting to may have to recognize that economic growth may have try to sort out what is universal and what is indigenous different sources in advanced and poor countries. in the values attached to development. Social development implies a broader approach to development than simply production output or income per capita. Material well-being involves other aspects Organization of the quality of life. Social transformation may take COCTA will take the initiative to organize seminars different routes in different cultures, but how are we to and panels where these problems related to develop­ designate one type as development with a large D? The ment will be discussed. Anyone interested in the con­ link between economic and social transformation may cept of development and the possibilities for setting up be quite close at times, particularly in the early stages indicators for its measurement, should write to me so of industrialization. But how about social change in the that we may start a conversation. Future international post-industrial society? And what about the huge in­ meetings will be announced in relation to IPSA, ISA crease in giant cities in the Third World, which has no and ISSC. This COCTA effort to deal with the theoreti­ real counterpart in the development process of the rich cal and empirical analysis of development is a continua­ world? Patterns of broad social transformation may be tion of earlier COCTA endeavors as noted in the IN­ very difficult to pin down in a general fashion. TERCOCTA Report below. Political development, finally, presents its own prob­ Jan-Erik Lane, Chairman of COcrA, University of Umea, lems. What is really the meaning of this contested no- Department of Political Science, 5-90187 Umea, Schweden

Int. C1assif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - COCfA News 97 Intereocta Report 3. New Themes 1. The Manual The INTERCOCTA strategy for future development of A detailed explanation of guide-lines for the prepara­ subject-field glossaries and the over-all design of an in­ tion and utilization of an INTERCOCTA glossary has ternational conceptual encyclopedia is conditioned by now been published by UNESCO under the title: THE two basic limitations: first the availability of resources, INTERCOCTA MANUAL: TOWARDS AN INTER­ and second the emergence of interest. The latter is NATIONAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF SOCIAL SCI­ more fundamental. Unless there is a user community of ENCE TERMS (Paris: UNESCO. 166 p.). It is avail­ scholars who want the service and agree to use it in­ able from UNESCO's Division for the Social and teractively, an INTERCOCTA glossary cannot succeed. Economic Sciences as No. 58 in its "Reports and Papers This places a premium on the manifestation of interest in the Social Sciences". as a determinant of project choice. The manual was designed for the use of editors who As for resource limitations, UNESCO's budget does are engaged in the actual production and utilization of not permit the Organization to carry the full costs of an INTERCOCTA glossaries and consequently it contains INTERCOCTA glossary project. Fortunately, however, a great deal of technical information based on experi­ it can provide "seed money" to be used for planning ence gained in the preparation of the pilot glossary for purposes. Interested user groups should then be able to ethnicity research. The onomantic approach which is de­ find the supplementary resources that are needed and, signed to help authors find the most appropriate terms of course, the ultimate sale of services to users will also to express key concepts and to facilitate the design and generate necessary income. acceptance of new term when they are needed was So far active interest in the preparation of new IN­ explained in an earlier UNESCO report, No. 57, under TERCOCTA glossaries has emerged in Moscow and the title, HELP FOR SOCIAL SCIENTISTS: A NEW Budapest for the design, concurrently, of projects that KIND OF REFERENCE PROCESS, also prepared by focus on "way of life" as a central theme. The Hunga­ Fred Riggs. It needs to be read and understood before rian "way of life" project is under the direction of anyone attempts to utilize the manual. Dr. G. R6zsa, Librarian of the Academy of Sciences in Unlike dictionaries and conventional glossaries, an INTER­ Budapest, and the Soviet project centers in the Institute CQCTA glossary (or "nomenclator") is basically a computerized of Ethnography in Moscow, under the direction of database, open to utilization in a number of different ways, sub­ Academician Y. V. Bromley. International consultations ject to continuous revision and augmentation based on feedback on these projects are taking place during the summer of from users. This requires the organization of networks of authors whose experience and actual needs determine the evolution of the 1988 at several locations. database and the services that it can provide. Other possible themes are currently under considera­ tion and will have been discussed at international meet­ 2. The Pilot Project ings when this report appears. They include notions of The basic guide-lines offered in the Manual are based the "state" and of "development. "The general context on experience gained in the pilot project for "ethnicity for these discussions was reported in COCTA News, IC research." This theme proved most suitable because of (1987) No. 3, p. 157. Some changes have occured in the its multi-disciplinary and multi-lingual interest. Round­ schedule reported there and will be described in our tables and panels on problems of ethnic terminology next issue. The most important point, however, is that have been held at world sociology, political science and an additional panel has been organized at the American anthropology congresses - the latest during July 1988 Political Science Association, immediately following in Zagreb (anthropology) and in August 1988 in the IPSA Congress. Washington D.C. (political science), under COCTA Themes relating to "development" and "the state" sponsorship. (For details see COCTA News (1987) will occur. No. 3). Jan-Erik Lane will prcsent a report on conceptualizations of "de­ A pilot edition of the Ethnicity Glossary has been· privately pub­ velopment". In COCTA experience, the theme "development" is lished under copyright of the International Social Science Coun­ the oldest, having been the focus of discussion at the Congress of cil. Copies may be obtained from its editor, Fred Riggs, at the the International Sociological Association (ISA) in Uppsala, University of Hawaii, Political Science Department, in Honolulu. 1978. From it was derived the essay on "Development" by F. Copies may also be ordered from INDEKS VERLAG, for DM Riggs which appeared in Giovanni Sartori's COCTA-sponsored 48,-. volume "Social Science Concepts" (Sage, 1986). A pilot INTER­ Interest in the pilot project has led to the launching of COCTA glossary project on "desarollo" (development) was pre­ parallel versions of the ethnicity glossary in several pared, in Spanish, at CENDES, in Caracas, Venezuela, the re­ search center for development studies of the national Ve nezuelan other languages, starting with a Russian version pro­ university. Moreover, the original pilot study carried out under duced at the Institute of Ethnography in the Soviet UNESCO sponsorship had a focus on "development", and the Academy of Sciences, under the guidance of its direc­ conclusions drawn from this study provided thc basis for the IN­ tor, Academician Yu . V. Bromley. A French version has TERCOCTA Report, publishcd by UNESCO in 1981. This report, now also been launched, under a UNESCO contract, No. 47 in the RPSS Series, served as the foundation for the work of the CONTA Conference on Social Science Concepts andTerms, with Prof. Eric de Grolier, consultant to the ISSC, as di­ held in Bielefeld 1981. Its proceedings, published in 1982, arc now rector. An international Francophone group of consul­ available from INDEKS Ve rlag for DM 30, - (US $ 15, - ) tants and users is even now in process of formation. Fred W. Riggs . Meanwhile the possibility of additional versions in Ger­ Prof. EW. Riggs, University of Hawaii, man and Spanish is under consideration. Department of Political Science, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.

98 lnt. Classif. IS (1988) No . 2 - COCTA News of data and their grouping. In a fu rther, third step, data structuring and data ordering must be undertaken, and it is sure that withou t an explicit knowledge of existing classification possibilities, this can only be done in an Book Reviews amateurish fashion" (Dahlberg). To consider classification under the aspect of the JAMBU, M. ; LEBEAUX, M.·O.: Cluster Analysis and "ordering of knowledge" has not only become important Data Analysis. in respect of the rationalisation of traditional methods Amsterdam·New York·Oxford: North·Holland 1983. of research. The reapid development of information XXIV,898p., ISBN 0-444·866345·5 technology marked by the transition from "data process­ The book consists of two parts: Cluster analysis and ing" to "knowledge processing" also makes new demands data analysis, although the first is often considered as a on the methods of classification. In this field, a large part of the second, The author defines the first part as number of problems have, up to now, found either no "the set of computer procedures which build up or solution whatsoever or have been but unsatisfactorily recognize hierarchies or partitions of underlying data solved. It is not so much problems of computer techno­ sets", the second as "the set of computer procedures logy or programming techniques which now lie to the which describe, recognize or identify structures of fo re, but mainly problems connected with the form of underlying clouds of points, usually points of a low· human knowledge processing, with semantics, and with dimensional space built from the data sets... ". It does suitable concept ordering. not become clear why the author speaks of computer If systems based on knowledge (expert systems) are programs instead of algorithms. The reason may be that also to carry out "intelligent" fu nctions and be employed three quarters of the book consist of listings and des­ to solve scientific problems, then we must not forget criptions of FORTRAN programs for the different that in doing so a great number of characteristics con­ altorithms described in the theoretical part of the book. sidered a prerequisite for intelligence must also be taken The theoretical part starts after a brief introduction into account in a certain way when solving problems to the classification problem with a chapter on cor­ with the aid of a computer. respondence analysis and another one on properties NEDOBITY lists these characteristics in his paper and of hierarchical classifications. A description of distance comes to the conclusion that they are not only of great and similarity measures follows. The following chapters interest for research. They are also an integral part of are devoted to classical and fast algorithms for hierar­ classification activity itself. What is more, an effective chical classifications, algorithms for determining parti­ man-computer interaction is surely hardly realisable if tions and overlapping clusters and interpretational aids the user's conceptions of order or the method of ordering and validity of classifications. Exact definitions,theorems knowledge in the user's memory has not been adjusted of and their proofs are given but they are always explained to the order knowledge fed into the computer system. In his contribution, Nedobity points out this psycholo­ and justified by practical examples. aspect of classification and knowledge techniques. The book can be recommended to users of classi­ gical fication methods who want to create a program library Here, the comparison of the various approaches to the and also to those who are interested in the theoretical presentation of knowledge is of particular interest: background of the methods. Peter Ihm in artificial intelligence - in classification, and Prof.Dr.P.Ihm, Inst.f.Medizinische Statistik, - in cognitive psychology. Ernst·Giller·Str.20, D·3550 Marburg The description of the consequences and advantages of these approaches stimulates analogous reflections which may also contribute to the optimisation of relevant DAHLBERG, Ingetraut (Ed.): KlassifIkation als Werk· methods and aids. When from all approaches and con� zeug der Lehre und Forschung (Classification as a tool in elusions it follows over and over again that knowledge is teaching and research). Frankfurt/ Main: Indeks Verlag "structured" information, that "problem solving be­ 1986. 184p. � Studien zur Klassifikation, Bd.16; ISBN haviour is a structured process", that "the human brain 3·88672·015·2 operates in symbolic pictures" (Nedobity), then in my In this volume of lectures under review, the attempt opinion the question � would a structured picture�form is made, among other things, to focus the attention of of knowledge presentation as opposed to other methods those users engaged in teaching and research on the not have certain advantages? - is irresistible. As is known, concept of "classification". the structured formula picture of a chemical compound In the Preface it is emphasized "how the methods of possibly represents a very great deal of knowledge in classification as the organisation of knowledge attend on concise form and, compared to the relevant chemical and exercise an essential influence on the research name of the compound, distinguishes itself in a high process and, indeed, may even become a direct aid in degree of condensed information and transparency. research. First of all, concept analysis and concept Of course, the structured form of presentation of any definition form the basis of all research, for without a given store of knowledge pre-supposes a certain forma­ firm grasp of concepts as units of our knowledge, lisation of existing knowledge in the natural language problems can neither be Scientifically recognized as analogous to the structured formula picture in such nor solutions found for them. The next step, which chemistry, a degree of formalisation adapted to the usually consists in the collecting and analysis of data, relevant purpose of application, as has been done, for demands classification knowledge of the correct assigning example, in a subject thesaurus. From these points of lnt. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Book Reviews 99 view, knowledge presentation would then mean a of natural language. 1.Maniez uses his competencies thesaurus-like presentation of knowledge structure, and as a linguist to provide an in-depth analysis of the the processing of knowledge the reshaping of knowledge principal relationships used in documentary languages structures. (synonymy, hierarchy and association) as well as the UNGVARY's contribution, "The use of the thesaurus operations of characterization and condensation of a method in knowledge conveyance", runs on similar lines. document and research in automated documentation. Ungvary, however, confines himself primarily to the In the principal portion of J.Maniez's work, the first theoretic aspects of the use of the thesaurus method in chapter gives us a definition of important terms and knowledge "conveyance" and does not go into the presents a typology of classification systems. In the problem that, for example, good use may also be made second chapter, the author shows us how to use these of thesaurus changes in the acquisition of knowledge. A tools and describes those which are the most well-known discussion of connexions to other possibilities of applying (Dewey Decimal and Universal Decimal Classification, the thesaurus principle, for example in prognosis (Do­ Colon Classification, Library of Congress Classification brow) or problem solving (Bauer), would have been and the Bliss Classification). Finally, an interesting useful. chapter is devoted to the construction and maintenance The wide thematic spectrum of the contributions in of these classificatorylanguages. this volume with all the questions that are touched on, As shown in the above description of these different but still open is, at the same time, an appeal to promote chapters, 1.Maniez's book is of interest at different classification research even more than has been the levels: case up to now. (I) The practicing classificationist whose knowledge "But classification training itself should be improved was principally acquired through practical experience and coordinated in all areas; above all, essential fields of will find in this book a theoretical presentation which classification science should be offe red to students of all will allow him to better understand the basic principles disciplines at colleges, universities and training centres as of the design and use of classification systems. Certain a subject which not only teaches methods of order, but empirical rules which he discovered through trial and also gives a very necessary overall view of the various error will here find their justification - if not theoretical, fields of knowledge, which draws the individual out of then at least within the framework of a coherent set of the isolation inherent in a specialised field of knowledge, practical considerations. On numerous occasions, the and which gives him again insight into the general view author's linguistic background enables him to explain of knowledge" (Dahlberg). and criticize certain rules in current use. For example, he In this review it was only possible to go into a few of presents the notion of facet by comparing it to case in a the particularly acute problems and focal points taken language, thus allowing for a better understanding of the from the overall theme of the volume. As already stated concept, as well as the advantages and drawbacks of its in the Preface, the problems presented here have, for the use. 1.Maniez does not hesitate to present projects which meoment, only been laid open for discussion. But ane are" still in a research stage, such as G.Salton's famous thing is sure: this volume should be stimulating for all SMART system. The author' s presentation of the specialists, well beyond those who belong to the circle fo undation of automated classification techniques is in members of the classification society. itself a lesson in pedagogy. Gerd Bauer (2) The second level will be useful to those who, Dr .rer.nat.Dr.se. phil.G.Bauer having little knowledge of classification systems, will Am Treptower Park 50, GDR-1193 Berlin find the essential elements needed for an understanding of this field. The main classification systems are presented MANIEZ, Jacques: Les langages documentaires et in a sufficiently precise manner to allow the reader to classificatoires: conception, construction et utilisation understand their interest and their functions. Incidental­ dans les systemes documentaires. ly, the classificatory techniques are covered with true (Documentary and classification languages: Their pedagogical talent by the author. Each classification conception, construction and use in documentary system is presented in a highly structured form which systems). successively describes the principles, the working in­ Paris: Les Editions d'Organisation 1987. 291p. ISBN struments, the use of these instruments by the classifier 2-7081-0833-6. and by the reader, as well as a critical conclusion. Jacques Maniez's book and that of G.Van Slype Extracts of tables and indexes as well as precise examples (Indexation Languages: Design, Construction and Use in provide a very concrete and practical understanding of Documentary Systems) published in the same year and these tools. by the same publisher, are a joint project dealing with (3) The last level, to be found in chapter III, will be documentary languages in general, and principally extremely valuable to those who must design and set up intended for professionals, though of possible interest to a classification system in a library. This chapter surely readers interested in information techniques and methods sets this book apart from others that are Iimi ted only of content analysis. to explanation or description. Placing himself in a The major portion of J.Maniez's book thus deals with fa miliar context which corresponds to a specialized classificatory languages. The other portion discusses library of approximately 6000 works, I.Maniez con­ documentary languages, which are presented in the light structs a veritable case study which allows us to deter­ of linguistic theory rather than from a practical and mine the characteristics of two classification systems -descriptive point of view. The advantages and drawbacks which can answer the needs of this case (the final Qf documentary languages are related to the properties choice is left to the head of the establishment).

100 Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No.2- Book Reviews A well·focussed bibliography is located at the end of measures discussed, the authors not only take an objec­ each chapter. The work includes an index of terms and tive look at the advantages, but also at the specific an index of proper names. disadvantages. The reader himself must decide what Richard Bouche weight he will give to these conclusions in order to come to his own decision. Prof.Dr.R.Bouche, Lab.d'Informatique Documentaire, ISIOT The great uncertainty prevalent in the field of concept Universite Claude Bernard -Lyon analysis is naturally reflected in a practical manual of the 43, Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, Cedex, France. -kind under review. For example, semantic factoring, on the one hand, is rejected in the literature quoted here, on the other hand, however, this operation is an essential AITCHISON, Jean; GILCHRIST, Alan: Thesaurus element in any analytic-synthetic approach, i.e. an Construction. A Practical Manual. 2nd ed. London: approach which · with a correspondingly high expendi· Aslib 1987. 175p., 41 diagrams. ISBN 0·85142·197·0 ' ture . no doubt achieves the highest degree of effective· The requirements necessary for the construction and ness. maintenance of a thesaurus are discussed in thirteen In the manual, the morphological form of analysis sections wherein the relevant mental and technical dominates, i.e. an analysis oriented to the surface measures concerned are gone into. The frame for these structure of a linguistic mode of expression rather than reflections is formed by a lucid survey of the specific to contents and meaning. This means that the com­ weaknesses and strengths of natural language and index ponent parts of a concept are made explicit only when languages. From these, the necessity of an index language they have been isolated in the linguistic formulation is derived in as far as a reasonable degree of search encountered in the text to be indexed. Here it becomes accuracy is to be attained using such an information apparent that little experience had been gathered in the system. Today, the thesaurus as the vocabulary of such use of this approach when it was introduced in many an index language is a widely used variant. In the very places for practical application and that there are a great first diagram it is shown in which specific way both number of impediments to taking the appropriate and kinds of language effectively complement each other. logical steps quickly in an information system when the This, at the same time, answers the cardinal question of disadvantages of an approach become evident. It would choice between both kinds of language, a question which be of great advantage to designers of information systems is always posed today when a new information system is if such deficiencies could be spotted at an early stage. developed. This lucid comparison not only deserves the The literally superficial character of many traditional first place among all the illustrations given, the reader approaches is even set down in the standards (and is still should also keep it in mind in the further course of these awaiting revision there !). This is also reflected in the reflections. recommendations quoted in the book: that one must When, fu rther on in the text, the variants of the pay attention to the natural language word form in management of texts without the use of a thesaurus and making descriptors. In these rules, much importance is of indexing are discussed, these seem, at times, to be attached to whether a conceptual feature is expressed based on the publications of those research groups that as an adj ective or not, although it its left to chance or are active in this field, and their often far too great personal taste whether one says "oxidative splitting" or optimism and too lenient evaluation of the deficiencies "splitting oxidation" or "oxidation with simultaneous in such methods show through again and again. This is splitting". Whether a descriptor counts as a "compound particularly true of the different variants of statistical term" is judged only according to the number of single procedures; the deficiencies in these methods, when they words contained in it and not according to its conceptual boil down to the mere counting of and searching for complexity. Commendably, the authors point out words instead of for concepts, were recently exposed in that it is often imperative to turn one's back on the studies of E.Liddy, S.Bonzi, J.Katzer, and E.Oddy standards. (J.ASIS 38(1987)p.255.261). In other places, too, e.g. Furthermore it should also be mentioned that a when discussing the abandoning of all indexing, the thesaurus as a vocabulary is always only one � of an reader is not always reminded of the negative conse­ index language. Here, and in the reviewer's opinion, quences of doing so. many a gap and inadequacy found even in using the best Section J, the last section, which rounds off the thesaurus is to be ascribed to the lack of a grammar, the frame, describes details of procedure in constructing a natural second component in any language which thesaurus, illustrated by examples taken from the is rich in expression. Any thesaurus will � in the long run field "Catering". This particular chapter can be recom­ - be overtaxed if it is to take on the tasks, too, which are mended to anyone who undertakes the construction of really those of an index language grammar. an information system as it will give him an impression The present uncertainty in information science is also of the manner and magnitude of the task he has taken reflected in the fact that the supposed "lawful inverse upon himself. This example not only gives an exemplary relation of precision and recall" is quoted again although picture of the single steps to be taken, it is also exemplary in the meantime a great number of counterexamples in its choice in as much as it gives a model for those have become known in which loss of precision was not prerequisites, demands, and possible ways to a solution the inevitable consequence when recall was increased, such as are likely to be met with in many other cases. and vice versa. On the contrary, total recall and, at The great practical experience of the authors is also the same time, total precision could be achieved. reflected in the many well-chosen, convincing examples Another unresolved contradiction frequently encoun­ used in other parts of the text. For the majority of the tered is reflected in the book: Loss in recall is said to be

Tnt. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Book Reviews 101 inherent in the application of roles and links. But it has, costly. It would have been gratifying if, in the same on the other hand, been shown that it is perfectly place and at the same time, the deficiencies in this possible to apply this aid in practice without any loss of procedure had been illumined, in particular the fact that recall whatsoever and with genuine precision enhancing. with this method all reliability in searching for general When the theory is so little developed, then any concepts is lost. These are often to be fo und in the contemporary treatise can only show up the prevailing literature in the form of multi-word expressions, Le. inconsistencies. Many of them could, in the opinion paraphrasing and/or defining mode, and not in the of the reviewer, be eliminated by demanding not only lexical fo rm, the only fo rm in which they can be re­ adequate specificity from an index language (as done in gistered in a thesaurus. The later transference of such a Section E). but, at the same time, also adequate reo mode of expression into the lexical form as being presentational predictability of the modes of expression offered for search by the thesaurus is, however, no stored. Here we can find a rewarding field of activity for longer possible in a post-controlled thesaurus. This information science research. would pre-suppose knowledge of the whole context of There are only a few additions to the book that the the original. What is more, when working simply with a reviewer would have welcomed. But perhaps they will post-controlled thesaurus, the ambiguity of the poly­ appear in a later edition? Thus, among the questions to semous words registered in this way can, for the same be raised in the design of any information system and reason, no longer be cleared. Consequently, retrieval which are listed on page 5 (e.g. on the kind of field,the using a post-controlled thesaurus will be of a much kind and amount of data and of search requests), the poorer quality than with a thesaurus applied in the question should also be raised whether or not in the traditional manner. information systems under consideration a great deal of A last recommendation concerns the device of word importance is to be attached to high recall. If the answer distance in natural language. It is referred to as a pre­ is positive (e.g. in the patent field, for one's own cor­ cision enhancing aid. Here it should be mentioned that it respondence, and for internal reports), then this will is detrimental to recall. In phrasing his text, an author is incur a much higher expenditure that will have to be free from any rule according to which related concepts accepted than if the answer is negative. The question must always be named verbally at a specific maximum whether besides the thesaurus as the index language distance. If such a word distance is called for then the vocabulary also an index language grammar is available searcher will fail to notice those texts in which the word or can be developed should also be brought up. From distance within a sentence is greater (e.g. simply by the this depend, to a large extent, size and construction of insertion of a relative clause) or in which both concepts the thesaurus. A good index language grammar can, are separated from each other by a punctuation mark. without loss of representational fidelity, make a lot of Furthermore, the relation in which the searcher is pre-coordinated terms and the corresponding set of rules interested, may be quite different from that which an superfluous and consequently keep the thesaurus small author had emphasized. and overviewable. �book is a good introduction to the construction It should also be clearly pointed out in the book that, of a thesaurus. It conveys a good grasp of the problems no matter how good a thesaurus may be, it will only with which we are confronted in this dimcult field. It is achieve fu ll effectiveness if it is applied reliably by the also a model example of generous, excellently and indexer in the sense that the latter must always select clearly ordered, faultless book. The contents are well the most specific and most appropriate descriptors. This opened-up in the index. The book can be recommended is, to be sure, traditional practice in libraries, but in to students and teachers alike, not the least because of recent years it has, to a large extent, fallen into oblivion. the extensive bibliography which has been added. In most cases, by "controlled vocabulary" a vocabulary Robert Fugmann is meant which consists of permissible descriptors. That the indexer should always choose those descriptors in DLR.Fugmann, Alte Poststr. 13, D-6270 Idstein the thesaurus which most appropriately represent the contents of a text to be stored is normally not mentioned. This implies a continued, though latent search in the vocabulary. In many vocabularies, however, SATIJA, Mohinder Partap: A Primer on Ranganathan's because of the size and the intensive ramifications of the Book Numbers. Delhi, IN: Mittal Pub!. (B-2/19B, relational paths in them, such a search is not or no Lawrence Road, 110035) 1987. 87p. with appendices longer possible. For this reason, many of the deficiencies and index, ISBN 81-7099-004-1, Rs 65. observed in thesauri are not inherent in the thesauri This is a simple and systematic exposition of the themselves, but are only due to their unreliable applica­ theory and practice of book number developed by tion. Ranganathan. As Ranganathan'ss system is not limited As far as the use of the thesaurus is concerned, the to use in conjunction with his Colon Classification, indexer should also be reminded that he must pursue the this book is a worthy addition to the very limited relational paths because only then will he reliably come literature on this subject. (The author cites only four across changes and additions that he does not yet know books written in this century on the academic aspects of or which he no longer remembers when he allocates book numbers: Laws, 1902; Barden, 1937; Lehnus, descriptors from memory. 1980; and Comaromi, 1981). The intended audience are The "post-controlled thesaurus" appears, in the place those readers who want to learn about and/or practice -in which it is discussed, as an absolutely acceptable the scheme of book numbering as developed by Ranga­ alternative when intellectual indexing is considered too nathan.

102 Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Book Reviews The first five chapters deal with the theory and remained confined to single words - plus, at best, ad­ practice of Ranganathan's facet formula for the book jective+noun combinations - subjected to a certain number, covering in the following order: language of the terminology control. book, form of presentation of contents in the book, Now, while this may still be an adequate method for year of publication, accession part of the year number, preparing subject indexes of books, in the field of volume number, supplement number, copy number, indexes for bibliographies it has been found - and this criticism number, and accession part of criticism number. applies equally to keyword catalogs, so that to this Problems with Ranganathan's system are not ignored but extent there is, in the end, no difference between both are discussed openly, for instance, the problem of problems - that one is increasingly confronted with placing together the various editions of a book or complex document contents creating an inevitable need translations in various languages or abridgements and for precombined index entries, co-extensive with the adaptations of the same book. The appendices provide contents of the given document. This has the effect, tables for the language isolate, foci in form and time however, that one has to work with - co-extensive - isolate. multiple entries. As book numbers are indispensable for any discrete To generate such multiple entries, the wish has book arrangement on shelves and for giving unique call meanwhile made itself felt to make use of automated numbers to library documents anyone with the respon­ processes. Now here the special challenge presents itself sibility of bringing order out of chaos will find this a of making only meaningful multiple entries - hence of useful reference. both excluding certain words from the realm of those Pauline A. Cochrane used for initiating a search, and of keeping the correct Prof.P.A.Cochrane, Catholic University of America context for the given components of a precombinded School of Library and Inform.Science, Washington, DC, 20017, string intact - or having it generated from an input string. USA In the book reviewed this task is termed string indexing, an expression covering a broad spectrum of procedures, DYKSTRA, Mary: PRECIS: A Primer. Revised Reprint. reaching from such methods as KWIC or KWOC, which Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press 1987. IX,270p., ISBN have no terminology control or clearly defined syntax 0·8108·2060-9 in the string at all, to the PRECIS system with its subtly Further to the review of the Primer 's first edition in differentiated expression possibilities. the previous issue of International Classification, a few Particular interest has meanwhile been acquired by remarks on the reprint will suffice. Due to the reduced the problem of having such automatic processes handled format (close to a "King Penguin") and the handsome with the aid of small computers, as well as by the pink covers, the book looks different this time. The manifold problems connected with the display of index smaller fo rmat is more appropriate, since the type area entries on a screen (e.g. in browsing through inverted covered only abou t 80% per page in the fi rst edition. lists) in an online retrieval. The book reviewed may be What is more important, however, is the fact that the regarded as an important and useful contribution to present edition is called a revised reprint. About two and this subject. a half sentences are added to the fo reword. Yet the Consisting, on the one hand, of theoretical reflections arrangement, headings, and length of chapters, sub­ and, on the other hand, of the description of individual sections, and exercises are completely identical with the systems, the book is divided into 9 chapters (each concluded by a brief summary), 4 annexes and a detailed first edition. No revisions of the index were necessary. !) As Prof.Dykstra explains, "the text remains essentially bibliography . The book's strength, which at the same time, however the same in this edition" (p.III). Random comparisons - from a reader's point of view - constitutes a certain of the texts did not show any revisions. The reprint has weakness, lies in the fact that theory and practical the same exercises, except for a minor change on p.50. application are not treated wholly separate from one The author's revisions did not include a correction another; the author always makes use of concrete of an error in the contents pages: as in the first edition, examples in his discussion of the various theoretical it is stated that exercises are to be found on p.80 problems, This approach does not always make it simple (instead of p.79). for the reader - especially where the less well-known It seems very sensible, then, that the Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data bluntly describe string indexing procedures are discussed - to fo llow the the book a "reprint". author's train of thought. The presentation does, how­ Heiner Schnelling ever, have the advantage that abstract considerations Dr.H.Schnelling, Universitatsbibliothek Konstanz, are always illustrated through comparing several pro­ Postfach 55 60, D-7750 Konstanz 1 cedures among one another, thus giving the reader a good opportunity to get acquainted with the strengths and weaknesses of each procedure. CRAVEN, Timothy C.: String Indexing. Orlando, Fla.: In the introductory chapter the problem field to b� Academic Press 1986. XI,246p., ISBN 0-12-195460-9 treated is marked out, terminology is introduced and the The preparation of alphabetic subject indexes, e.g. for task, purpose and usefulness of string indexing in the books or bibliographies, is and remains an important various fields of application are explained. The sound­ topic, albeit one receiving far less attention than the ness of the presentation is reflected, among other things, problems involved in the preparation of keyword ca­ by the use of network diagrams to illustrate the various talogs. This is due among other things to the fact that, contextual dependences of the individual components of fo r simplicity's sake, index entries have frequently a string. lnt. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Book Reviews 103 To permit, in the further parts of the book, a dis­ (1) Riesthuis, G.J.A.: Alphabetische Sachregister und Klassifika· cussion along the lines described above, the second tion. (Alphabetic subject indexes and classification). In: Die chapter presents a brief characterization of each pro­ Klassifikation und ihr Umfeld. Proc.10th Ann.Conf.German Classif. Soc., MUnster, 18-21 June 1986. Frankfurt: Indeks cedure, with the author distinguishing between 3 types Ver1.1986.p.102-111 of procedures: those based on the natural language of (2) WeidemUller, H.U,: Die maschinelle Verarbeitung von RSWK· the given document; those using inputs from a control­ Ketten in der Deutschen Bibliothek . Datenstruktur und led vocabulary, and those making use of codings for Per�utationsverfahren (The machine processing of RSWK manipulating the strings. The brevity of the description chams in the German Library). as in (1), p.95-101 (3) DreHer, J.: Herstellung eines rotierten, vierstufig ausgedruck­ does not always make the presentation readily under­ ten Schlagwortregisters auf einem Personalcornputer mit standable; in such cases one must, for a better under­ Hilfe von Standartdsoftware (dBASE III Plus, SuperSort, standing, have recourse to the more detailed literature WordStar). Preparation on a personal computer with the aid referred to. of standard software of a rotated index printed out in four steps). Nachr.Dok. 38(1987)p.283-291 The next 5 chapters are devoted to the various problems of string indexing; questions of the input of Prof.W.G6dert, Fachhochschule Hamburg ' FB Bibliothekswesen strings, of their components and eodings, if any; indexing Grindelhof 30, D·2000 Hamburg 13 aids such as manuals, data sheets, etc.; syntax and citation order; references and sorting, and special problems such as the suppression of entries in the JUDGE, A.J.N.(Ed.); Union of International Associat­ leading position. ions: Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human This presentation is rounded off by a chapter in Potential . 2nd ed. MUnchen : K.G.Saur Verlag 1986. which criteria for an evaluation and for the selection of 1440p.(A4 size), ISBN 3-598-21864-8 string indexing procedures are discussed. This chapter is The book under review is a revised edition of the not only helpful for someone wishing to make a choice "Yearbook of World Problems and Human Potential" among the procedures treated in the book, but also for published in 1976 on an experimental basis (It has been someone who may be wishing to develop such a pro· reviewed by I.Dahlberg in Int.Classif. 4(1977)No.2, cedure him· or herself or to modify it to suit his or her p.114-1 15). In fact it has become a complement to the special application field. Yearbook of International Organizations in 3 volumes, The four annexes comprise: a glossary of the tech· an important publication of the VIA. As obvious from nical terms used most frequently in the book; a case the title, its theme is the problems fa ced by the society study on the use of the NEPHIS procedure, developed and the resources and strategies available to solve them - by the author, for five-year indexes of the periodical this book though purports to identify and catalogue the "The Canadian Journal of Information Science" ; a brief problems, yet it has no intention to suggest their so­ introduction to the NEPHIS system, and a list of ad­ lutions. A living and moving society is always confronted with dresses of institutions using the string indexing pro· and many a times besieged by problems. Problems and cedure, through which fu rther information or software issues arise from time to time, and some are discovered, may, if necessary, be obtained. identified and in some cases invented. Research, a major On two pages the author has undertaken the attempt activity of the presentday society, is nothing but a to fu rnish prognoses on the fu rther development and problem identifying and solving technique. The solutions application of string indexing. In this connection he to the problems are sought either conceptually or by would regard it as not too good a bet that "online string index displays will be introduced as an option in a organizational methods. Big and long-lingering problems commercial database search sevice" (p.188). The re­ are overpopulation, poverty, hunger, mutual distrust viewer would like to give expression to this hope that among nations, illiteracy, depletion of earth's natural this book may contribute to a development whereby this resources, war, and now the fatal weapons endangering assessment by the author may be proved wrong. It life on this planet. This encyclopedia deals with these would be most desirable if the problems of and insights and myriads of other problems ranging from loneliness yielded by string indexing were taken into account in to soil erosion, ignorance to maltreatment on the one online display. In addition one would wish that the hand, and human potentials such as human values, syntactic qualities present in the more elaborate proce­ cultural heritage, and appropriate technology to solve dures such as NEPHIS or PRECIS could be utilized these problems on the other hand. There are such in online retrieval so that the author's assessment that 10,233 political, social, economic, judicial, racial and ", .. the applicability of string indexing to online searching psychological problems, and 14,176 human potentials is not yet proved" (p.16) need not remain a valid des­ available to answer or tackle these problems. Thus there cription of the state of things. are a total of 24,409 entries in this source. The concept In summing up one may conclude that this is a "problem" has not been defined nor the concept of "human potential", yet the scope of the encyclopedia felicitous �ork - its formal presentation leaves nothing to be deslfed either - constituting a source of much extends far beyond these titular descriptors. There are information for and inspiration to the reader, no matter also some concepts from science and technology directly whether he reads it out of theoretical interest or whether concerning social or economic development. In all the he would like to make use of some string indexing encyclopedia identifies the mUltiplicity of dangers to procedure. society and also takes cognisance of the existing orga· Winfried Godert nizational, intellectual and personal resources to face and solve such problems. .1 This bibliography may be supplemented by the following The basis of selection of these 24,409 entries has not recent German contributions to the subject: been explicity disclosed, though the range of the topics

104 lnt. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Book Reviews is imaginative and disparagedly wide. The problems are descriptions, as e.g.: KC0200 Musical forms, PP5906 mostly those with which the different international Ideological Confusion. In Section PQ "World Problems", organizations are pre-occupied with "whether as focus only terms have been listed without any description. for their programmes, activities., their research, their However, usually the length of the entry ranges from a protests, their recommendations or as part of their belief full column to ten entries a page in its bi-columned systems". Based on about 328 specific communications pages. Many of the entries cross refer to the related and techniques to elicit information, contents for entries material. There are about 50,000 such interrelated have been derived from 18,704 international bodies, UN references. oranizations, international treaties, international period­ To the readers of this journal it may be of interest icals, and many schools of thought. Whenever possible that among the entries definitions are included on the information has been compiled using extracts from classification, indexing, hierarchy, concepts, knowledge, documents of international bodies, and different inter­ besides some 160 entries on various aspects of infor­ pretations are offered, The communication techniques mation. The entire Section KC "Integrative Concepts" include: advertising, folklore, mantra, lecture, broad­ seems to be of much concern . to library and information casting, monument, music, map, cartoon, exhibition and professionals. so on. Thus it is encyclopedic in coverage, and not in No scheme of classification has been fo llowed to form. Actual sources have not been named, though the arrange the entries, as such a classification cannot be international bodies have been systematically named in "readily done and satisfactorily done", argues the editor. the sister volume : Ye arbook of In ternational Organiza­ Excuses for not classifying as explained in chapter YB tions. 24th edition 1986/87; nor are the entries initialed. are the problems of classifying with which Jevons Chapterization and some of the contents markedly warned us in the 19th century. In the words of the differ from that of the first edition of 1976. That Editor "this book is deliberately organized in such a way contained 12 Sections of which perhaps five have been as tojuxtapose bodies of information which are normally included in this volume. Some of the entries have been kept apart". Whatever be it, this non-organization is a altogether eliminated while most of them have been weak point, and the text cannot be referred to except drastially reorganized under many newly introduced through the index. However, in Section VP "Value sections (see below). Polarities" the entry numbers are based on an adaptation The entire book has five parts. The terra firma of the of the numeric ordering of the concepts in Roget 's book consists of the entries contained in two parts: This thesaurus. core of the text is preceded by introduction containing a It must be mentioned, however, that in Vol.3 of the note on how to use the encyclopedia, and its scope, VIA Yearbook (review see below) a classification scheme methods and purpose and it is followed by supplements has been used to arrange the entries and -together with containing comments and many appendices concerning the organizations and treaties � also the items of this the book. volume on World Problems and "Human Values. Most of The two parts mentioned are : (I) World Problems P them belong to the socaHed matrix levels 6 - 9 (Innovative (429 pages) has three sections denoted mnemonically by change /structure, context, strategy/, Experiential letters: PP World Problems (with a description of pro­ /values, modes of awareness/). This fact somehow blems), PQ (only names of problems), and PX (index to contradicts the earlier statement of the editor who both); (2) Human Potential, has six parts denoted apparently has done Vol.3 much later than editing the mnemonically by the following letters: V Human volume under review. But, who would make use of this Values, H Human Development, S Strategies, C Com­ additional subject access? Who would know that it is munication, K Integrative Knowledge, T Innovative existing at all? It can only be hoped that in later editions Techniques. of this valuable source the arrangement of Vol.3 could Each of these sections has been further subdivided be considered in this volume, too, which has been called alphabetically into subsections, e.g., C Communication, "Vol.4" (in Vol.3). CF Forms of Presentation, CM Metaphors, CS Symbols, But so far the virtual non-organization makes quite CX Communication: Index. difficult the direct referencing of this book. One is by no Within a section the subsections are arranged alpha­ means able to locate the desired concepts by directly betically. Each subsection begins with a brief intro­ entering the text and its divisions. For this there are duction. Its entries are arranged at random by serial indexes to each section except to the Section PM "Multi­ numbers consisting of four numerical digits. In many of Polarization". VP "Value Type" is a classified index to the sections the thus six digited entry numbers are the Section VP "Value Polarities". These subsection followed by a qualifier denoted by a-g indicating the indexes are given in order to obtain a close and better degree of specificity : "a" being the most fundamental view of a section. Section indexes consist of names, and "g" the most specific. However, the entire code alternative names and keywords. These indexes may also number has no classificatory significance or role except contain terms other than English. In the light of the that the indexes refer to these numbers - as the book has general index the section indexes are redundant. Had the not been paginated. entries been arranged alphabetically within the sections, Each entry contains in seriatim the code number, the the section indexes would not have been necessary at all. heading, the description, nature, background, argument, However, most useful and quite indispensable is the and counterarguments of the concept, and lastly the general and all cumulative index in Section Z. Here the location of the problem if it specifically pertains to some terms are arranged word-by�word. Each index term country. refers to the 6-digit code number presented in an unusual Some concepts are merely named without any way at the left side of the index term - perhaps for

Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Book Reviews 105 symmetry in printing. In this index two types of index International Organizations). Miinchen: K.G.Saur Verlag terms have been mixed together into one sequence: 1986/87. approx.1500 p., ISBN 3-598-21872-9 Terms printed in bold face refer to the concepts/terms The fi rst edition of this book was published in 1983, from the text. Some synonymous terms have also been and since then it is published yearly. The 5th edition, included. The second type of entries are significant key 1987 is already available. This third volume of the words taken out of the actual entry headings. These - Yearbook is a subject guide to some 25 ,000 international printed in italics - are followed by the remainder words bodies, including 1418 multilateral treaties. It also for the name of the index entry. For example: PP 2330 indexes the Problems, Va lues, and Strategies, from the Development: Animal worship barrier for "Animal Encyclopedia of World Problems... (UlA, K.G .Saur worship as a barrier to development", This three­ 1986) (see review above). The aim is to group organi­ columns-a-page-index contains 75,000 entries in all. zations with common goals and activities. An organization It is a policy of the Editor to present all viewpoints in entry may appear under several categories as appropriate. a balanced account. The themes here and there are Complete descriptions of these organizations are given in illustrated by symbolic line-drawings mostly of the hawk volume 1 of the Yearbook: Organization, Description and the dove (well done by Tim Caswell). Dove and and Index - now in its 24th edition (1987). hawk symbolise "the need for each to counteract the The book contains an introduction in French and excesses of the others in order to maintain a healthy English, four main sections and nine appendices, some of environment for both". Sometimes the text is dotted the latter both in French and English. The four main with idioms, epigrams, proverbs to substantiate the sections W-Z are meant to list the organizations and argument. Whoever may recollect from the fi rst edition entries on problems by the following approaches: how most interestingly and aptly the 12 Sections have \V Subjects Y Regions been interrelated with each other and depicted by X Subject combinations Z Organization types corresponding lines in a 12-sided circular will miss this In essence the section W is the core part of the book, the here. Instead such a 12�sided circular has been designed rest of the sections are alternative approaches to it, on the cover page as well as on the back cover. In to the examples to follow. It lists associations and problems latter Chinese symbols were drawn which have also been grouped into 1117 major classes, called categories in this taken over onto the 12-sided circular of the front cover volume. These had been fo rmed through extracting by on top of the apparently interconnecting lines. In computer all significant keywords from the names of the between them some more lines become visible apparently organizations as well as from the topics in the Encyclo­ breaking tangentially at a smaller 12-sided circular in the pedia. By this some 20,000 words were identified and middle of the big one. The author explains: related to the major classes. Each class is denoted by a four digit number preceded "The Chinese symbol at the back of the volume represents a by one letter denoting the section, e.g. W3310 in Section "crisis" or a "critical turning point". It is composed of an upper character representing "danger" and a lower character associated W. Within a section the classes are arranged in the with the notions of "organic complexity" , "intricate systems", numerical order of A.J.N.Judge's decimal classification "hidden opportunity" and "natural evolutionary change". This scheme. This scheme is presented and explained in the symbol is reproduced here because the Encyclopedia of World introductory part and in Appendix 6 in more detail. It is Problems and Human Potential also attempts to embody these based on a functional view of things, hence called seemingly incompatible dimensions in an equally positive manner. It therefore identifies the multiplicity of dangers to "Functional Classification". (A less extended version of society, but it also highlights the interlocking complexity of the Appendix 6 was published in Int.Classif. ll(l984)No.2, existing organizational, intellectual and personal resources. This p.69-76 and No.3, p.139-150). contains the concealed opportunity for creative change and the A first approach to this scheme was developed by opportunity for appropriate response to the crisis of crises". A.J.N.Judge on the basis of I.Dahlberg's Information Overviewing: This is an eminently readable book Coding Classification (ICC). It was modified thereafter gathering information from different sources by a team in view of new ideas which came up considering the well coordinated by Anthony JUDGE. The description is periodic classification of chemical elements as well as transparently clear, concise, pithy and balanced. In some through experience made with the subjects to which cases great authors such as Francis Bacon, and Edmund organizations had been devoted. Thus concepts like Burke have been quoted. (Much regretfully no index "Principles", "Purpose", "Solidarity", "Idealism", to such quoted authors has been provided.) "Harmony", etc. could all be classified on the second The book may find varied audiences, such as re­ level, and been given a two-digit number. The entire searchers, students, writers, speakers, newsmen, decision classification scheme is displayed in matrix form with makers and politicians, and even the dilettante reader. the "Matrix levels": It is a novel work which is absorbing and thought o Cosmosphere/Geosphere provoking to read. To an individual's library it could be 1 Biosphere an assett, and for social science libraries it is an essential 2 Social action (structure) multidisciplinary source. 3 Social action (context) 4 Concept fo rmation (structure) Mohinder Partap Satija 5 Concept fo rmation (context) Department of Library and Information Science 6 Innovative change (structure) Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar�143005, India. 7 Innovative change (context, strategy) 8 Experiential (values) 9 Experiential (Modes of awareness) JUDGE, A.J.N. (Coord.); Union of International Asso­ as against the "Matrix Columns": ciations: Global Action Networks. Classified Directory o Formal pre-conditions by Subject and Region. 4th ed. (Yol.3 of Yearbook of 1 Domain definition

106 Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Book Reviews 2 Organized relations tions; (2) Types of organization (explanations of); (3) 3 Differentiated order Cited organizations (:::: organizations whose names are 4 Contextual renewal 5 Controlled movement cited in the descriptions of other international organiza­ 6 Communication reinforcement tions in YoU); (4) Publications index (e.g.of names of 7 Resource redistribution periodicals published by the listed organizations); (5) 8 Environmental manipulation Statistics (6 tables) listing e.g. the number of organiza­ 9 Condition of the whole tions in 1986/87 and gives an analysis of entries by By this the class numbers/notations of the following subject according to the experimental matrix used in this concepts could be combined to form, e.g.: edition; (6) - as mentioned already - the article 01 "Astronomy": 0""Cosmophere, 1 '" Domain definition "Functional Classification. A review of possibilities. 20 11 "Biology'·: 1 '" Biosphere, 1 = Domain definition pages, 70 references; (7) Use of computers; (8) Union of Not all disciplines have been put under Domain definition, viz.: International Organizations (Aims, etc.); (9) The United

39 "Law'· 3 = Social action, 9 = Condition of the Nations and the Yearbook of International Organiza­ whole tions. The volume begins with a subject index of some

56 "Theology" 5 = Concept 6 = Communication 17000 terms of which about 700 are panted in bold face formation rein vorcemen t indicating the subject heading used in Section W. This (context) index is quite an indispensable part, it includes also

73 "Philosophy" 7 = Innovative 3 = Differentiated order synonymous terms, however without any relationship change, (context, strategy) indications. This Yearbook with its subject access in this volume A further subdivision of these concepts has not been is of ample use to businessmen, industrialists, unionists, listed in the matrix, however it can be acquired from the internationalists, social workers, in a nutshell to all headings following the class/category heading, e.g.: action oriented people. It will help people and associat­ 1100 Biosciences ions in the same field to come together for better 1110 Biology 1120 Growth concerted actions and cooperation. Also it may notify 1121 Genetics the non-existence of associations in some fieldssuggesting 1123 Evolution and Species the fo rmation of organizations in other fields. For any 1125 Morphology of the international organizations and their work it is an 1126 Cytology indispensable and au thentic source. It is highly recom­ In the Sections X (Subject combinations) and Y mended to all reference librarians. (Regions) the scheme is used as well, however, with its Finally, congratulations to coordinator, editor, and notations in combination with subjects and regions, e.g.: publisher for the fact that the computer-based series, of W3800 Agriculture, W2325 Librarians, X3823 Agriculture/ Information and which Vol.3 is a part, received the First Printing World X2338 Information/ Agriculture; Award (J 986) for the most innovative application of Y2038 America/Agriculture, Y2023 America/Information. computers in typesetting by Her Majesty's Stationery The numbers used in Section Z have no contextual Office (UK)! significance. They stand for bodies such as: UN bodies, Mohinder Partap Satija clubs, corporations, religious bodies, colleges, trade Department of Library and Information SCience Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, India unions, banks, parliaments, political parties and staff associations. The arrangement of organizations in the four sections is in the order of their code number given in volume l. HARTER, Stephen P. : Online Information Retrieval: Here types of organizations have been distinguished Concepts, Principles and Techniques. Orlando, etc.: from the most international to the regional: (A) Federa­ Academic Press 1986. XI,259p. tions of international organizations, (B) Universal The special quality of this book is that it gives a very membership org., (e) Intercontinental membership org., good, 1in�uistically precise overview of data bank struc� (D) Regional membership org., (E) Semi-autonomous tures, command languages and search strategies. It is also bodies, (F) Org. of special form, (G) Internationally highly suited as an introduction to these subject fields active national organizations, (H) Inactive or dissolved (chapters l,2, 3, 4, 7). international organizations, (R) Religious orders, frater­ Covering a vast area, the author's reflections on nities, and secular institutes, (S) Autonomous con­ retrieval languages pay attention to linguistic insights, ference series, (T) Multilaterial agreements. Each of the results of thesaurus research as well as fundamental entries contains the following information: name (in considerations on indexing problems. Here as well as in bold face), name of chief executive, full postal address, connection with other subject fields, the author en­ telephone and telex numbers, code letter for nature of deavours to understand and explain subjects from their international body (b bilateral, c conference series, d very basis and their structural dispositions, in which dissolved, e commercial enterprise, f foundation fund, g effort he is quite successful. Numerous examples from intergovernmental, j research institute, n has become various computer languages reflectthe author's quest for national, p proposed body, s information suspect, u vividness of presentation as well as his thorough famil­ individual membership only, y international organization iarity with these languages. - While in each case basic membership). The reference numbers refer to the knowledge (e.g. of Boolean operators) is communicated volumes 1 or 4 for detailed information regarding the as well, the inclusion of much practical experience and organization or the problems. the striving for a comprehensive view make the book in The nine appendices cover: (1) Comments, explana� large parts interesting for the expert, too.

Int. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Book Reviews 107 In chapter 5, "Process of Online Searching" , Harter In his efforts to describe the entire field of online also attempts to formulate qualification requirements retrieval the author deals in Chapter 6 with "effective for an online searcher. They include not only require­ communication" . His remarks on interviewing are ments in terms of knowledge, such as "understanding of comparatively superficial. Interviews to obtain infonna­ command language vocabulary", "understanding of tion or advice may of course play a very important part concepts and principles of controlled vocabularies", in an effective search, but it appears questionable "understanding of concepts and principles of fIle and whether this subject should be treated within the scope record structure", etc., but also the following personality of a book on online searching. In any event, Harter has traits as important prerequisites: self-confidence, ent­ called attention to this connection and has striven, as in husiasm, courage and the ability to make quick decisions, the other parts of his book as well, for a comprehensive creativity, intelligence, masculinity/femininity, self­ description of the subject. -esteem, willingness to grow, patience and various other Hans Striiter characteristics. It is of course not only in online search­ Prof.Dr.H.Striiter, FHS Hamburg, FB Bibliothekswesen, ing that one would be happy to encounter persons with Grindelhof 30, D·2000 Hamburg 13 these personality traits.

among the users who will appreciate the advancements BMDP Statistical Software in 5Y. The 1988 release of BMDP Statistical Software is now 5V is the only program that permits users to specify available. This release includes two exciting new statisti­ the structure of the covariance matrix. Users may de­ cal programs, as well as a long list of enhancements to fine their own structure via a FORTRAN subroutine or the other 40 programs that comprise the BMDP Statisti­ select one of the common options. This flexibility, along cal Software package. with the ability to handle incomplete data, makes 5V Kcy highlights of the new release are programs CA the ultimate program for repeated measures. and 5Y. The two programs are quite different, yet both The latest version of BMDP also includes a host of reflect BMDP's longstanding reputation for introducing other new features, ranging from greater control over convenient and powerful new methods for data ana­ the format of data listings to new options for case lysis. weights and frequency weights. CA is an abbreviation for Correspondence Analysis The 1988 PC version of BMDP Statistical Software - a useful, exploratory technique that converts data includes the addition of a full-screen editor, high resolu­ from a two-dimensional table into a' graphical display. tion graphics and other convenience features. The graphs produced by Correspondence Analysis help The full-screen editor can be used with all 42 BMDP the user identify where there are similarities and differ­ programs to cut, paste and replace words, phrases, lines ences in the data. For example, it would be difficult to or entire text sections. Its principal function is entering visually identify similarities within a table that consisted and editing instructions for input to BMDP programs, of 35 rows by 10 columns. BMDP's CA program quickly but it can also be used to edit data files. generates a plot that groups together the rows and col­ BMDP's new high resolution plots replace character umns that share similar profiles. BMDP is the first of plots in the interactive mode. Each display can also be the big three statistical packages to introduce a module saved for later review and revision. for CA. BMDP will begin shipping its new statistical software CA uses a method similar to Principal Components release for VA X/VMS and IBMlOS systems in June. It Analysis, where a small number of coordinates are will soon be available for many other systems, including created to account for most of the association between VA x/uNIX, SUN, IBM VMlCMS , Hewlett Packard, the rows and columns of a two-way table. This allows CDC/CYBER, ICL, Harris, Honeywell, Data General, for the majority of information contained in the table and IBM PC and PS/2 compatibles. to be presented in a one or two dimensional plot, mak­ BMDP offers a comprehensive package of 42 statisti­ ing it easy for users to examine the data. cal programs, with capabilities ranging from simple de­ The second new program in this release is 5V, which scriptive statistics to the most advanced multivariate provides state-of-the-art methods for analysing re­ techniques. The package provides flexible methods for peated measures data. The essential feature for a re­ frequency tables, plots, ANOVA and ANCOVA, linear peated measures design is that each subject is observed and nonlinear regression. Additionally, BMDP provides more than once - at several points in time or under sev­ specialised procedures that are not available in most eral different conditions. Most programs for repeated other statistical packages such as logistic regression, measures restrict the analysis to complete cases, ignor­ log-linear modelling, survival analysis, missing value es­ ing any cases with missing values (e.g.- data for patients timation and Box-Jenkins time series. The package also who miss one or two of their monthly evaluations). Un­ includes the BMDP Data Manager - a versatile system like those programs, 5Vhas the ability to analyse incom­ for manipulating data files to prepare them for analysis. plete data. This provides a tremendous advantage for For further information please contact: Statistical anyone 'involved with longitudinal studies, because Software Ltd., Cork Farm Centre, Cork, Ireland. Tel: cases with incomplete data are common. For that +35321542722, Telex: 75659 SSWL EI, Fax: reason, medical researchers and psychologists are + 35321542822.

108 lot. Classif. 15 (1988) No. 2 - Book Reviews ON SPECIAL OBJECTS CS 'iTAxdNOMIES) 0 FORM DIVISIONS 5 ***

01 Bibl iographies 110 51 On Taxonomies in the Form and Structure Area 1 02 Literature Reviews 110 52 On Taxonomies in the Energy and Matter Area 2 03 Dictionaries, Terminologies 110 53 On Taxonomies ; n the Cosmos and Earth Area 3 04 Classification Sy stems & Thesauri (CS & T) 110 54 On Taxonomi es in the Bia Area 4 05 Periodicals and Serials 55 On Taxonomies in the Human Area 5 06 Conference Reports. Proceedings 111 56 On Taxonomi es in the Socio Area 6 07 Textbooks (whole fiel d)* 113 57 On Taxonomies in the Econ. & Production Area 7 08 Other Monographs (whole field)* 113 58 On Taxonomies in the Science & Inform. Area 8 09 Standards. Guidel ines 113 59 On Taxonomies in the Humanities Area 9

:1 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS 6 ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS CS & T

11 Order and Classification 113 61 On CS & T in the Form and Structure Area 12 Conceptol ogy in Classification' 114 62 On CS & Tin the Energy and Matter Area 2 120 13 Mathematics in Classification 114 63 On CS & T in the Cosmos and Earth Area 3 120 14 Systems Theory in Classification 114 64 On CS & Tin the Bio Area 4 120 15 Psychology and Classification 114 65 On CS & T in the Human Area 5 120 16 Development of Science and Classif. 114 66 On CS & T in the Socio Area 6 120 17 Problems in Classification 114 67 On CS & T in the Econ.& Production Area 7 120 18 Classification Research 68 On CS & T in the Science & Inform. Area 8 120 19 History of Classification 115 69 On CS & T in the Humanities Area 9 120

CLASSIFICATION AND .LANGUAGE 2 STRUClruRE AND CONSTRUCTION OF CS 8i T** 7

21 General questions of CS & T 115 71 General Problems of Natural Language 22 Elements of CS & T 115 72 Semanti cs 23 Construction of CS & T 115 73 Automatic Language Processing 24 Relationships 115 74 Grammar Problems 25 Numerical Taxonomy 115 75 Question-Answering Sy stems. Online Techniques 26 Nota tion. Codes 116 76 Lexicon/Dictionary Problems 27 Revi sion. Updating, Storage & Maintenance 116 77 General Problems of Terminology 28 Compatibil ity and Concordance between CS & T 116 78 Subject-Oriented Terminology Work 29 Evaluation of CS & T 79 Problems of Hultilingual Systems

3 CLASSING AND INDEXING (METHODLOGY) 8 APPLIED CLASSING AND INDEXING (C & I)

31 Theory of Classing and Indexing 116 81 General Probl ems of Applied C&I 121 32 Subject Analysis 116 82 Da ta C&I 121 33 Classing and Indexing Techniques 117 83 Title C&1 121 34 Automatic Classing and Indexing 117 84 C&I of Primary Literature (Except 85) 122 35 Manual and Automatic Ordering 117 85 Book Indexing 122 36 Coding 118 86 C&I of Secondary Literature 122 37 Recl assification 118 87 C&1 of Non-Book �la teri a 1 s 122 38 Index Generation and Programs 118 88 C&I in Subject Fields 123 39 Evaluation of ClaSSing and Indexing 118 89 free

4 ON UNIVERSAL SYSTEMS 9 CLASSIFICATION ENVIRONMENT

41 On Universal CS & T in General 91 Organization Problems in general 123 42 On the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) 118 92 Persons and Institutions in Classif.& Indexing 123 43 On the Dewey Decimal Classification (DOC) 118 93 Organisation on a National & Internatl . Level 124 44 On the Libr.of Congr.Classif. (LCC)& LCSH 119 94 free 45 On the Bliss Classification (BBC 119 95 Education and Training in Classif.& Indexing 124 46 On the Colon Classification ( RCC l 119 96 fr.ee 47 On the Li brary Bibliographical Classif. (LBC/BBK) 119 97 Economic Aspects in Classif.& Indexing 124 48 On Other Universal Systems 119 98 User Studies 124 49 free 99 Standardization ;n Classif.& Indexing 124

Personal Author Index 124 * Monographs on special topics at special subdivis Divisions of 04, 5, 6, 78, 82, 88 acc. to Information Coding ** CS & T stands for Classification Systems and Thesauri Classification (ICC) described and displayed in Int.Classif. C & I stands for Classing and Indexing 9(1982)2, p.87-93 and in Int.Classif.& Indexi ng Bibliogr. 1.

Language abbreviations: A further division of this scheme (by one and sometimes two bg Bulgarian fi Finnish p1 Pol ish levels) was published in Int.Classif.12(1985)No.3, p.147-151 cs Czech fr French pt Portuguese da Dani sh hu Hungarian ro Romanian de German it Italian ru Russian For reasons of space t was not possible to include the col· ee Estonian ja Japanese sh Serbo-Croatian lected bibliographic terns of subject group 7. They wil l bE en English 1 i Lithuanian sk Slovakian published in the next ssue. es Spanish n1 Dutch uk Ukrainian

Int.Classif. 15(1988)No.2 Classification Li terature 109 FORM DIVISIONS 88-483 032; 78-82 o Vikhma. Kh.: Terms of librarianship. Orig. ru. Tal lin. SU: Va lgus 1987. iMp. The terms are explained with the help of Esthon1an-Russian and 01 Bibliographies Russian-Esthonian dictionaries.

88-472 012 Classificatlon and lndexing Research. Current Bibliography of­ Classification Systems & Thesauri Projects. Indexes. Int.Classlf. Vol 15, No 1, 1988. p.28-32 04 These indexes to research projects listed in Int.Classif. 8(1981)No.3 until 14(1987)No.3 conclude a first series. They 041 GENERAL SCHEMES comprise a systematic subject index. an index to project heads and research worke rs. one of countries and one of infor­ 88-484 041 mation on sources of research projects. Klassifikation fUr Staa tliche Al lqemeinbibliotheken und Ge­ werkschaftsbibliotheken: wissenschaftl iche und Fachliteratur. �4D 013 Belletristik Bd.2: Al habetisches Schla wortre ister. 5.Nach­ 1 Rizzo. S. : Biblio rafia internazional e di thesauri . (Interna­ trag. aSSl catlOn system or pu c ranes an unlon tional Bibliography of Thesauri Orig. it, en. libraries: scientific and special subject literature. Vol .2: Rama. IT: Camera dei Deputati 1987. 158p. Alphabetic Subject Index. 5th Appendix) Orig. de. Berl in, DO: Zentralinst.f.Bibliothekswesen 1987. 40p. 88-474 016.25 Day, W.H.£. ; Whitmore. E.(Eds.): Classification Li terature Au­ 88-485 041 tomated Search Service (CLASS). 1987. Vo l.16. st.John's. NF. lehmann .K.(Ed.): Klassifikation fUr Staatliche Allgmeinbiblio­ 1n Cana�a: Classification Society of North America 1988. 144p. theken und Gewerkschaftsblbll otheken: Te ll Bestande Arto­ The 1ssue contains an introductory part. the 1987 bibliography theken (KAB/Art). (Classiflcatlon system for public librar.l es (presented in the following sections: biological sci ences . bu­ and union libraries: Section on holdings in art libraries (KAB sine�s. earth sciences. engineerin9. mathematical . medical , /Art» Orig.de. Berl in.DD: Zentr.inst. f. Bibl .wes.1987. 15 p. physlcal and social sciences ). There is an author and a cita­ tion index as well as one of the abbreviated and full titles of cited journals. the 1987 profile and the 1987 statistics. 042 THE UNIVERSAL DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION The volume is distributed only to the members of CSNA. 88-486 042. I-de 88-475 016.3 Deutsches Institut fUr Normung: Dezimal klassifikation: 2. Dt. Kapu r, Shabad: Classification and catal oQuinQ: A select bib­ Gesamtaus " 8. Internat.Aus • 0 t. : unst unst ewer e liography. New DeIhl. IN: Ha rman Publ .House 1988. XV,392p. otograp le, us, , Spl e e. Spo-rt. pr ac w ssensc a t. P 1 0- 10 ie Schone Literatur literaturwi ssenschaft. Geo ra hie, lOgNp len, esc 1C e. asses : r, pp le ar , 02 Literature Reviews photography. music, games, sports, linguistics, philology, Bel les lettres, literature, geography, biographies, history) 88-475a 025.321 Orig.de. Berlin-Koln: Beuth Verl . 1986. 143p. Schwartz, C.; Eisenmann, l.M. : Subject analysis. In: Williams, �l .E.(Ed.): Ann.Review of inform.Sc1.& Technol ., Vol .21. White 88-487 042.1-hu Plains, NY: Knowledge Ind. Publ . ,Inc. 1986. p.37-61. 40 refs. Magyar SzabvanyUgyi Hivatal (Ed.): E etemes Tizedes OsztAl 0- The review updates the devel opments between 1982 and 1985, zacs: Teljes kiad&s. UDC 674 (Woodwork and timber industry mentioning especially the efforts in the area of online public 1986. 47p.; UDC 677 (Texti le industries), 1987. 44p. ; UDC 684 access catalogues. microcomputer hardware and software and (Coachbuilding etc.) 1987. Up. , UDC 685 (Saddlerey and har­ technological support for large-scale statistical application. ness, Footwear etc.), 1987, 21p.; UDC 686 (Bookbinding, etc.) 1987, 15p. Orig.hu. Budapest VIII: Szabvanyboltban 1986/87. 88-476 026.3 Clack. D.H.: Catalo in and Classification Section: Annual re­ 88-488 042. 1-ru-51/4 po rt. Orig.en. libr.Resources & Techn.Serv. 32 1987)p.59-60 Universal 'na"a Des "atichna"a Klassifikaci 'a : Tret 'e Soviets­ oe II anle. 3rd Russlan Full UDC Edition. Classes 61 edi­ 88-477 026.3 clne). 1986. 619p. (Vol .3); uac 67/69 Various Industries. etc. Hudson. J.; Walker. G. : The Year's Work in Technical Services 1986. 257p.; UDC 7/9; Art, linguistics, geography and history. Research, 1986. Libr.Resources & Techn.Serv. 31(1987)No 4. 1986. 136p. (Vol .6). Orig.ru. Moskva: VNIIKI 1986. = FlO 572 p.2/5-z86. 38 refs. Contains also one chapter on subject access (p.279-282) deal­ 88-489 042.1-sh ing with the rel evant work of F.E.DeHart & K.Matthesw. V.Dio­ Univerzalna Decimalna KlassifikacUa: Prvo sr skohrvatsko eot­ C dato. K.Markey & A.N.Demeyer, A.J.Jamieson. E.Dolan & l. De­ puno lldanJe. Sernocroat Full vU Ed1tlOn: C1 ass 53: PfiYS1CS, clerck. G. Knutson, H.M.Micco, M.Mahapatra & S.Ch. Biswas, and 1987, 142p. ; Class 69: Building industry. 1987. 52p. Ori�. sh. Ch.Croucher. Belgrade, YU: Jugoslav Center for Technical and Scientiflc 00- cumentation 1987. = FID-423 88-478 026. 2.3 Markey, K. ; Miksa, F.: Subject Access Literature, 1986. 88-490 042.3-it Libr.Resources & Techn.Serv. 31(1987)No 4, p. 334-54, 124 refs. Cons iglio Nationale delle Ricerche. Istituto di Studi sulla The comprehensive survey is subdivided into the following sec­ Ricerca d Documentazione Scientifica: Classificazione decimale tions: General works; Organization and history; Classification universale. Edizione abbreviata italiana. Roma: Edizion; del l' systems; Classification theory and method; Subject headings Ateneo, s.p.a. 1987. 530p. FlO 661. and the Library of Congress; Subject authority control through The handy volume (size 17x24cm) contains an introduction, the LCSH; Subject searching through LC-based, assigned subject tables (1 column) and the index. It is concluded by a biblio­ headings; Other subject access approaches; Conclusion. graphy on the UDC and a survey of the pUblications of the edi­ ting institution (p.522-530).

03 Dictionaries, Terminologies 88-491 042.5 Extensions and Corrections to the UDC 1986. (Series 13, No.1) 88-479 032 urig.en. The Hag ue, Nl: FID Ge neral secretariat 1987. Shapiro, St.C. ; Eckroth, D. (Eds .): Encyclqdedk> of Artificial Intelligence. Vols.1 & 2. New York, etc.: J.Wiley 1987. 1220p. 88-492 042.6-392 Universal Decimal Classification for Use in Polar Libraries. 88-481 032 (3rd ed., rev.) Cambridge.UK: Scott Polar Research Inst. 1986.

043 DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION This edi 12000 terms and defini­ tions of the first edition. The entries are helpfullY cross 88-493 043.1-en-98/99 referenced and include source indications of the definitions, Bauer, M.C. : Dewey Decimal Classification: 200 Schedules. such as from the American National Standards Institute and Expanded for use, based on edition 19. Rev .& expand. Orig. en. from other sources. Catholic libr.Assoc .(USA) 1988. U3p.

88-482 032 044 LI8RARY OF CONGRESS CLASSIFICATION

88-494 044-39 LL ibra�rClY Of con9res.!s. C1assificat�i on;.: Class G. "Geographic Cut­ 't�ersh.�p tt(ExthlenslOnj.����� �Wa��snlngt*t���on.� �DC� : -lL1brary�*��� of Congress. Cata-

110 Int.Classif. 15(1988)No.2 Classification li terature log;ng Distribution Service 1987. (Microfiche publ ication) 88-50B 06.86-06-04/06; 47 The 32.000 "Cutters" can be used to class maps with greater Makhotkina. L.N. : All-Union Meeting-cum-seminar on Problems of cons i s tency . Appl Ying the Library Blbliographical Class'lflcation. Orlg.ru. Sovetskoe Bibliotekovedenie 1986. No.6. p. l06-108

048.1 OTHER GENERAL SCHEMES 88-509 06.86-09-B/10 Wittke. R.: Der Thesaurus als Instrument der Inhaltserschlies­ 88-495 048.1 sung. Veranstaltung des ARI. Kl:i ln. 8.-IO.Sept. 1986. (The the­ VlB Schlagwort Verzeichnis 1987/1988. (Subject headings list saurus as an instrument of subject analysis) Orig. de. of VlB - Gennan list of books in pri nt) . 10th ed. in 4 volumes Bibliotheksdienst Vol 20., No 11. 1986. p. 1063-1065 Orig.de. Frankfurt: Verl .d.Buchhandler-Vereinigung 1987. 8661p. ISBN 3-7657-1394-S. Distributed by K.G.Saur Verl ag. MUnchen.

048- SPECIAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS AND THESAURI

88-496 048-18 DITR-Thesaurus. (Thesaurus for Standardization). Vol .1: Syste­ matl c part. Vo l.2: Alphabetic part. (Orig.de). Berl in. DE: DIN. Deutsches Infonn.zentrum f.technische Regel n 1987. 460+656p.

,88-498 048-61 Booth. B. et al: Thesaurus of sociological indexing terms. San 88-512 06.87-06-28/ Diego. CA: Sociologlcal Abs tracts. Inc. 1986. X,258p. ISBN Bock.H.H.(Ed.}: Classification and Related Methods of Data An­ 0-930710-03-7 alys s. Proceedlngs ot the Flrst Conference of the lnternat­ Book review by Joyce line in The Indexer 16(1988)No.1. p.64-5 lana1 Federation of Classification Societies (IFCS) . Technical University of Aachen, June 29-July 1. 1987. Orig. en. 88-499 048-657 Amsterdam. NL: North-Holland 1988. 745p .• ISBN 0-444-70404-3 Thesaurus fUr wi rtschaftl iche und sozi ale Entwicklun . (The- The volume starts with naming the 15 members of the Scientific saurus or SOClo-economlC eve opment . r'lg. e rev.ed. Program Commi ttee and the 69 referees for the proceedings vo­ I: Alphabetic part. 2.Structured part, 3. Index part. en-de. lume and chairmen of the conference sections. The Conference fr-de, es-de. Bonn. DE: Deutsche StHtung fUr Internationale had been supported by 8 institutions and 5 companies. The 86 Entwicklung (DSE). Zentrale Dokumentation. 1987. 28l+S1+99p. papers (number in brackets) are grouped into the fol lowing ISBN 3-924441-33-2 chapters: l.Survey lectures (6). 2.Clustering and Classifica­ tion Methods (14). 3.Probabilistic Methods 1n Cluster Analysis 88-S00 048-8227; 872 (9). 4. Pattern Recognition and Discrimination f�e thods (5). 5. Lorenz. D. : On the classification of a special topi c. using Consensus and Aggregation �lethodes (5). 6. Biological Taxonomy . "3-D" as an exampl e. Inspel 21{1987}No.3, p. 168-175 Phylogenies. and Sequence Analysis (7) . 7.Similarity Represen­ This is a paper dealing with the problems of three-dimensional tation. Scal ing Methods, and Valuations (11) , 8.Linear Data vision and imagi ng. Modifications and additions to a classifi­ Analysis and Extensions (7), 9. Algebraic Methods of Data Ana­ cation for photographic literature are given. the resulting lysis (4), 10. Special Topics from Data Analysis and Statis­ classification is presented. tics (8) . 11.Classification and Data Bases, Expert Systems. Informa tion RetrieVal . and Compu tational Aspects (9). The vol . 88-501 04B-817 ume is concluded with an annex paper and a subject index. Webster, L., Rhodes. A.(Comps.): Grant Thesaurus. Phoenix. AZ: 88-513 Gower, J.C.: Classification, geome try . and data anal­ Oryx Press 1986. 60p.• ISBN 0-89774-335-0 pbk. ysis. - 88-514 Luce.R.D. : Goals, achievements. and 1 imitations Gives online users deta iled access to subject terms listed in of modern fundamental measurement theory. - 88-515 Murtagh ,F.: funding programs. It relates to a database for the sponsored­ Classification probl ems in astronomy. - 88-516 Niemann. H.: research community of more than 5000 funding programs. Classification - new challenges to an ofcr-jwoolem. - 88-517 Sokal. R.R. : Unsolved problems in numerical taxonomy. - 88-518 88-502 048-822 Trifonov. E.N. : Nucleotide sequences as a language: Morpholo­ Zinkham.H. ; Parker. E.B. (Comps .& Eds.): Descriptive terms for gical classes of words. - 88-519 Batagelj. V. : Generalized graph ic materials. Genre and physical characteristic headings. Ward and related clustering probl ems. - 88-520 Critchley, F.: Washington. DC: library of Congress. Cataloging Distribution The Eucl idean structure of a dendrogram� variance of a Service 1986. 135p. node and the question: llHow many clusters really are there?". 88-521 Durand, C .• Fichet. B. : One-to-one correspondences in 88-503 048-822 pyramidal representation. A unified approach. - 88-S22 Eisen­ Thomas III. J.B.: Additions and chan es to enre terms : A the­ blatter. D. ; Bozdogan, H.: Two-stage multi-sample cluster anal­ saurus. College & Re s.l1hr . Vol 48. 0 9, 18� 7. p.S5a-56G ysis. - 88-523 De Gruijter. J.J. ; McBratney, A.B.: A modified 1"i1e!1st of additions and changes Nhas been approved by the fuzzy k-means method for predictive classification. - 88-524 RBMS (Rare books and Manuscripts) Standards Commi ttee and Herden, G. : The role of error-functions in order to obtain re­ serves as a suppl ement to the published thesaurus. (Exampl es : latively optimal classification. - 88-525 Lebart.L. : Contribu­ Advertisements. Broadsides. Fiction, Junk ma il . Posters, tion of classification to the processing of longitudinal so­ Puzzles) . cio-economic surveys. - 88-526 Lerman. I.C. : Comparing parti­ tions (mathematical and statistical aspects ). - 88-527 Ral am­ 88-504 048-823 bondrainy. H. : A clustering method for nominal data and mix­ Thomas III. J.B. ; RBMS Standards Committee: Relator terms for ture of numerical and nominal data. - 88-528 Sackin. H.J.; rare book, manuscript. and spec1d1 col lectlons cataloging: 3rd Sneath.P.A.H. : Choosing the smallest number of binary charact­ ed. College & Res .Libr.News Vol 48, No 9. 1987. p.553-557 ers to distinguish the greatest number of OTUls. - 88-529 De Introductwn stating purpose. fonn. application and revision Soete. G. : Tree representations of proximity data """'bY"Teast and list of 75 relator terms for contributors to the contents, squares methods. - 88-530 Spath. H. : Homogeneous and heteroge­ production. or provenance of special materials. The list is neous clusters for distance matrices. - 88-531 Vach, W.; De­ built up in the form of an alphabetical thesaurus. gens, P.O. : The system of common lower nergnDOUrs of a hierar­ chy. - 88-532 Windham. M.P.: Analysis of continuous assignment 88-505 048-8227 cluster�sults. - 88-533 Bacelar Nicolau. H. : Two probabi­ Parker.E.B.: LC Thesaurus for Gra hic Materials: To ical Terms listic models for classification of variables in frequency for Sub'ect Access LCTGH . Washington.DC: Library of Congress tables. - 88-534 Corsten. L.C.A. : Clustering treatments in a a oglng s rl u lon ervice 1987. XXVI.591p. non-standard design. - 88-535 Davies. P.L. : Consistent estim­ Provides a single list of more than 6.000 standard tenns with ates for finite mixtureSOfWell separated el liptical distri­ detailed scope notes from which catal ogers and researchers can butions. - 88-536 Devijver. P.A. ; Dekesel , M.M: Cluster anal­ choose indexing and retrieval vocabulary for prints, photo­ ysis under Markovian dependence with appl icatiotl to image seg­ graphs. drawings. and pictorial ephemera. These terms, author­ mentation. - 88-537 Godehardt. E.; Herrmann. H.: Multigraphs ized for use in MARC records. wi ll be particularly useful in as a tool for numerical classification. - 88-538 Hartigan.J.A. : l_ibraries. historical societies. archives, and museums. The span test for unimodality. - 88-539 Krauth.J.: An improved upper bound for the tail probab'llities of the scan statistic for testing non-random clustering. - 88-540 Rasson.J.P. ; Hardy. 06 Conference Reports, Proceedings A. , Weverbergh. D. : Point process. "'CTIi"SSTfication. and data analysis. - 88-541 Saito. T. : Cluster analysis based on nonpar­ 88-507 06.86-05-26/2B; 47 ametric tests. - 88-542 Balakrishnan. N. ; Tiku. M.L. : Robust classification procedures. - 88-543 Eben. K. : On a type of likel ihood ratio occuring in d1scnminant analysis. - 88-544 Weber. J.; 8aldessari, B.: Optimal classification regions for 1 iotekovedenie 1986. No.6. p. W8-109. 1 ref. nonnal random vectors with separable and partially exchange­ {eports on a seminar for heads of inter-district schools in able dependence. - 88-545 Wegscheider. K. : The risk of rever­ the republics. sal - an alternative enterion for comparison of discr1mina-

Int.Classif. 15(1988)No.2 Classification Literature III tic" methods. - 88-546 Wernecke, K.-D. ; Kal b,G.• StUrzebecher. Terminology and knowledge data processing. - 88-604 F(51di, T. : E.: On classificatlon strategies in medical diagnostics (with Multilingual dictionary of economics: Targets and solutions. special reference to mixed model s), - 88-547 Barthl':!H':!my. J.P. ; .ru!:ill Stieglbauer, G. : Eine Terminologiedatenbank fUr die Monjardet, B.: The med ian procedure in data analysis: New re­ praktische Wissensverarbeitung (A terminology databank fUr sults and open problems. - 88-548 Day, W.H.E.: Consensus me­ practical knowledge processing). - 88-606 Pigott, LM. : SYS­ thods as tools for data analysis. - 88-549 Faith, D.P.: Con­ TRAN machine translation processing asan example of natural sensus appl ications in the biologfCa'rSciences. - 88-550 language understanding. - 88-607 Van der Horst, K. : TRADOC . leclerc, B.; ConsenSus applications in the social sclences. 88-608 Vollmer,J.: EUROTRA - goals. organization and framework 88-551 Schader, M. ; TUshaus, U. : Analysis of qualitative data : design. - 88-609 Van der Horst, K. : SYSlING. - 88-610 Delgado, �;stic for finding a complete preorder. - 88-552 Oopaze, R.R. : Sy stems theory for knowledge basis. 88-61TE1chholz.R. : J.; Sobrino,F., Domingo.E. . Moya ,A.: Polymorph'lsm and evolu­ The creation of technical tel1l1S in Esperan�8 8-612 Brons, tion of the VPl protein gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus. U. : Asoects of translation equivalence and their lmpact on the 88-553 Hendy,M.D. ; Steel ,M.A. , Penny,D. , Henderson,I.M. : Fami­ use of confidence codes in a mul ti-bilingual terminological lies of trees and consensus. - 88-554 Kurz ,G. ; led er,G., leder, database. - 88-613 loening, K. : The road to a truly authorita­ 0.: Cl assification methods as tools for the interpretation of tive chemical dictionary. - 88-614 Zarco,J.; Fernandez ,J. , De non-resolved cellular structures in microscopic images. 88-555 Irzazabal, A., Ortiz, C •• Alvarez, S. : Viersprachiges W!jrter­ lausen,B.; Degens ,P.O. : Evaluation of the reconstructiO'ilOf buch fUr die Ernahrungswissenschaft. (Four-languages diction­ phylogenies with DNA-DNA-hybridization data. - 88-556 Hempe, ary for nutrition science). - 88-615 Paquin,l.-C. : Oeredec-EX­ U.: Characterizing DNA variabllity by stochastic matrlces. PERT, outil d'ing'Emierie cognHwe. (Deredec-EXPERT, a tool 88-557 Sankoff, D. ; Ceder�ren, R.J. , Gray, M.W.: Supercomput­ for knowledge engineering) . - 88-616 Zarri, G.P. : Memorlsation �r molecular cladistlcS. - 88-558 Wh ite, R.J.; Prentice, et recouperation ;ntel ligente� i nfol1l1at10n veh1culee par H.C.: Comparison of shape description methods for biological des messages en langage naturel . (Storage and intelligent re­ outl ines. - 88-559 B(5ckenhol t.I.; Gaul ,W. : Probabilistic mul­ trieval of information in natural language messages). - 88-617 tidimensional scaling of pai red comparisons data. - 88-560 Eisele, H.A. : Concept assessment in terminological pract� B(5ckenhol t. U. : Multivariate analysis of choice behavior. - 88-618 Ananiadou, S. : The impact of knowledge engineering on 88-561 Carrol l. J.D. ; OeSarbo, W.S. , De Soete, G. : Stochastic the training of terminologists. - 88-619 Goetschalckx, J.A.M. ; tree unfolding (STUN) model s: Theory and application. 88-562 Ulijn, J.M. : User-friendliness of Dutch computer terminology. Feger,H.: Spatial representation of feature patterns. 88-563 88-620 Schneider. T.: Lexicon structure in the metal machine Fichet, S.: l -spaces in data analysis. - 88-564 Gabriel� translation system. - 88 .. 621 McCrank, L.J.: Linking bibliogra­ � Odoroff,Chl .l J Choi,S. : Fitting lower dimensional ordinations phic and archival information systems: Indexing terms and to incompl ete similarity data. - 88-565 Heiser. W.J. : Multidi­ stratified vocabularies. - 88-622 Riggs, F. : Terminology for mensional scaling with least absol ute residuals. - 88-566 Hu­ social scientists: The problem and a solution. 88-623 Ermert, bert,l. ; Arabie, P.: Relying on necessary conditions for opti­ A. : Temrinology and standards as prerequ isites----oTl(nowledge mization: Unidimensional scaling and some extensions. - 88-567 systems. - 88-624 Mie, F. : Towards a terminol ogy and typology Klauer, K.C.: Representing proximities by ordinal networ� of factual information systems. - 88-625 BrUckl er,H.; Florian, 88-568 Mathar. R. : Dimensionality in constrained scaling. - D. , Kalcher, R.: SAFIR (Smart Assistant for Information Re­ � Orth. 8.: Representing similarities by distance graphs: tr1eval ). - � Bromley, Y.V•• Guboglo, M.N. , Drobisheva" Monotonic network analysis (MONA) . - 88-570 D'Alessio,G. : Mul­ L.M., Tabol ina,T.V. : Erstes russisch-sprachiges Glossarium fUr tistep principal component analysis (MPCA): A new approach for Ethnos und ethnische Prozesse. (First Russian-language gloss­ the analysis of contingency table series. - 88-571 Escoufier, ary for ethnos and ethnic processes). - 88-627 Feng, Zh .: On V. : 8eyond correspondence analysis. - 88-572 Meulman, J.J.: linguistical information included in the sentences of Chinese Nonlinear redundancy analysiS via distances. - 88-573 Nishisa­ language. - 88-628 Inoue. H.; Naito, E. : Construction, maint­ to, S.: Forced classification procedure of dua:rscaJing: Its enance and u5eOrcomputerized discipl inary-oriented Japanese mathematical properties. - 88-574 Rizzi, A.: On the avera�e scientific termi nology bases. - 88-629 Ota,Y. : The terminology matrix. 88-575 Saporta,G. : �m aximal association cr;terla of taste perception throughout East Asia. - 88-630 Ito,R. ; Abe, in linear analysis and in cluster !analysis. - 88-576 Ter Braak, M. , Oota, K. : Profile of the Japanese medica�inol ogy under Cajo J.F.: Partial canonical corrspondence analysis. - 88-577 computer control . - 88-631 Hussain. K.M.; Ghafur, Z.A. : Termi­ Ganter. G. : Composition and decomposition of data in formal nology development in Malaysia. - 88-632 Mansuri , R. : Standar­ concept analysis. - 88-578 Luksch, P. ; Wi lle, R. : Formal con­ dization of phys iCS terms in Persi�88-633 Klein, F.: Ter­ cept analysis of paired comparisons. - 88-579 Spangenberg,N.; minology problems with multinational companies in the USA. Wolff, K.E.: Conceptual grid evaluation. - 88-580 Wi lle, R.: � Diamessis. S. E. : Termi nological problems in the Greek Dependencies between many-valued attributes. - 88-581 Bausch, context - Policy, administrative and other factors involved. Th. : Improvement of samples by exchanging heuristlcs. - 88-582 88-635 Bromley , Y.V. : Ethnische Terminologie in der sowjeti­ 80ese,F.G. : Estimating and testing with the Bhattacharya plot. schen wissenschaftlichen Literatur. (EthniC terminology in So­ 88-583 80zdogan. H.: ICOMP: A new model -sel ection criterion. viet scientific literature). - 88-636 Drobisheva,L.M. : Prinzi­ aa::58'ir 80zdogan, H. : Selecting loglinear models and subset se­ pien der Verfassung des Glossariums fUr Lebensweise der Volker lection of variables in multi-way contingency tables using der UdSSR. (Layout principles of a glossary on the Russian way Akaike's information cri terion (AIC). - 88-585 Celeux ,G. ; Die­ of life). - 88-637 Gouboglo,M.M. : Engl ish language and Russian bol t, J.: A probabilistic teacher algorithm for iterative ma­ language glossanes on ethnicity and ethnic processes: Simil­ ximum likelihood estimation. - 88-586 Hayashi, C. : Response arities and differences. - 88-638 Tabol ina,T.V. : Termi nological rel iability and multidimensionalcra:ra-analysis. 88-587 Nagel , reflection of ethnic phenomena in Soviet and Western science: M.; Dobberkau. H.-J. : Graphical methods of exploratory data In search of consensus. - � Grabarczyk,Z.: Statistics and analysis: An overview. - 88-588 Wackernagel , H.; Webster , R. , L�P didactics. - 88-640 De Grol ier,E. : Wrapping up presenta­ Oliver, M.A. : A geostatistical method for segmenting multivar­ tlOn. - 88-641 Czap;rr.: Neue Ansatze in Tenninologie und Wis­ iate sequence of soil data. - 88-589 Al lkin, R. ; White, R.J.: senstechJi1'lCologne School) Orig. de. semantics from a computational view of linguistics. - 88-602 Int.Aufg.DGO Vol 9. No 8. 1987. p. 1l5-lI6 Vogt, F.H. : The use of knwoledge for protocol correctness:-:: Report on the meeting at which problems 1n the fields of UDC 88-603 Budin, G.; Gal inski, C. , Nedobity, W. , Thal ler, R.: 30. 311 and 316 were discussed.

112 Int.Classif. 15(1988)No.2 Classification Li terature 88-647 06 .87-10; 18 life. The robabilistic athwa s of evol ution. Ed.: R.G.Colo­ IU'. trans . ar o. Phl ade ph ia, : lSI Press 1985. HOp. Int.ClaSS1f. Vol 15. No I, 1988. p.44-46 z 88-675 08. 1 06. 87-10-14/15 Oeser. L: Das Abenteuer der kollektiven Vernunft. Evol ution translation - a und Involution der Wissenschaft. (The adventure of collective reason. Evolution and involution of science) Ori9 .de. Berl in und Hamburg: Verl .P.Parey 1988. 226p. , ISBN 3-489-63134-X Comprises the following chapters : Die Oberschreitung des Meso­ 88-649 06.87-11; 715 kosmos: Der Beginn des Abenteuers. Die Oberflache der Erschei­ Boose. J., Gaines, B.: (Workshop on) Knowledge Acquisition. nungen: Quantitat und QualiUit. Die gewaltsame Frage an die Int.J.Man-Machine Studies Vol 26. No 1-2. 1987 Natur: Kausali tat und Experiment. Das Ende des laplaceschen The two issues contain the fol 1woing papers of a Workshop held Geistes: Kausalitat und Wahrscheinlichkeit. Die Evol ution der in Banff, Canada , Nov.1987. 88-650 Boose, J.H.; Bradshaw,J.M. : wissenschaftlichen Methode. Das natUrliche System des Wissens Expertise transfer and complex problems; using AQUINAS as a als Topologie methodologischer Verwandtschaft. (The natural knowledge-acquisition workbench for knowledge-based systems. system of knowledge as topology of a methodological relation­ 88-651 Diederich,J. ; Ruhnann. I.. Mly, M. : KRITON: a knowledge­ ship). Der Sieg Uber die Natur: Die Evolution der Apparate und acquisition tool for expert systems. - 88-652 Eshelman, L.; Maschinen. Die Folge des Sieges: Die Evolution des Bosen. In­ Ehret.D•• McDermott,J., Tan. M.: MOLE: a tenacious knowledge­ volution in der Wissenschaft: Oas Ende des Abenteuers? acquisition tool . - 88-653 Gale. W.A. : Knowledge-based know­ ledge acquisition for a statistical consu lting system. 88-654 88-676 08.119 Klinker.G. ; Bentol i1a.J.• Genetet.S., Grimes,11 .• McDermott.J. : Beck, H. : Book review of Dahlber • l. Ed. : Klassifikation als KNACK - Report-driven knowledge acquisition. - 88-655 Littman. Werkzeug der lehre und Forschung. ClaSSification as a tool of D.C.: Model ling human expertise in knowledge en�ing: some teachlng and research}. Frankfurt: Indeks Verl .1986. 184p. preliminary observations. - 88-656 Marik, K. : Acquiring domain Orig.de. Zb1 .Bibl.wes. Vol 102, No 2. 1988. p.81-84. 10 refs. model s. 88-657 Musen.M.A.; Fagan.L.M.• Combs.D.M .• Shortl iffe. E.H. : Use of a domain model to drive an interactive knowledge­ Review also by W.G.Stock in: Nachr.Dok. 39(1988)No 2. p. 126-8 editing tool . - 88-658 Delgrande, J.P. : A fonnal approach to learning from examples. - 88-659 Gruber. T.R. ; Cohen. P.R. : 88-678 OS. 2. 3 Design for acquisition: Principles of knowledge-system design Bose, H. : Information science. Principles and practice. to faci litate knowledge acquisition. - 88-660 Johnson, P. E.; New Delhi-Ban9alore: Sterl ing Publ . 1986. XIV,182p. Zaulkernan. I.. Garber. S.: Specification of expertise. 88-661 Has a chapter on classification systems and one on indexing. Kitto, C.M. ; Boose. J.H. : Heuristics for expertise transfer: an implementation of a dialog manager for knowledge acquisi­ 8S-680 08.323 tion. 88-662 Kornel l.J.: Formal thought and narrative thought Buscher, M. : Book review of Ca urro R. : Hermeneutik der Fach­ in knowledge acquisition. - 88-663 Moore. E.A. ; Agogino. A.M.: information. ermeneu 1CS 0 specla su Jec 1n ormatlOn . INFORM: an architecture for expert-di rected knowledge acquisi­ Freiburg-MUnchen: K.Alber 1986. 239p. Orig. en. tion. - 8S-664 Bylander, T. i Chandrasekaran. B.: Generic tasks Int.Classif. 15(1988)No I, p.42-43 for knowledge-based reasoning: the "right" level of abstrac­ tion for knowledge acqui sition. - 88-665 laFrance.M. : The Revi ewed also by B.lorenz in: Z.Bib1 .wes.u.Bibliogr. 34{1987} Knowledge Acqu isition Grid: a method for training knowledge No 4, p.289-290; and by R.Thiele in: Bib1iothek. Forsch.u. engineers. - 88-666 Woods, D.O.; Hol lnagel . E. : Mapping cogni­ Praxis Vol 11. No 3, 1987. p.358-363, 41 refs. tive demands in complex probl em-sol ving worl ds. 88-683 08.348 Soergel ,O. : Book review of Panyr, J.: Automatische Klassifika­ tion und Information Retrieval . Orig. en. Int.ClassH. Vol 15. No 1, 1988. p.42

88-684 08.7 88-668 06.88-03-17/19 Mater, L: Book review of Ballmer, Th.T.• Brennenstuhl , W.: Classification and Order. 12th Annual Conference of the Ge­ Deutsche Verben. (German verbs). TUbingen: G.Narr Verl .1986. sellschaft fUr Klassifikatlon. Orlg. en. XII,413p. Orig.de. Int.Classif. Vol 15, No 1. 1988. p.43-44 Int.Classlf. Vo l 15. No 1. 1988. p.26 Short report with the list of the plenary papers and the pre­ conference course of the SIG li brary Classification. 09 Standards, Guidelines

88-669 06.88-03-25/26 8S-685 09.23a COl lo ue Sur 1 'Histoire de 1a Terminologie. Orig. en. DIN 1463 Teil 1: Erstellung und Weiterentwicklung von Thesau­ ? 15, 19S5. Int.C assn. vol No I, p.12 ri ; einsrachige Thesauri . (Establ i shment and fUrther develop­ list of the papers of the Colloquy which took place from Mar. ment of hesauri; monol1ngual thesauri) Ori9 . de. 25-26. 1988 at Brussel s, Institut libre Marie Haps. Berl in. DE: Beuth Verl . 1987. 12p. Replaces DIN 1463/03.76

07 Textbooks 8S-686 09.3 Re eln fUr die inhaltl iche ErschlieBun von Dokumenten . {Rules 8S-670 07.2.3 or su ect ana YS1S 0 documents. 3r e. Ong. e. Stuttgart: Keen, M.: Book review of F.W.lancaster: Vocabulary control for Informationszentrum Raum und Bau d.Fraunhofer Ges. 1986. 39p. infonnation retrieval . 2nd ed. Arl lngton. VA: Infonm.Resources Press 1986. XVII,270p. J. Doc. Vol 43, No 4, 19S7. p.360-1 1 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS 8S-671 07.23 Bakewel l, 11 Order and Classification

88-687 111; 935 8S-672 07.3 Hsiao-feng Shu: A bibliometric stUdY of Chinese classification theories. Orig.ch. Bul l.libr.Assoc.of China 1986, No.39, p.107 -128 The literature of Chinese classification schemes theories for the period 1900-1974 has been studied bibliometrically. Book review also by M. Forrest in: Indexer 16(1988)No.l. p.67 88-688 Jl3 88-673 07.3 Frumkina.R.M.; Mirkin.B.G.: "Features" and "gestalts" in clas­ Satija, M.P. : Book review of WYnar, B.S. : Introduction to cat­ sification experiments. Orig.ru. In: Eksperlm.metody v psikho­ alogin and classification. 7th ed. Ed.by A.Taylor. littleton, lingv. Moskva. SU 1987. p.8-28, 28 refs. CO: [1g raries Unlimlted 1985. 65Jp. Or lg. en. l'nt. Classif. Vol 15, No 1. 1988. p.39-40 88-689 Jl6; 952 Kaula. P.N. : Stu of universe of knowled e. Analysis. trend and development. Herald Libr.Sci. 26 1987 No 3-4. p.209-213. 08 Other �onographs 3 refs. See also 88-697, -733, -747. -750, -754, -852, -856 88-690 119 88-674 08.1 Roman. E. : The impact of classification. Orig. roo en. Lockenhoff, H. : Book review of Nalirnov. V.V. : Space. time and Probl . Inform.Ooc. ,Bucuresti Vol 21, No 3. 1987. p. 103-108

Int.Classif. 15(1988)No.2 Classification literature Jl3 ;1.2 Conceptoiogy in Classification the 48 ba;. ,(. ,ne�· e tormulas and their associated 24 rela­ tionships from within the area of phys ics. It is from these 88-691 121; 715 patterns, developed at the most basic level of our scientific Rapaport. W.J.: Logi c. In: Encycl .Artif.lntel l., Vol .I. New understanding, geometry and physics, that the proposal is made York, NY 1987. p.536-538. 12 refs. that these patterns might be carried over into other areas and meaningful conclusions drawn, (Author. abbr.) 88-692 122 Hardt. S. L.: Conceptual dependency. In: Encycl.Artif. Intell .• Vol .l. New York. NY 1987. p. 194-199 14 Systems Theory in Classification

88-693 122 8B-706 141 Lane, J.-E. : The theory/concept/indicator problem: An epi stem­ Flood. R.l. : Com lexit : a definition b construction of a con- olog1cal note for COCTA. Orig. en. ceptual framewor :ystems esearc a ,p. Int.Class,f. VOl 15. No I, 1988. p.21-24, 18 refs. 14 refs. Concepts and indicators should be stated 1n two different lan­ guages so that a balance may be stroken between the two. "The­ ory without data is empty and data wtthout theory is blindll• 15 Psychology and Classification (Author. abbr.) 88-707 155 88-694 122 Hanson, St.J .• Bauer. M.: Machine learning. clustering and po­ Levi n,G.D. : Towards the pr oblem of formal and conceptual gene­ lyroorph . In: Uncertainty Arti f.Intell. Amsterdam. etc. 1986. ralisation. Orig.ru. Filos.nauki. No 8, 1987. p.50-58 p.415-4� 8. 24 refs.

88-695 123; 124 88-708 155 Gopinath.M.A. : Design of concept codes in information retriev­ levin. G.D. : Contemporary theories of analysis and synthesis. al : an analysis ot trends . urig. en. Orig.ru. In: Probl.razvi tiya znaniya v metodol .nauch. Moskva , Libr.Sci.Slant Doc. Vol 24, No 4. 1987. p.226-234, 5 refs. 1987. p.100-119. 38 refs. Presents a set of criteria involved in the design and devel­ opment of information retrieval systems. Analyses the value 88-709 156 of facet analysis technique in the knowledge representation Glasersfeld, E.v,: Cognition as self-regulation: Steps in the process. (Author) construction of "others" and "reali ty". Or lg.pl. In: Proj .1 syst. T.9. Wroclaw, etc. 1987. p.93-100, 7 refs. 88-696 124; 757 Ananda,A.l. ; Foo, S.M. : Knowledge representation using an aug­ 88-710 156; 715 mented pl anning network: Appl1cat10n to an expert system for Pylyshyn, Z.W. : Cognitive science. In: Encycl .ArtH .lntell .• planning HPlC separations. J.Chem. Inform. Comput.Sci. Vol 28, Vol .I. New York, etc. 1987. p. 120- 124, 41 refs. 1988. p.82-86, 7 refs.

88-697 124 16 Development of Science and Classification Heyer. G. ; Krems , J. : Wissensarten und ihre Darstellun .{Kinds of knowledge and their representation Orlg.de. 8erlin-Heidel­ �711 U2 berg: Springer 1988. VII.292p. Informatik-Fachber .• Bd.169 �hen, J. : The natural structure of scientific knowledge : an Contributions of an interdi sciplinarY meeting on Cognitive attempt to map a knowledge structu re. an g. en . Science treating philosophical , linguistic and psychological J. Inform.Sci. Vol 14, 1988. p.131-139, 4 refs. aspects of the representation of knowledge. The paper considers the pos sibility that recorded knowledge can be spl it into information fragments and then re-assembled 88-698 124 in response to queries by standardizing the fragments. In this way a kind of database can be formed as a mapped knowledge structure. The appendix exempl ifies the process of abstratin9 knowledge fragments from a news report. (Author)

88-699 124; 164 8B-712 164 Zeigler. B.P. : Knowl edge representation from Newton to Mi nsky Kmi ta, J,: D namics of science develo ent and t es of scien- and beyond. Orig.en. Appl .Arti f.Intel l. 1(1987)No.l. p.87-107, tific discip lnes. ng.p . ag.nau ozn. 0 • p. - 34 refs. 88-713 164; 715 88-700 128-12; 153 Nutter. J.T. : E istem010 Y. In: Encyc1.ArtH. Intell.. Vol .l. New York, etc. 1� a/. p.28%�287. 54 refs.

�714 1M Wawrzynczak. R.: On the structures of knOWledge (information) : 88-701 128-82 A non-pragmatic po int of view, Orig. pl . Houser, l. : A conceptual analysis of information science. Zag.naukozn. Vol 22. No 3, 1986. p.459-470. 27 refs. Orig.en. libr.& Infonn.Sci.Res. Vol 10. 1988. p.3-34

�m l�m 17 Problems in Classification lischka. Ch.; Diederich, J. : Gege nstand und Methode der Kogni­ See also 88-817 _tionswissenschaft. (Object and method of cognitive science) Orig.de. G�1D-Spiegel. No.2-3, 1987. p. 21-32, 25 refs. '88-715 173 Bock. K. : . (Rules for the Subject Catalogue sins against subject ca- 13 Mathematics in Classification taloguing) .de. 40(1988)No 3, p.262-267 See also 88-746 and the entries under 25 The application of the RSWK show in a number of examples 11 kinds of "sins" committed. These are explained. 88-703 132; 715 Dencheva , LS. : AI appl i cations in informa tion technologi es: 88-716 173 use of fuzzy set theory in inforrnat1on system deslgn. or1g.bg. Scharmann. U. : Argumente gegen RSWK und der Versuch. s;e zu w;­ In: Avtoma tiz. i nfonn.obsluzhv. : 3 Nauch. -pril . konf .mezhdunar. derl egen. (Arguments against the RSWK - Rules for the Subject ychastie. Ch.l. Sofiya. BG 1987. p.219-223 Cata logue and the attempt to refute them) Orig. de. Buch u.Bibliothek Vol 40, No 3. 1988. p. 267-269 132 88-717 179 Classification and the classified catalogue. Orig. ru. Moskva, SU: Gos.biblioteka SSSR im.V. I.lenina 1987. 141p. Summing-up of research results and methodological work done refs. during the 11th Five-year Plan. Determination of long-term and promising directions of the development of classified 88-705 134; 161 catalogues. Franklin. J.St.: A ph ilosoph ical inguir into the geometry of knowledge. Systems Res. vol 4. 1987. p.1g 7-201, 59 refs . Using an interdisciplinary systems approach, this paper pre­ 88-718 179.934 sents a comprehensive overview of our scientific knowledge of l.A. ; the Cosmos within a conceptual four dimensional tetrahedral geometry where relationships are primary. Vital to the devel­ opment of this model is a proposed innovative pattern, using

114 Int.Clas:" t, 15(198hjNo.2 Classification literature 19 History of Classification 88-728 Ld, 323; 448 See also B8-818, 88-931 Diodato. V.; Tables of (.ontents and book indexes : hO�1 well do they match readers' descriptions of books? libr .Resources & 88-719 193 Techn.Serv. Vol 30, No 4. 1986. p.402-412 ErUnsal .I.E.: Catalogues and cataloguing in the Ottoman libra­ ries. Orig. en. Libri 37(1987)No.4, p. 333-349 , 46 refs. 88-729 224 Tries to explain the making of catalogues in Turkey since the Vasilev,Kh.; Fil ipov, B., Momchev, I.: A hierarchic conceptual 15th century. model of an intelligent infonnation sys tem. Orig. bg. ] n: Avtomatlz , lnform.obsl uzhv . : 3 nauch .-pril . konf .mezhdunar. ��-720 193; 334 uchastie. Ch .2. Sofia. BG 1987. p. 53-59, 3 refs. Gu ll. C.D. : H1storial Note: Information science and technology: from coordinate indexing to the global bra ln. brig. en. 88-730 224 J.ASIS Vol 38. No 5, 1987. p.33B-366, 9 refs. Kopi nski , A. : A method for optimi sing the structure of a hier­ Traces the origin of automatic coordinate indexing in the archic catalogu e. Orig .pl. Pr.nauk.AE Wroclawiu, No 362. 1986. 19405 with Mortimer Taube (1910-1965) and Al berto F.Thompson p.63-66, 5 refs. (1907-1957). In 1951 they presented their paper on coordinate indexing of scientific fields and founded the discipline of information science. Poses SOme research areas on the function 23 Construction of CS & T of the brai n. thinking and memory . (M.P.Satija) See also 88-671 88-685

88-721 193; 933 88-731 231 Hol ley, R.P.: Develo ents and rogress in classification and Gopinath.M.A.: Symbiosis between classification and thesaurus. indexing. Orig.en. Inr .Catalog. �0] 16. No 4, 1981. p.42 Libr.Sci.Slant Doc. Vol 24. No 4. 1987. p.211-225. 24 refs. States that there are no rules fro classification and indexing as e.g. for cataloguing in the form of AACR-2. Expl ains the �n2 U3; 795 work of the Classification and Indexing Section of the IfLA Kalaekina ,S.Ja.: On the sema ntic equivalence of lexems of dif­ Div.of Bibl iographic Control . This Section advocates the im­ ferent natural languages. Orig. ru. portance of subject access; shares knowledge about current Nauchno-tekhn .lntonn.,Se r.2, No 5, 1987. p. 1-5. 20 refs. practices and sponsors research. It al so serves as a forum for Third World needs. (M.P.Satija) 88-733 234 Developm ent and use of vocabu lary and terminological facil i­ 88-722 193; 197; 934 tles of document retrieval s stems. Orl g.ru. In: Mezhvedomst­ Hunter, E.J.: The United Kingdom contribution to subject cata­ vennYJ sbornlk nauchnykh tru� ov/SO GPNT8. Novosibirsk, SU 1987. loguing and classltlcatlon Slnce 1945. urlg. en. 165p. Int.Catalog. Vol 16. No 3. 1987. p.31-34. 34+12 refs. Traces the origin of research in classification in the U.K. 88-734 234 with Ranganathan. Palmer, Wel ls and the British National Bib- Bobrov, L.K.: The 11ngware of the computer-based STI system of 1 iography inthe 1950s and the CRG in 1952. States the various the Siberian DiviSion. USSR AcadenlY of Sciences : composition. special subject classification schemes designed by CRG members purpose and usage. Orig.ru. In: Razrab.i ispol iz.slovar.-termi­ and thesauri in the 1960s. Traces the development and use of nol .sredstv dok.IPS. Novosibirsk, SU 1987. p. 31-42 PRECIS and also of SLIC. Describes the testing of various in­ dexing systems and the work in automatic classification done 88-735 234 by Ms .K.Sparck Jones. States the work done in UK on some ge­ Janko, T. E. : neral classification schemes such as BC-2. BSO. UOC. Concludes with the work on monographs. (M.P.Satija) 13 refs.

88-723 193 88-736 237 Soper. M.E. : Nineteen thirty-eight to today: Problems in cata- Britvin.V.G. : Tool s for analysis and pr ocessing of "new" words lo9in9 then and now. Orig. en. in the automatic lndexlng system' of the "Neft-3" com uterlSed Catalog .& Classif.Quart. Vol 8. No 1. 1987. p.25-48. 51 notes document retrlevaJ system. Ong.ru. In: Avtomatlz .ln�orm.pro­ tsessov obrab.nauch.i tekhn .inform.v neft.pram-sti. Moskva, SU STRUCTURE AND 1986. p.28-37, 6 refs. :2 88-737 237 CONSTRUCTION OF CS T Kadokawa, M.: Automatic edit;n of a KWIC- e microthesaurus &: with INIS subJec ca egones. ng.Ja. a1. .. al JO 0 aga u 21 General questions of CS & T gijutsu kenkyu shukai happyo ronbunshu, No 23, 1986. p.55-61 See also 88-478 88-670 88-738 238 88-724 211 Bakry, S.H. : Towards a standard Arabic information processing Yzulevskij.G.Ya.; Khromov .L.N.• Demina.V.M. : Information 1an­ vocabulary. Computer Standards & Interfaces Vol 7, 1988 . quaqes as seen from the angle of the frame approach. Or lg.ru. p.343-348. 27 refs. In: Razrab.l ispol 'z .slovar.-terminol .sredstv dok.IPS. Novosi­ birsk, SU 1987. p. 69-75. 22 refs. 24 Relationships 88-725 212 Sandstrom.G.: Au mented t.hesaurus for multi contextual descrip­ 88-739 241 tions. In: Intel y 1gent Inform.Syst. lnform.Soc. Amsterdam. etc. Dunaev,V.V. ; Poljakov. O.M.: Methdological aspects of a rela­ 1986. p. 192-210, 17 refs. tional theory of classification. Orig. ru. Nauch. -tekhn .lnform. ,Ser.2. No 4, 1987. p.21-27. 9 refs.

213 Management of CS including computerization 88-740 242; 6265 See also 88-819. 88-820. 88-832, 88-912 Mishchenko. G.L. ; Uskov, A.A. : A method for establ ishing para­ digmatic relationships in a computerl sed thesaurus of organlc 88-726 215 compound classes. Orig. ru. Gendina.N.I.: The bibliographic description language within Nauchn .-tekhn.inform ..Ser.2, No 2. 1987. p. 17-19. 10 refs. the IR system lingware s stem. Orig.ru. In: Razrab.i ispol 'z. slovar-tenm nol.sredstv �ok.lps. Novosibirsk. SU 1987. p. 131- 88-741 247 142, 19 refs. Desa i,B.C. ; Goyal ,P. , Sadri , f.: Fact structure and its appl i- cation to updates in relational databases. Orig. en. 218 Use of CS & T in special environments Inform.Systems Vol 12, No 2, 1987. p.215-221, 24 refs. see also 88-837 88-742 247 Sen is. T.K. : Intelligent caching and indexin techniques for 22 Elements of CS & T relational database Systems. Or ig. en. Infonn.�yst.13( I988)No. 2. p. ll5-185, 50 refs. 88-727 221 Winston. M.E. ; Chaffin, R .. Herrmann. D. : A taxonomx of part­ whole relations. Cognitive Sci . 1l(I987)p.417-444, 47 refs. 25 Numerical Taxonomy SlX ty pes ot phart-whole relationships (also called meranymic See also 88-474, 88-512-598, 88-950, 88-707 relationships) are expl ained and further distinguished from other inclusion and semantic relationships. The taxonoIT\Y is 88-743 251 used to expl ain cases of apparent intransitivity in merol ogi­ 8rowne. M.W. : The Younl-Householder algorithm and the least cal syl logisms. and standard form syllogisms whose premises squares multidlmenslona scallng or squ ared distances. express di fferent inclus10n relations. (Author. abbr.) J.Classif. Vol 4. No 2. 1987. p. 175-190. 12 refs.

Int.Classif. 15(1988)No.2 Classification literature 115 251 26 Notation, Codes W.S. : 88-761 265 Sa 1 vi. G. N.; Sa 1 a kri shnan. M. R.; 'B �o 0k ,,nu,,,mber",i n, 9 sLys tem",-",i n�t "h e� iT.;, f.,,,, "� ;-;" BARe library. IASLIC Bull. Vol 32.i No 1. 1987. p. l-l0 BARC :: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre 88-745 251 Book review of Gaul, W.o Schader. M.: Classification as a tool 88-762 267 of research. Amsterdam. Nl: Elsevier Science Publ .1986. S02p. Ori g.ja. On J1ne kensaku Vol 8, No 1, 1987, p.33

88-746 251; 132 Hirtle. St.C.: On the classification of recal l strings using lattice-theoretlC measures. J.Classit. Vol 4. No 2, 1987. 27 Revision, Updating,,& Maintenance p.2Z/-z42. 17 rets . See also 88�833. 88-865, 88-866 88-747 251 Tomassone.R. ; Dam:art,M., Oaudin,J.-J .• Masson,J.-P. : Discrim­ 88-763 276 ination et classement. (Discrimination and classification) Coibion, C.: GTI; Gestion de Thesaurus Interactive. logiciel Orlg.fr. Vlneu il Cedex (41353, B.P.36): Maison du Livre Speci­ P ur ' (Handling of an interactive thesaurus. software for alise (for Masson) 1988. 184p •• ISBN 2-225-81325-6 th e pt� Orig.fr. Cahiers de la Doc •• No 3. 1987. p. 67-8D

88-748 252 88-764 276 Hansen, P.; Jaumard. B. : Minimum sum of diameters clustering. Shvertner, K. : Automa tic subject heading lists. Orig. bg. J.Classif. Vol 4, No 2, 1987. p.215-z26, 12 refs. Avtom.izchisl.tekhn .l avtomat1Z1r.slst.. No 3. 1987. p.74-76 88-749 252 Dehne,F. ; Noltmeier,H.: Voronoi trees and clusterinq probl ems. 28 Compatibility and Concordance Inform.Systems Vol 12, No 2, 1987. p. I71- 175, 10 refs. 88-765 286 88-750 252 Chamis,A.Y. : Selection of online databases using switching vo­ Mclachlan. G.J. ; Basford. K.E. : Mixture model s. Inference and cabularies. J.ASIS Vol 39. No 3, 1988. p.217-218, 3 refs. applications to clustering. Orig. en. New York-Basel: Marcel States that databases with free�text tems are less expensive Dekker, Inc. 1987. 272p .• Statistics: Textbooks and Monographs to produce, but they are more diff1cult. more time consuming Series/84 and more expensive for the users. Switching languages have the potential for resol ving the probl ems caused by the lack of 811-751 252 compatibility among the tenninol ogy used to designate a con­ Windham, M.P.: Parameter modification for clustering criteria. cept. A thesaural relationship model was developed to measure J.Classif. 4(1981JNo .2. p.r91-z14, 2t rets . the degree of compatibility and switching capability of a the­ saurus or of vocabularies. designated as compatibility and 88-752 253 switching values (CSV). Groups of tenns were matched with VSS Vogel ,F. ; Oobbener.R. , GrUnewald. W.: Iterative Klassifikation (Vocabulary SWi tching Sy stems). States that switching vocabu­ von Merkma ltra ern. Programmpaket KOMIXI. 4 .verb .u .erw .Aufl. laries have a great potential for fac ilitating the selection IteratlVe classlfication of groupings of cha"racteristics. Pro­ of appropriate search terms. (M.P.Satija) gram package KOMIXI. 4th improved and expanded ed.) Orig. de. Bamberg. DE: Universitat. Forschungsstel le fUr Numerische Klassifikation 1988. 52p. CLASSING AND INDEXING 3 88-753 255 31 Theory of Classing and. Indexing See also 88-475-478. -670. -672. -673. -679. -686. -996

88-766 313 88-754 255 Furniss. P.; Subject catalogu in in the time of the OPAC: A Jain. A.K. : Real-time obJect measurement and classification. worm's eye view. Ca t.& Index . No 8, • 1987. p. I-3. 18 refs. Orig.en. Serhn-Reldelberg: Spnnger veri. 1988. vIIl.407p .• Despite so many changes in the outer fonn of the catalogue in NATO AS! Series F, Vol .42, ISBN 3-540-18766-9 the computer age. the only significant development in subject indexing is the post co-ordination method. Predicts that OPACS 88-755 255; 715 and co-operative catal oguing networks promi se exciting changes Kanal . l.N. ; Datatreya. G.R. : Pattern recognition. Orig. en. in subject access. The trend is towards depth indexing using In: Encyclop.ArtH. lntel 1.. Vol .2. New York. NY 1987. p. 720-9. large numbers of descriptors even for monographs. Feeling that 45 refs. descriptors for OPACS cannot possibly be used for bibl iographic The processeS of pattern recognition include extraction, iden­ databases, suggests, therefore. research into the suitabll ity tification. classification and description of patterns in data of eIP descriptors to local needs. The stress should be on in­ collected from real and simulated envi ronments. Pattern recog­ tensional aboutness of the document. Also explores the possi­ nition systems usually ft'blh parts of complex information pro­ bility of a code for indexers on the line of Merri ll's Code cessing systems. for Classifiers.

258 88-767 317 liskova. A.: Keywords and the document author. Orig.cz. Techn. kn ih. 31(1987)No .6. p.175-177, 3 refs.

258-36 32 Subject Analysis • Kleyn, M. : A conceptu al See also 88-509 . 88-680. 88-708

p.295-313, 13 refs. 88-768 321 fl1[j���fi%¥;;f&hl¥ljIoT���r :. !ivonen, M. : On the orientation of indexing. Orig.fi. Kirja­ 88-758 259-416 stotiede ja informatikka Vol 6, No I, 1987. p.25-30. 6 refs. Nakayama .Sh.-1. ; Shigezumi .S., Yoshida,M. : Method for cl uster­ ing proteins by use of al l possible pairs of amino aClds as 88-769 321 structural descnptors. J.Chem.lnfonn.Comput.Scl. vol 28. 1988. Neill. S.D. : The dilemma of the sub ·ective in information or­ p. 72-78, 7 refs. ganisation an retrieval . J.Doc. 4 1987 No.3, p.193-21l. 78 refs. 88-759 258-44 Ceska,A. ; Roemer. H.: COENDS: An IBM PC Program for the Braun­ BB-771 321 Blanquet Table Technique of Vegetatlon Classlflcatl on. Vlcto­ Welnberg, S.H.: na. B.C .• Canada. 1987. J.classif. Vol 4. No 2, 1987. p.243-4, Indexer Vol 16. 3 refs . It is contended that indexing 1 imlted to the repre­ sentation of aboutness serves the nOV1ce in a discipline ade­ 88-760 258-44 quately, but does "not serve the scholar or researcher who is Pettit. E.J.; Petti t. M.J. : Analysis of the performance of a concerned with highly specific aspects of or points-of-view on genetic algorithm-based s stem for messa%e classification in a subject. The linguisitc analogs of "aboutness" and "aspect" nOlsy envlronments . Int.J.� n-Milchlne Stu les vol 27, 1987. are Topic and Comment respectively. Serial indexing services p.205-22U, 21 refs. deal wlth topics at varying levelS of specificity but neglect

116 Int.Classif. 15(1988)No.2 Classification literature comment almost entirely. 'This may explain the underutilization 88-787 337 of secondary information services by scholars, as has been re­ Schnel ling. H. : Book review of Dykstra. M.: PRECIS: A primer. peatedly demonstrated in user studies. Natural language sear­ London: Britisch Library Bibl .Serv.Dlv. 1985. Orig. en. chfhg of full text databases does not solve this problem, be­ Int.Classif. Vol 15, No.1, 1988. p.38-39 cause the aspect of a topic of interest to a researcher is often inexpressible 1n concrete terms. The thesis is illustra­ ted with examples of indexing failure. Author, abbr. 34 Automatic Classing and Indexing - See also 88-923 - 88-772 323 Mohler. P.Ph. : Corn terunterstUtzte lnhaltsanal se - zwischen tsB-788 341 A190rithmen und Mythen. Computer-supported contents analysis - between algorltnms and mYths) Orig.de. Sprache und Datenver­ arbeitung Vol 9. No 2, 1985. p.ll-15 88-773 325 Ciganik, M.: Conceptual facet anal sis 88-789 341 � of text. Orig. cs. Cs.infonn. Vol 29, No 9, 198/. p.2 7-243, 12 refs. Salton, G.; McGill. M.J. : Infonnation Retrieval - Grundle en­ des fUr lnformationswissenschaftler. Information retrieval 88-774 fundamental lssues for information scientists). Orig. de. Mochmann, Eo : Inhaltsanal se Hamburg, etc.: McGraw-Hill 1987. 465p. , ISBN 3-B9028-051RX (Contents analysis 1n soc al SClences rig. e. The book 1s a translation (by Wolfgang von Keitz) of "Intro­ Sprache und Datenverarb. Vol 9. No 2, 1985. p.5-10, 17 refs. duction to modern information retrieval ". It contains the following 10 chapters: IR - eine Einftihrung. Invertierte Oa­ teisysteme, Textanalyse und automatisches Indexieren. Die ex­ 33 Classing and Indexing Techniqnes perimentellen Retrieval systeme SMART und SIRE. Die Bewertung See a 1 so Btl-720 von Retri evalsystemen. Fortgeschrittene Retri evaltechniken. Verarbeitung nattirl;cher Sprache. Infonnationstechnolog1e: 331 Hardware und Software. Datenbankmanagementsysteme. ZukUnftige S. : Subject cataloging Entwi cklungen 1m Information Retrieval . Sachregister. Haworth Press 1984. 252p Puh1.11br.Quart. Vol 7, No 3/4, 1986. p.101 88-790 342 Rada, R. ; �li1i, H. : Creating and evaluating entry tenns. 88-776 332 J.Doc. Vol 44. No I, 1988. p.19-41, 31 refs. Igarashi, H. : A classificat10n method for print works : a re­ view of a smal l library. Ori g.ja. Dai ...kal joho kagaku glJU­ 88-791 342 tsu kenkyu shukal happyo rornbunshu, No 23, 1986. p.81-88 Zychowski, P.: Determining the information value of words on the basis of their length and frequency of use. Orig.pl . 88-777 333 Pr.nauk.USI Katowicech Pr.wydz.techn., No 23, 1986. p.283-291. Yakovleva. l.N. : Manual indexing of a scientific document with 10 refs. the use of syntagmatic and thesaurus relations: Apropos the develoQ!!]ent of a method. Orig.ru. In: Metody i sredstva raz­ 88-792 343; 355 rab. lnf:obe spech.dIJa zadach upr. Kiev 1987. p. 10-15, 5 refs. Lucarel la, D.: A document retrieval stem based on nearest neighbour searching.. no rm. C1. p. re s. 88-778 334; 6927 Ghani ,A. : Arabic literature: Unitenn indexing sys tem for stor­ 88-794 344 age and retrieval. Int.Libr.Rev. 19(1987)p.321-333, 13 refs. Buchan, R.L. : Computer-aided indexing at NASA. Orig. en. Dehnes subject 1ndexing and unitenn indexing. Briefly intro­ Reference Librn. Vol 18. 1987. p.269-277. 32 refs. duces into the Arabic language and its difficulties with the uniterm indexing system. Serious efforts are being made in the 88-795 344; 757 Ara b world to adopt foreign language thesauri and to arabize MartineZ, C.; Lucey, J .• Linder. E.: An expert system for ma­ them. Also it has been recognized that standardization is chine-aided indexing. J.Chem.lnfonn.Comput.Scl. Vol 27. 1987. needed, e.g. concerning numerals and the use of the calendar. p. 158-162. 15 refs. 88-779 335 88-796 345 Craven ,T.C.: Adapting of string indexing systems for retrieval Biswas, S.C. ; Smith. F.: Computerized deep structure indexing using proximity ope rators. Inform.Process.& Management Vol 24. system - A critical appralsaT. on g. en. No 2, 1988. p.133-140. 14 refs. Int.Classif. Vol 15. No 1. 1988. p.2-12. 41 refs. Exploration of the idea to use a conventional string indexing source description, together with a special phrase generator, 88-797 346 to generate multiple descriptor phrases for inclusion in a Dorda, W. ; Haidl ,B.• Sachs ,P.: Processing medical natural lan­ database record for online retrieval . For use with proximity guage data by the system WAREL. or 1g. en. operators. these mUltiple descriptor phrases should attempt to Meth. lnform.Med. Vol 27. 1988. p.67-72 meet such objectives as bringing together groups of syntacti­ cally related words. Software for generating multiple descrip­ 88-798 346 tor phrases from source descriptions in a specific existing Zakharov. V.P. : Vocabulary control and thesauri in com uter­ string indexing system is briefly described. (Author) based IR sys tems. Orig .ru. In: Ra zrab.l 1spol'z.slovar.-�erml­ nol .sredstv dok.IPS. Novosibirsk. SU 1987. p.3-26, 56 refs. 88-780 335 Guy. R.F. : Book review of Craven, T.C. : String indexing. Or­ 88-799 347 lando. Fl etc. : Academic Press 1986. XI.246p. Wykoff, L.: Subject headings : a brief online history. Orig.en. J.Doc. 43(1987)No.4, p.360-362 Medical Reference Services Quart. Vol 6. No 3. 1987. p.69-73 Book review also by M.A.Kascus in: Cat.& Classif.Quart.8{1987) No. 1, p.140-141 88-801 348 Bazhenov .S. R. : 88-783 337 cuments. Orig.ru..RP:'-,'! ;!?!!!���-,!!:���gg Horvath, T. ; Orban. E.: PRECIS. Orig. hu. stv dole. IPS. Novosibirsk. �::h!!k�refs. Tud.es mUsz.tajek. Vol 3�7 , 1987. p.31l-323, 10 refs. Report on the introduction of PRECIS (Preserved Context Index See also 88-683 System) in Hungary's National Educational System. 88-785 337 35 Manual and Automatic Ordering Beck, H. : Book review of Austin. D.: PRECIS. A manual of con­ See also 77-792, 88-977. 88-838. 88-839 ce t analYsis and sub ect indeXin ' 2nd ed. with assistance of M. g�kstra. london: Sr1 t1sh [lbr.!g 84. Or1g . en. 88-802 354; 845 InCclassff. vo l lb. No I. 1988. p.37R38. 4 refs. Fad1ran,D.: Classification and shelving of periodicals in aca­ demic libraries in NiQeria. Orig.en. 88-786 337 Senals l1brn. vo l iT, No 1. 1987. p.107- Price. R.: PRECIS reassessed. Orig. en. Cat.& Index, No 87. 1987. p.4-6. 8 refs. 88-803 355 The author tested a BNS PRECIS subject index with a general Motzkin.D. ; Williams,K.: A eneralized database director for thesaurus and more speCialised thesauri , He found PRECIS is nondense attributes. Inform.Process. Management 19 8 No • better suited to the USers with specialised needs. Also the p.161-171. 29 refs. author-tale & subject indexes of aNB were tested concerning Descri ption of a general ized ind�xi ng system for. nondens� at­ recall and precision ratios. The results of tests are given tributes based on the inverted flle structure wh11e provld1ng in 6 points. M.P.Satija additional improvements and options. (Author, abbr.)

Int.Classif. 15(1988)No.2 Classification Literature 117 88-820 42.213 Nothiger, R. : ETHICS. Projektubersicht. (Survey on the ETHICS 368�26 project) Orig.de. DK-Mitt. Vol 32. No I, 1988. p.1-4 the lan­ Short description of the university library of the Technical On g.en. University of ZUrich, its center for research and development and the general frame for the computerization development. Hi­ story of the ETHICS project (ETH library Infonnation Control System), using the UDC as its classification system. Prin­ 37 Reclassification ciples for the development of ETHICS. ETHICS is a network system. its functions and its partial systems are described. 88-805 377 Possibilities of collaboration and prel iminary steps for other Strebl , M.: Retrospective subject cataloQinQ. Orig. en. libraries to have access to ETHICS are outlined. Conc1udingly USER Bul L, No 29, 1987. p.76-78 a summary of the state of the project is given in 13 points. Some 600 programs have been compl eted. it is envisaged that some 400 have still to be done. Further steps are indicated. 88-822 42.4 Universal Decimal Classification. Orig. ch. J.libr.Inform.Sci. Vol 12. 1986. p.222-239 38 Index Generation and Programs 88-823 Babiczky,B. : A rna ar ETO-kiadasok h�sz eve 88-807 381 Roose, T.: Com uter indexes vs.print indexes. Orig. en. yos es MUszaki Tajekoztatas Vol 34, No 11, Lihr.J. Vol 11� , No 14, 198}. p.158- 159 88-824 42.4 88-809 383 Schmidt. A.F. : Zur offiziellen Urschrift der internationalen Sobol eva, E. ; Medvedenko ,L., Bobrov, L.: Computer-a ide

88-833a Fi

118 Int.Classif. 15(1988)No.2 Classification l1terature Committee on Catalo in : Asian and Afr1can Materials. Techn. 46 On the Colon Classification (RCe) erv. uart. o .•p. Reports on di scussions concerning the area table of Southern BB-B51 46.4 Afr�ca in the Dewey Decimal Classification. Ohyani . P.: Colon Classification Edition 7 - An appraisal . Int.Class1f. Vol 15. No 1. 1988. p.13-16 88-834 43.6-99 Describes the new featUres of Edition 7. States its positive Turp. St. : Using Dewey in a monastic library. Drig. en. points and its weaknesses. Pinpoints the modifications and Cat.& Index. No 8/. 1981. p.6-B changes made in the Edition as against Edition 6. (Author) 88-835 43.91 88-852 40. 't Ro oke. S. : From 001 to 006: Impl ementing the new Dewey sche­ Kumar.P.S.G.: Introduction to Colon Classification, Edition 7. dules. Or1g.en. Cat.& Index. No 86. 1987. p.6-8 Orig.en. Nagpur: Dattsons 1987. 160p. Experiences are related made in the library at Plymouth Poly­ This is not an introduction into the 7th Edition of the Colon technic. Classification as published in 1987 by M.A.Gopinath (see item 88-024 in Int.Classif.88-1. p.48). It was publ ished before the 88-836 43.925 7th edition has been released by the Sarada Ranganathan Endow­ Chan. L.M.: Decimal Classification Editorial Pol icy Committee: ment. Annual Report. Libr.Resourc.& Techn.Serv. 32{1988)No l.p.68-10 States the five reasons for relocation of topics in the new eiditions of the DOC. The DCEPC 91 and 92 meetings were held 47 On the Library Bibliographical Classif. in Nov.1986 and April 1987. A number of draft schedules for See ,1 SO BB-507, BB-508 (LBC/BBK) editin 20 were approved. 88-853 47.07 Schulz. H.: Bibliothekarisch-Bibl io ra hische Klassifikat10n: 44 On the Library of Congress Classification ada tierte Fassun ; 8BK A. Werbeschrift . Library Blbliogra­ phic lassification; adapted version. LBC/A) Orig.de. Berlin. and on the LIBRARY OF CONGRESS SUBJECT HEADINGS DO: Method.Zentrum f.wiss.Bibliotheken u.lnform.u.Dok.einr1ch­ tungen d.Min.f.Hoch- u.Fachschulwesen 1987. 12p. BB-B37 44.4B9 Culberg.L.; Stewart.R. : Us;n LC classification for children 's 88-854 47.07 materials. Resources & ec n. erv. lV. ews . 8 p. Schulz. H.: Zur Charakterisierun der SS A. (Characterization of the LBC/A {version Orig.de. Zbl .Bibl .wes. Vol 102, No 1, ��B «.N5; 3� 1988. p.26. 30. 4 refs. Library of Congress Subject Cataloging Div.: SubJect catalog­ ing manual ; shelfl isting. Washington, DC: Library of �ongress. 88-855 47.07 Subject Cataloging Div. 1987. loose-leaf ed. Zhdanova. Z.: Vnedrenie BBK: us echi i rostet . (Introduction into the LBC: successes and weaknesses Orig. ru. 88-839 44.265; 354 Bibliotekar'. Moskva. No 2. 1987. p.59-61 Asher. R.E. : Book review of Subject Cataloging f4anual : Shelf­ listing. Prepared by SubJect Cataloging Div .• Library of Cong­ 88-856 47.08; 47.274 ress. Washington. DC: lC 1987. Orig. en. Problems of refining and appl 1cation of the library-Bibliogra­ libr.Resources & Techn.Serv. Vol 32. No 1. 1988. p.92-93 phical Classiflcation. Orig.ru. leningrad. SU 1987. 108p .• Sbornik Nauch.Trudov. Bibl10teka AN SSSR 88-840 44.6-6 88-857 Sukhmaneva. E.G. : Levels of category general isation in Caster.l.D. : The classifier's guide to lC class H; subdivision general classifications and the synthesis methods used in LBC. techni ues for the social sciences. Orig. en. 88-858 Komarova. LN. ; lazurk1na. V.B.: Representing the immun­ as 1ng on. ea - c uman 86. 143p. ology problem area in LBC. - 88-859 Lomachinskaya.I.V.: Repre­ senting the ecology and systema tlc of silvan species in LBC 88-841 44.75 schedules. - 88-860 Maslovets. R.D.: Toward the representation OClC to provide online access to lC Subject Authority Records. of hUman ecology problems in LBC. - 88-861 Suslov. A.K. : Fixing Inf.Retrleval & l1br.Automat. Vo l 23. No 10. 1988. p.I-� inter-subject boundaries when classlfying materials on the Earth and Universe. as exampl 1fied by space physics. cosmogony 88-843 44.6-984 and planetology. - 88-862 Vasil 'jev. V.E. : Fiction translation Wei nberg .B.H.: Cutter J4: tampering with the library of Cong­ and its representation in LBC. - 88-863 Komarova, V.P.: Mood ress Classification for Judaica. points of classification by L8C in Class Shch "Art. Art Stu­ Juda lca llbrarianship Vo l 3. No 1-2. 1986/87. p.46-. 10 refs. dies". - 88-864 Kudrin. V. I.: Some problems of refining LBC Class T4 Archaeology section. 88-844 44.6-984 Weinfeld.M. : The classification of holocaust denial literature by the library of Congress. Judaica Librarianship Vol 3. No 1-2. 1986/87. p.50-57; 86-87 BB-B45 44B Bakewel l. K. G. B.: Book revi ew of Chan. l. M. : L; brary of Cong­ ress Subject Headings: Pnnc1ples and appllcat10n. 2M ed. 88-866 47.278-7 Littleton. CO: Libraries Unlimited 1986. XVI,511p. Zharikova,L.A. ; Kolesn1kova.Z.P. : Perfecting LBC spec ial auxi­ J.Librarianship 19(1987)No.2. p. 133-134 liaries for engineering. Orig.ru. In: Nauch.opisanie i sistem­ atiz.lit. Moskva. SU 1986. p.67-79. 11 refs. 88-846 448 Henige.D.: Library of Congress SUb ect Headings: Is Euthanasia 88-867 47.31 the answer? Cat.& Classif.Quart. 8t 1987)No 1. p.l-17. 18 refs. Tyryshkina.Z. I.: The extent of coverage of printed items clas­ sified by LBC schedules. with speclal reference to the GPNTS BB-B47 44B SO AN SSSR Classlfied Catal ogue. Ong.ru. In: Nauch.oplsan1e i Library of Congress response to "Library of Congress Subject sistematiz.lit. Moskva. SU 1986. p.24-38. 9 refs. Headin s: Is euthanasia the answer?" b David Heni e. ata oglng aSSl . uart. 0 0 . p. -23 48 On Other Universal Systems BB-B4B 44B.B14 Studwel l, W.E. : The 1990s: decade of sUb ect access. 88-868 483 Amer.Libraries Vo l 18. No 11. 1987. p.95i • 960. 5 refs. Gao.Chong Quin; Hua. Li Guo: Compi lation of "sub ect Term list in Chinese Words". Orig.ja. Joho Ka nrl (J.of In1 orm.Process.& Management) Vol 30. No 2. 1987. p.106-115 This largest and roost comprehensive thesaurus in China inclu­ des 100 000 subject terms and covers all aspects of the social sciences and science and technology. Description of is struc­ ture. compilation and application. 88-869 485 45 On the Bliss Classification (BBC) Si120va. D. : A subject indexing lan uage and a word-list for the Library Cooperatl ve Integrated clbrary-Informat1on system. Orig.sk. Kni2n.a ved.inform. Vo l 19. No 3. 1987. p.116-120

BB-B70 4B5 Pflug. W.: Die Systematik der Universitatsbibliothek der Tech­ nischen Universltat MUnchen. (The classlf1cation system of the

Int.Classif. 15(1988)No.2 Classification Literature 119 university library of the Technical University of Munich) Orig. de. Bibliotheksforurn Bayern Vol 15. No 3. 1987. p.269-276 The classification system of the Munich Technical University Library has only been designed 1n 1984. The article describes prel iminary considerations, gives a survey over the 50 main 2 classes (denoted by a 3-letter code with a mnemonic character) p.76-BI and an example of a subdivision in the field of electrical The International Problem-Oriented Information Subsystem for engineering (notation uses numbers ). Environmental Issues of the CMEA countries and Yugoslavia (IN­ FORMOOS) 1s charged with devel oping the information support BB-Bll 4B6 for its members. The language apparatus of the automated part Skolek. J.: Development of the ISTIS indexing language system. of the subsystem consists of a thesaurus and a subject heading 19BO-19B6. Orig.cs. Cs . inform. Vol 29, No 6, 1987. p. 168-173 authority as well as rules for indexing documents and queries. The INFORMOOS thesaurus was developed in accordance with the 88-872 486 CMEA standard and ISO 2788. It consists of three parts : a le­ Sakagami . Y. et al : Statistical utilisation of non-descriptor xical/semantic index of terms, a systematic index of descrip­ terms in u datin the JICST Th esaurus. Or1g.ja. Dai •..kai joho tors. and a list of identifiers. aga u glJUtsu en u s u al appyo ronbunshu, No 23. 1986. p.63-72. 5 refs. 65 On CS & T in the Human Area 5 BB-B73 4B7 BB-BB4 651/4 Takano, F.: Statistical analysis of terms in JICST files and Backus, J.E.B.; Davidson, S., Rada. R.: Searching for patterns its use in thesaurus compi lation. Orig.ja. in the MeSH vocabulary. Orig. en. JOhO Kanrl vo l 29, No 12. 19tH. p.1035-1052. 4 refs. Bul l.Med.Libr.Assoc. Vol 75. No 3. 1987. p.221-227, 8 refs. BB-B74 4B7 88-887 6537 Fen. Zh.: Analysis of the properties of the International Pa­ Codognotto. P. ; Galateri, L: La nave dei fol li. (The ship of tent Classlfication. Orig .en. World Patent Inform. 9(1987)No 3, fool s) Orig.it. Biblioteche Ogg1 5{1987)No 2, p. 67-74. 23refs. p.152-156. 3 refs. The V.Chiarugi library in Florence initiated the development of a thesaurus to meet to needs of library and infonnation BB-B75 4B7 centers concerned with mental health based on studies of EM­ Rivera. A.S. : An international classification for pa tents. The BASE. MEGlINE. PSYCHINFO and the Ital ian daba base Dioniso. lBI for the recovery of information on innovations and improv­ ements. Orig.es. Actual Inform. Cient.Tec.(Cuba) Vol 17. No 4. BB-B88 6542 19B6. p.37-52 Masarie. F.E.; Mi ller. R.A. : Medical subject headings and me­ Suggestion of varlOus classes required for an international dlcal terminolo : an anal sis of termlnolo used ln hos ltal classification of patents. Some of the sub-classes are men­ ..£..iU:..2.. u . e . 1 r. ssoc. 0 ,p. -, re s. tioned. The hierarchic method of denoting a subject is dis- cussed in detail. (Author, abbr.) BB-B76 4B7 Jia11an.Sh.: Fourteen ears of continuous efforts for the Chi­ nese IPC. Orig.en. Wor rd Patent Inform. 9(1987JNo 2, p. lo4-108 of liege University BB-B)) 4B9; 6B7 field of educational technology) Orig.fr. Azerskaya. N. Y. : On the new edition of the "Universal litera­ Vol 41, No 2. 1987. p.53-64. 5 refs. ture Classification for Publishing in the USSRII. Orig.ru. sovetskaya H161 1ograph1ya, No 5. I986 . p.45-49 This classification scheme has been in use since 1978. An out­ 66 On CS & T in the Socio Area 6 line is presented of its basic properties. brief history and its divisions. The background is given also for changes made 88-890 662 in the new edition. Lemos, M.l.V.de: Development of a controlled vocabulary at the library of the Federal Senate. On g.pt. CienCla aa Infonnacao Vol 15, No 2, 1986. p.155-158. 4 refs. 6 ON SPECIAL SUBJECTS CS T BB-B92 666 &: Van Waelsden. P. : legal thesaurus. Orig. nl . Juridische Bibliothecaris Vol 8, No 1. 1987. p. I-3 62 On cs 8.T in the Energy and Matter Area 2 6264 67 On CS & T in the Econ. & Production Area 7

88-893 6715 19B7. p.97-I02. Oj ala. M.: Searching for industry information. Orig. en. Online Vol 11. No 2, 1987. p.99-101 63 On CS & T in the Cosmos and Earth Area 3 BB-B94 673 BB-B79 633; 63, Nakamura, S. ; Yamada. Y. et at: Compilation of a thesaurus for Erevinova,M. : linguistic tools of the computerised document re­ an inhouse technical documentation management system. Orig.ja. trieval system for geology 1n Bulgarla. Orig.ru. In: Avtomatiz. Gal. ..ka l JOhO kagaku gljutsu kenkyu shukal happyo ronbunshu. inform.obsluzhv.: 3 Nauch.-pril.konf.mezhdunar.uchastie. Ch.2. No 23, 1986. p.47-54, 7 refs. Sofiya, BG 1987. p. 72-77. 8 refs. 88-895 676B-24 BB-BBO 639 Kal ia. D.R.: Classification schedules for area studieS. Orig.en. ClIS Observer Vol 4. Nos 1-2. 1987. 102p. This article has also been publ ished as a book by Reliance Publ .House. 19B7. 102p. 611 On CS & T in the Science & Inform. Area 8

64 On CS & T in the Bio Area 4 88-896 682t Egghe, L.: On the classification of the classical bibliometric BB-BBI 6415 laws . J.Doc. Vol 44. No 1. 1988. p. 53-62. 8 refs. Pavlovska,E.; Boloshin.I .• Birman,N.: Database vocabula ana­ lYsis and problems of forecasting. Ong.ru. In: Av tomattt Z.ln ­ 88�897 683 form .obsl uzhv.: 3 Nauch.-pril.konf .mezhdunar.uchastie. Ch.2. Evstigneev ,V.A. ; 8ulygina,l.I.: A sUbje'ct heading list for the Sofia, BG 1987. p.66�71. 6 refs. literature of computers and pro ramm1n . Orig.ru. In: Razrab.i lSpO I 'z.s lovar.-termlno I.screds tv dok . 1 PS. Novos ibirsk.SU 1987. BB-BB2 644; B72 p.111-118, 5 refs. 69 On CS & T in the Humanities Area 9

pict­ 69 ures 1n a collection of slides in the field of plant medicine) W1berley. St.E.,Jr. : Names in space and time: the indexing vo­ Orig.de. Mitt.Ges.f.Bibl.wes.u.Dok.d.landbaues. No 41, 1987. cabularyof the humanities. urlg. en. p.57-64. 1 ref. Ubr .Quarterly vol 58. No I, 1988. p.1-28, 22 refs.

120 Int.Classif. 15(1988)No.2 Classification literature 88-899 692 88-912 812.213 Baker.S.L. ; Shepherd,G.W. : Fiction classification schemes : the Ukhin.Yu.Yu. et al : Computerised classified catalo�ue: search­ principles behind them and their success. RQ 27(1987)p. 245-51 ing and indexi ng. Or1g.ru. In: Raspredel .avtomat1Z1r.bibl .-w­ form.siste� 1 seti. Novosibirsk, SU 1986. p.78-89 88-900 692 Baker. Sh.L. : Fiction classification schemes: an ex eriment to 88-913 814 increase use, u lC raries 26 98 0 2. p.75-77. refs. Pariiskii,V.L.; Prizment, E.L.• Sakharniy, L.V. : General rules for the subject indexing of documents. Orig.ru. SOV.blbl iogra­ 88-901 692 fiya. No 1. 1986. p.34-44 Shepherd. G.W.; Baker. Sh.L.: Fiction classification: a brief review of the research. Publ ic L1br. 26(19B7)No I, p.31-32. 88-914 814 14 refs. Studwell,W. E. ; Rol l and-Thomas. P.: The form and structure of a subject heading code. Libr.Resources & lechn.serv. 3z(1988)No 88-902 6923 2, p. 167-169, 7 refs. Harris,K. : A faceted classification for special literature col­ The necessity of rules for subject headings have al ready been lections: The Dickens House Classification. Orig. en. recognised since the mid 40s. Proposal to establish a compre­ Int.l1br.Rev. Vo l 19. 1987. P.335-344. 3 refs. hensive theoretical code to cover al l situations of subject access. It should have three functional sections: 1) on basic 88-903 694; 382 theory, 2) specific rules and guidel ines. 3) special subject Markey, K. : Subject access to visual resources collections: A areas, e.g. art. There is an editor's note added to the ar­ model for computer constructlon ot thematic catalogs . urlg.en. ticle, stating that the RTSD 's Subject Analysis Commi ttee is Westport,CT: Greenwood 1986. 189p., New Directions in Informa­ a viable alternative to the authors ' suggestion. tion Management, No.ll, ISBN 0-313-24031-0 88-915 818 Book review by E.Svenonius in: Library Resources & Techn.Serv. Scientific description and classification of literature. Orig. Vol 31, No 4, 1987. p.388-391 ru. Moskva : BlbhotechnYJ sovlet po estestvennym naukam pri Prezidiume AN SSSR 1986. 151p. 88-904 6962 Konig,G. : Oie Ersc hlie&m ersonenbezo ener Literatur im ADV- 88-917 818 Verfahren 8ASIS. Cataloguin� personalia literature in the BA­ Hill.F.J.: "Fortescue": The Brit1sh Museum and Bri tish Library SIs computer-assisted system) Orig. de. Subject Index. British Libr.J. Vol 12, No 1. 1986. p.58-63 ABI-Techn. Vol 7, No 3. 1987. p. 237-245, 14 refs. Description of the rules used to process biographic literature 88-918 818 within the framework of the BASIS computer-assisted informa­ S1dneva, V.D.; Sukiasjan. LR.: Organisation.. management and tion system which had been developed in cooperation with five editorshi� of the systematic catalogue and its indexes in the libraries in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Two databases are the basis lenln [,brary: lnstructlon and methodologi cal recommendatlons. of the system: 1) a subject classification and the subject ca­ Orig.ru. Moskva: Gos.Biblioteka SSSR im.V.I.Lenina, Otd.Siste­ talogue built up on it, 2) the thesaurus developed jointly by maticheskikh i Predmetnykh Katalogov 1986. 128p. the city libraries of Bochum, Duisburg, and Essen. By this a multiaspect indexing of documents has been made possible. The 88-919 818 system output includes COM catalogues. M1ethke,B.: Die Entwi cklung des Systematischen Katalogs an der Hau tbibliothek 1m W1ssenschaftlichen Informationszentrum der 88-905 Aka£ emle der IIhssenschatten der DDR. (Creadng a classlfled catalogue at the Central Library of the Scientific Information Centre, GDR Academy of Sciences) Orig.de. Zentralbl.Bibl .wes. Vol 101, No 7. 1987. p.296-303 88-920 818 The items of Group 7 CLASSIFlCATI ON AND LANGUAGE have been Redzhepova, K.E. : The subject catalogue in the USSR and the omitted in this issue for reasons of space and will be in­ Turkmen SSR. Orig.ru. In: Bibl .str-vo v TSSR v period razvit. cluded in the next issue of Int.Classif. sots. Ashkhabad, SUo p.61-70, 11 refs. APPLIED CLASSING AND 8 INDEXING (C I) 82 DataC8

84 C & I of Primary Literature (Except 85) 86 C II< I of Secondary Literature

88-929 841 88-947 862 Svyatskaya . l.M.; STadkova,S.I.. Timchenko,E.A.: An experience Heeks, R. : Personal biblio raph lc indexes and their com uteri­ in conducting computerised information analysis of disserta­ zation. London: laylor Gra �am on beha lt of the Primary 8ommun� tion filing cards . Orlg.ru. In: Infonn.protsessy i ikh avtoma­ ications Research Centre. University of leicester 1986. 189p •• tiz. Moskva. SU 1987. p.92-97 ISBN 0-947568-11-5 88-930 842 Book review by Rowley. J. in: J.Doc. 43{198J)No.3, p. 288-290 Schramm. R.; Biela. K.-O.: Modifizierung des automatisierten Book review by Foskett. A.C. in J.l1brarianship 20(1988)No 1. Indexierverfahrens MAl zur Volltextverarbeitun deutschs ra­ p.66-67 chiger atentschriften. The modification of the MAl automatic Report of a research project. funded by the British library lndexing procedure for full-text processing of patents in Ger­ Research and Development Department. Exami nation of bibliogra­ man) Orig.de. Informatik 35(1988)No 2. p.55-58. 15 refs. phic indexes kept by individual academic researchers. The chapters : 1) Methology of current indexing practices. 2) Forms 88-931 842; 193 of indexes. 3) Computerization as a solution to indexing prob� 8renner.E.H. : API patent abstracting and indexing cooperative lems. 4) Alternative indexing methodS. 5} Computerization of efforts in historical perspectlVe. Orig . en. indexes, 6) Problems encountered when setting up an index. J) wo rld Pa tent Inform. VOl 9. No 1. 1987. p.27-33 Management data. 8) Recommendations and conclusions.

88-932 842 8B-948 863; 977 Fisher. J.W. : Patent specifications. Orig. en. Moore. N.L. : LISA indexinQ: economic as ects of control led in­ In: Inform.SourceS Eng.london. etc. 1985. p.56-75. 63 refs. dexi 9. Indexer Vo l 16, NO 1. 1988. p.lt �16 Exam ines the accepted principles of control led indexing. in publ ished abstracting/indexing services and databases from the unusual aspect of the publ isher's need to minimize production costs. Detailed information concerning the production of LISA ' (library & Inform.ScLAbstracts) is presented showing income and costs. The extended use of the Classification Research 88-934 842 Group classification notation to provide automatic extraction Stepanova. l.P. : The role of patent document indexes in the of chain indexing strings and associated cross-references is information support of science and production. Orig. ru. described in detail. (Author. abbr.) Nauchn .-tekhn. inform.Ser.l. No 10. 1986. p. 19-21 88-949 864 88-935 842 Kwok _. K.l.: On the use of bibl iographically related titles for Vil 'chinskij , S.S. ; Tishchenko. K.N. : The categories of pol i­ the enhancement of document representations. Inform.Process.& tical economy as the immanent base of patent class1f1catlon. Management Vol 24. No 2. 1988. p.123�131. 40 refs. Orig.ru. Naukoved .i ;nformat•• No 28. 1987. p. 62-67, 11 refs. 88-950 864; 253 88-936 842 Suabo.J.: A lication of cluster techni ue to cocitation anal­ Zimmermann.H. ; Zakaria. S.: Automatische Patentklassifikation: yses. Orig.hu . Inform.e e tron. 2 19 6 0 p.171- • 16refs. Intellektuel le Klassifikation und Retrieval . ex erimentelle trgebnlsse. (Automatic patent classlhcatlOn: ¥ntellectual 88-951 865 classification and retrieval, experimental results) Orig. de. Myasnikova. l.V.: Com ilin an al habetic sub ect index to the In: Kalt. H.{Ed.); Bildschirmtext und Electronic Ma il. Neue BAN classified catalogue. Orlg.ru. In: Pro l.soversh. primen­ Formen der BUrokommunikation und der Informationsvermittlung. emya BBK. Le nlngrad, SU 1987. p. lOO-108 Kongress 4. Hamburg, 2.-5.Febr. 1988. Velbert. DE 1988. 88-952 869 88-937 844 Ceglarek. 101.: Attempts at classifYing documents of memory lit­ Local newspaper indexing projects. British Library Newspaper erature. Orig.pl. Bibliotekarz Vol 52, No 11. 1985. p.I-6 Library seminar: 4 Dec.1987. Bristol . Orig. en. Indexer 16(1987)No.4. p.46-47. 2 refs. 88-953 869 Chernyj.A.I.; Bondar '.V.V•• Bujlova, H.M.: On a classification 88-938 844 of scientific reviews. Orig.ru. Nauchn.-tekhn. inform ••Ser. 1, Gruppo Spoglio Periodici Emi liano: La soggettazione nello spo­ No 1. 1987. p.23-25. 17 refs. gl io cooperativo di periodici. (The determlnatlOn of subJects in a cooperative examination of periodical s) Orig.it 88-954 869 Indicizzazione Vol 2, No 2. 1987. p.64-71 Spencer. M.D. G.: Thoroughness of book review indexing: a first appraisal . Orig.en. RQ Vol 26, No 2. 1986. p.18B-199. 19 refs. �g9 � Koch, J.E. : Newspaper indexing: planning and options. Orig.en. See also 88-962 Special Libraries Vol 76. No 4. 1985. p.271-281. 52 refs. 88-940 844 87 C & I on Non-Book Materials Semonche. B.P. : News aper indexin in search of a solution. Orig.en. Collectlon �ulldlng vol r• No 4. 1986. p.24-28 88-955 872 Chang,S.K. ; Shi.Q.V.• Van.C.W. : Iconic indexin b 2-0 strings 88-941 844 Orig.en. IEEE Transact.Pattern Analysls & act ine Intell. Wal l, C.: Newspaper indexing: using an IBM mainframe computer (PAMI) Vol 9, No 3, 1987. p.413-428 A and a text-formattlng program. Inform.Techno1.& Ubr. 6(198l) No 1. p.34-39, 2 refs. 88-956 872 Gauthier. M.: L'or anisation d'une collection de dia ositives. 88-942 844 (Organisation of a co ection of sl; es Orig. r. Doc. et B;� Morrison,D.: Indexes to The Times of London: An evaluation and bliotheques Vol 32. No 4. 1987. p.145-152. 8 refs. comparative analysis. Serials llbrarlan 13(1987)No I, p.89-10l 88-957 872 88-943 844 Prinsloo, N.J. ; Schoeman, K.: The desiQn and imvl ementation of Yeates, R. : Pres tel indexing from the user's point of view. a computer-assisted indexing system for illustrative materlal Indexer Vol 16, No 1. 1988. p.l-Iu in the S.A.library. Or;g.en. S.Afr.J.Libr.& Inform.Sci . Vol 54 No 4. 1986. p.192-196. 1 ref. 88-944 849 Craven. T.C. : Book review of Guidelines on Subject Access to 88-958 872 Microcom uter Software. Chicago and London: American library Svenlmius, E.: As soc.19 6. 111.27p. Intorm.Process.& Management vo l 23. No 4, 1986. p.388-389G 1986.

122 Int.Classif. 15(1988)No.2 Classification literature (2) Zi nkham H. , Parker E. B. Eds. : Descri tive tenus for ra­ codes. Non�tenninal symbol s define parts of the SNOMED space, phic materia s: Genre and physica characteristlc headings. the highest order of which corresponds to ICD categories. Per­ Washington, DC: library of Congress Cataloging Distribution fonnance of the corresponding program system and remaining Sedice 1986. 135 p. In: Libr.Resources & Techn.Serv. Vol 31, problems are described. (Author) No 4, 1987. p. 388-391 88-974 88-55 88-959 872 L16pes, I.R.: Using a KWOT index in psychology. Orig.es. Vasilevich, A.P. ; Al lmere, R.A. : A study of fonu perception in Res.esp.doc.c;ent. Vol 10, No 2, 1987. p. 187-211 an expe riment in free classification. Orig.ru. In: Eksperim.me­ tody i psikholingv. Moskva, SU 1987. p.50-62, 1 ref. 88-975 88-576 Col lins-Williams, J.; lyn, D. : Automated indexing of the deci� 88-960 875 sions of administrative boards and tribunals: the Ontario la­ Midland, R.W. ; Rozansky. B.: Beam index system with switchable bour relat10ns board. empl oyment standards branch, and human memories. Orig.en. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent Offlce 1987 nghts comml ssion. Orlg.en. Government Pub! .Review YOl 14. No (Apr1 1 14), us Patent No.4658288 5, 1987. p. 525-539 In a beam index system of the type including a source of video data coupled to a memory for storing a line of data from said 88-976 88-722 source and supplying the stored line of data under control of Stajkova, K. : Classification in ms. Orig.sk. Inform.Syst. Vol an index signal for display on the CRT. the improvement com­ 16, No 1. 1987. p.98-104 prising: a second memory for storing a line of video data and switch means for alternately operating the memories to store a 88-977 88-846, 355 line of video infonnation from said source and to provide a Tikhonov,V.V.; Borovik,G.A., Platova, A.I.: Classifying infor­ line of video information for display on said CRT. mation with structural matrices during patent searching in the field of gasoanalytic instrument makin . Orig.ru. In: Probl . 88-961 876 ekspertizy tekhn .reshenlj . Moskva, SU 18� 6. p. 114-129. 2 refs. Studwel l. W.E. : Map libraries and a subject heading code. Western Assoc.of �'ap L1br. Infonn.Bul l. Vol 1B, No 2. 1987. 88-978 88-83 p.157-158, 6 refs. Popovska,Kh. : The problem of database classification. Orig.ru. In: Avto'matiz.1nform.obsl uzhv.: 3 Nauch.-pril.konf.mezhdunar. 88-962 877 uchastie. Ch .3. Sofiya , BG 1987. p. 127-132. 14 refs. Kearns, P.M. ; Reavis, P.A. : Microcom uter-based automated 1nd­ exin of audio-visual reviews. Smal r compu ters 1n Llbranes 88-979 88-921 Vot g• No 6, 1986. p.21-23 Strater. H. ; Kloeden, E. v.; rnha1tl i che Erschl i eBun Schaner Literatur. (Subject analYsis of Belles lettres Orig. de. Buch U.Blbllothek Vol 40, No 4, 1988. p. 342-355, 30 refs. 88 C 8< I inSubject Fields leaning heavily on the work done by A.Mark Pejtersen the con­ tribution treats all the aspects related to the cataloguing 88-963 88-2/5 of fiction literature. starting with the special difficulties Results of an exper1rnent in the automatic indexinq in Span1sh of this kind of literature as against the subject-oriented of Ru ss1an sCl-tech texts from VINIII databa ses. Or lg.ru. one, its users and their attitudes, its socalled catal ogue­ In: Av tomatlz . inform.obsl uzhv . : 3 nauch.-pril . konf .mezhdunar. free subject analysis. and its alphabetical subject index. The uchastie. Ch.2. Sof1ya. BG 1987. p. 78-B5, 4 refs. results of a project are shortly reported and the experiences with a databank for fiction literature. establ ished at the li­ 88-22 brary School of the Hamburg Polytechnic. are described.

88-980 99�94 of Heusinger, L. : MIDAS - ein System zur EDV-qestUtzten Katalogi� the KWIC sierun und Indexierun kunst eschichtlicher Sachverhalte p. 17-21. 6 refs. andbuch des r ur er Index . MIDAS a system for the compu- ter-supported cataloguing and indexing of art-related sub� 88-965 88-26 jects) Orig.de. �l Unchen: K.G.Saur 1988. ISBN 3-598-30718-7 Christie, B.D. ; Munk, M.E. : Structure generation by reduction: a new strategy for computer-asslsted structure elucldat1 0n. J.Chem.Inform.Gomput.Scl. Vol 28, 1988. p.87-93. 18 refs. CLASSIFICATION 9 88-966 88-26 ENVIRONMENT Funatsu . K. ; Miyabayashi ,N .• Sasaki ,Sh.-I.: Further development 91 General Problems of Organisation of structure seneration in the automated structure elucidation system CHEM IC . J.Chem.lnfonn.Comput.Scl. Vol 28, 1988 . p.18- B8�981 912 28. 9 refs. Niemeier. J.; TruckenmUl ler, T.W., Ness,A.J. : Dokumentation im BUro von morgen - Aktenordner oder el ektronische Abla es ste­ 88-967 88-26 rne cumen at on ln e 0 lce 0 omorrow - manua or e ec� lipkus,A.H. ; Munk. M.E.: Automated classification of candidate "'frOnic filing?} Orig.de. In: Strohl-Goebl . H. (Ed. ): Deutscher structures for computer-assisted structure elucidation. Dokumentartag 1986. Freiburg, 8.-10.10.1986. Weinheim, DE: VCH J.Chem. Inform.Compu t.Sc1. Vol 28. 1988. p.9-18, 16 refs. Verl.-Ges. 1987. p.49-73. 35 refs.

88-968 88-42; 642 88-982 913; 989 Rogosa,M. ; Kri chevs ky,M. 0. , Colwe ,R. R.: �C odi",n, g ,m icr, 0 b1· - Hyasnikova, L.V. ; On centralised classification at the USSR 11 "" !- <;�",;:;;0"1 "°];91,,,,. cal data for compu ters. Berl i n-Heidelberg, etc.: Spnnger; 1986. Academy of Sciences library. Ori g.ru. In: Nauch.opisan1e 1 sy­ 299p. , ISBN 3�540-96417-7 stematiz.lit. Moskva , SU 1986. p. 16-23. 10 refs.

88-970 88-522 88-983 913 Tousignaut, D.R. : IndeXi" : old methods new concepts. Rozenshil'd, L.K. : On centralised classification for the BEN Indexer Vol 15. No 4, 198 }. p.191-204, g refs. centralised library system. On g.ru. Description of how the indexing of International Pharmaceuti­ In: Nauch.opisanie i sistematiz. lit. Hoskva, SU 1986. p.7-15 cal Abstracts (IPA) evolved, and how the combination of tradi­ tional methods and concepts and special modifications requi red for fu lltext databases of pharmaceutical information was done. 92 Persons and Institutious

88-971 88-523 88-984 922 Barber,J.; Moffat,Sh., Wood,F .• Bawden,D. : Case studies of the Satija, M.P. : Melvil Dewe : The father of modern librarianshi . indexing and retrieval of pharmacolo a ers. Inform.Process. In: Sewa Singh Ed. : Librarianship and Library Science Educa­ & Ma nagement Vo l 24, No 2, 1988. p.l� - l5g , 30 refs. tion. A collection of essays in honour of Dr.J.S.Sharma. New Delhi: ES5 Ess Publ . 1988. p.447-460 88-972 88-528:57 Lansing, P.S.; Edmondson, M.E. : Subject indexin of the Amer- 88-986 924 ican Journal of Occu ational Thera ln 0 N an ur- Kay .M; Needham,R; Sparck Jones,K. ; Wi lks,Y: Margaret Masterman Sln an e ea t 1 era ure. . e • erv. uar . 0 (1910-1986). Computat.Linguistics 13(1987}No 1�2, p.79-80 1987. p. 39-49 88-986 924 88-973 88-53 Williamson, N.J. : Margaret Mann Citation 1986: Jean Weihs. Wingert, F.: Automated indexing of SNOMED statements into ICD. Libr.Resources & Techn.Serv. Vol 30. No 4m 1936. p.423-424 Orig .en. Meth.lnfonn.Med. Vol 26, No 3. 1987. p.93-98, 5 refs. -A fo rmal language is presented which is used to generate a 88-987 924 transformation table for mapping SNOMED statements into ICD Dabrowski , T. : �rofessor Bohdan WalentYnowicz as a founder of

Int .Class if. 15( 1988}No.2 Cl assification Li terature 123 the Pol ish science of science. Orig .pl. Zag.naukozn. Vol 20{V) 98 User Studies No 4. 1985. p.530-536 88-997 982 88-988 924 Danilowicz,C.: Indexing problems - model ling of user preferen­ Miller. D. : Bohdan Wal entynowicz's studies on science communi­ £.!!2.. Orig.pl . Pr.wydz .techn . Vol 23, 1986. p. 259-282, 8 refs. cation and.. scientific tel'll1inology. Orig.pl . Za g.naukozn. Vo l 20(V) . No 4. 1985. p.552-563 88-998 982 Oette, K. : S rach robleme der Anbieter und Nutzer beim Urn an mi t Datenban en un Informat1onsdiensten. language problems 93 Organisation on a NatI. & InternatI. Level of hosts and users in using databanks and infol'll1ation servi­ ces) Orig.de. In: Braun, H. {Ed.): Sprache als Medium und Ver­ 88-989 934 s t(indigunysmi ttel zwi schen Wi ssenschaft, Wi rtschaft, VeNa 1- Geiselmann. F.: Schl a9wortkatalogisierung 1m Verbund. (Cooper­ tung und Offentlichkeit. Bonn, DE: Verl .Anst.d.dt.8eamtenbun­ ative subject cataloguing) Or lg.de. l.B1b1.wes .u.Bibl iogr. , des 1986. p.51-60 Sondern.44, Vol 34, 1987. p. 186-198. 5 refs. 88-999 982 88-990 934 Lambert. P.J. ; Peasgood. A.N. : Multi-user subjects, multi-sub­ Jabrzemska, E. ; Scibor, E. : Survey of indexing languages used ject users: reader-defined interd1 sclPIinaritv 1n Journals use in Polish information establ ishments. Orig.en. at the Un lVersity of Sussex. Brit.J.Acad.l1brarianship Vol 2, Int. Forum tntol'll1.Doc. Vol l�, No 2, 1987. p. 12-13. 4 refs. No I, 1987. p.20-36, 6 refs.

936 88-1000 982 Tatarkiewi cz ,J.: Analvsis of users' sUbject requests to an in­ fO l'll1ation system. orlg.pl. Aktual.Prob1 .lntonn .l Ook. , No 2. refs. 1987. p.27-31, 7 refs.

88-1002 984; 934 95 Education and Training Stepniakowa, E.: Classification of big universal library hold­ in s. Orig.pl . Rocz .Bibl .Nar. 1981-1982 Vols 17-18, 1986. See also 88-689 p.i 9-98, 57 notes

88-993 952.33 88-1003 984/5; 934 Gordon, M. : Training for indexing: a teacher's view. Scibor,E.: Survey on the indexing languages used in sc1entific Indexer Vol 15, No 4, 1987. p. 230 infonnation centers of Poland. Orig.ru. Mezhdunar. Forum Inf. Dok., Moskva Vol 12, No 2, 1987. p.12-13 88-994 953 Piantoni, M.: Documentar classification techniques: Hierar­ 88-1004 986 chico-numericat and alp* abe tic classi flcatlon methods bY maln Hancok, M.: Subject searching behaviour at the library cata­ Ubject. Orig .it. Infol'll1.e Doc. Vol 14, No 4, 1987. p. 27-29 logue and at the shelves: impl ications for online interactive project for creating a teaching software on digital and/or al­ catal ogues. J.Ooc. Vol 43, No 4, 1987. p.303-321, 23 refs. phabetic classification techn iques. Its procedural specifica­ tions are based on an architecture, distinguishing between a) 99 Standardization the program (designed with CAl techniques) which introduces cataloging "rules" and "techniques" and provides practical 88-1005 992 exercises. and b) a data base of catal oguing-bibl iographic 1.: references with the full description of the document including the various strings of alphabetic classification and al l the on numerical notations. Committee of the Gennan Int.Aufg.DGD Vol 10, No

97 Economic Aspects 88-1006 992 Nesterov, P.V.: Current state and �ros�ects of devel opment of See also 88-948 works of standard1zatlOn of sCl enbhc and teChn1cai tel'll11nO­ logy In the USSR. Or lg.en. Int. Inform. , C01lV1lunic.& Education, 88-995 977 LucKnow Vol 6. No 1, 1987. p. 71-78 Ferrarini, E.: Getting the most from online databases. Admin.Manag. Vol 47, No 8. 1986. p.28-30 88-1007 992 Troitskaya, l. V.: A new state standard for tenns and defini­ 88-996 977; 313 tions, Orig.ru. Nauch .-tekhn.terminol . 1987, No. 1, p.5-6 Wa llis. E. : The business side of indexi ng. Indexer Vol 15, No 4, 1987. p.205-209 88-1008 997 A comprehensive review under the following head1ngs: Freelan­ Bakewel l,K.G.B: as 3700 revis1on. Indexer 16(1988)No 1. p.42-4 cing; commissions; contracts for indexes; copyright; instruct­ ions from the publisher; delivery of the index; fees ; expen­ 88-1009 997 ses; tax concessions; complaints; suggested Code of Conduct Studwel l. W.E.: Academic libraries and a subject heading code. for Indflxers. J.Acad.librarianship Vol 12. No 6, 1987. p.372

Browne, M.W. 88-743 Comaromi , J.P. 88-833 Desai. B.C. 88-741 Personal Author Index BrUckler, H. 88-625 Cornet. I. 88-889 Dette, K. 88-998 Bryon. J.F.W. 88-922 Corsten,l.C.A. 88-534 Devijver, P.A. 88-536 Buchan. R.l.. 88-794 Craven, T.C. 88-779 Dhyan;, P. 88-851 88 Aanonson, J. -815 Bazhenov, S.R. 88-801 Budin, G. 88-603 88-944 Diamess;s, S.E. 88-634 I:Its-O/V Al lkin, R. 88-589 Beck. H. 88-5l1 Buscher, M. 88-680 Critchley. F. 88-520 Diday. E. 88-591 Ananda. A.l. 88-696 88-785 Bylander. T. 88-664 Culberg. l. 88-837 Diederich, J. 88-651 Ananiadou, S. 88-618 Bielicka, l.A. 88-718 Czap, H. 88-599 88-641 Diodato, V. 88-728 Anderson, A.J. 88-806 Bi ragova, I.I. 88-925 Carosel la,M.P. 88-818 88-644 88-645 Dopaze, J. 88-552 Asher. R. E. 88-839 8iswas. S.C. 88-796 Carroll, J.D. 88-561 Dorda, W. 88-797 Azerskaya, N. Y. 88-877 B1umenbach, D. 88-882 Caster, l.D. 88-840 Dabrowski , T. 88-987 Drobisheva,l.M. 88-636 Bobrov. l. K. 88-734 Ceglarek. W. 88-952 Dahlberg, I. 88-1005 Dunaev, V.V. 88-739 Babiczky, B. 88-823 80ck) H.H. (Ed.) 88-512 Celeux, G. 88-585 D'Alessio, G. 88-570 Bacelar Nicolau, H. Bo·ck. K. 88-715 Ceska. A. 88-759 Danilowicz, C. 88-997 Eben, K. 88-543 88-533 Bockenholt, I. 88-559 Chamis, A. Y. 88-765 Davies, P.l. 88-535 E99he, l. 88-756 Backer, E. 88-590 Bockenhol t, U. 88-560 Chan, l.M. 88-836 Day, W.H.E. 88-474 88-896 Backus, J.E.B. 8B-884 Boese. F.G. 88-582 Chang. S.K. 88-955 88-548 Eichhol z,R. 88-611 Baker, S.L. 88-899 Boose. J.H. 88-650 Chen, J. 88-711 De Beaugrande. R. Eisele, H.A. 88-617 88-900 Booth, B. et al 88-497 Chernyj, A.I. 88-953 88-600 Eisenbl(itter,D. 88-522 Bakewell,K.G.B 88-671-2 Borgman, Ch .l. 88-906 Chiba, S. 88-753 De Grol ier,E. 88-640 Enser. P.G.B. 88-946 88-845 88-850 88-1008 Bose, H. 88-678 Christie, B.O. 88-965 De Gruijter,J.J. 88-523 Erevinova, M. 88-879 Bakry, S.H. 88-738 Bozdogan. H. 88-583 Ciganik, M. 88-773 De Soete, G. 88-529 Ermert, A. 88-623 Balakrishnan,N. 88-542 88-584 Clack, D.H. 88-476 88-744 ErUnsal , I.E. 88-719 Barber, J. 88-971 Brenner, E.H. 88-931 Claude, V. 88-817 Degens, P.O. 88-598 Escoufier, V. 88-571 Barth�lemy,J.P. 88-547 Britv1n, V.G. 88-736 Codo9notto, P. 88-887 Dehne. F. 88-749 Eshelman, l. 88-652 Batagelj, V. 88-519 Bromley. Y.V. 88-626 Coib10n, C. G8-763 Delgado, R.R. 88-610 Evstigneev,V.A. 88-897 Bauer, M.C. 88-493 88-635 Collins-Williams, J. Delgrande,J.P. 88-658 Bausch, Th. 88-581 Brons, U. 88-612 88-975 Dencheva , E.S. 88-703 Fadiran, O. 88-802

124 Int.Classif. 15{1988)No.2 Classification literature Soper. M.E. 88-723 Faith. D.P. 88-549 Kapu r, Shabad 88-475 Neil l. S.D. 88-769 Spangenberg .N. 88-579 Feger. H. 88-562 Kascus, M.A. 88-780 Nes terov. P. V. 88-1006 Spath, H. 88-530 Fen. Zh. 88-874 Kaul. M. 88-594 Niemann, H. 88-516 Spencer,M.D.G. 88-954 Feng, Zh. 88-627 Kaula. P.N. 88-510 Niemeier. J. 88-981 Sprehe. B. 88-775 Ferrarin;, E. 88-995 88-689 Nigmatul lin.R.S. 88-878 Stajkova. K. 88-976 Fichet, 8. 88-521 Kay , M. 88-986 Nishisato, S. 88-573 Stepanova.L. P. 88-934 88-563 Kearns, P.M. 88-962 Nothiger. R. 88-820 Stepniakova, E. '88-1002 Finn1, J.J. 88-832 Keen. M. 88-670 Nutter, J.T. 88-713 Stieglbauer.G. 88-605 Fisher. J.W. 88-932 Ken t, P. 88-595 Stock, W.G. 88-677 Fitzgerald, M. 88-833a Khanzin. A.G. 88-926 Obeid. 1. 88-964 Strater. H. 88-979 Flood, R.L. 88-706 Kitto. C.M. 88-661 Oeser,E. 88-642 88-675 Strebl , M. 88-805 Foldi, T. 88-604 Klauer, K.C. 88-567 Ohly, P. 88-646 Studwel l.W.E. 88-848 88-849 Forrest, M. 88-672 Klein, F. 88-633 Oj ala. M. 88-893 88-914 88-961 88-1009 Forschner. F. 88-907 Klinker. G. 88-654 Olesova, E.S. 88-827 Sturr, N.C. 88-812 Foskett,A.C. 88-947 Kmi ta. J. 88-712 Orth, 8. 88-569 Suabo, J. 88-950 Frank, O. 88-592 Koch, J.E. 88-939 Ota. Y. 88-629 Komarova. I.N. 88-858 Pankhurst.R.J. 88-596 Sukhmaneva.E.G. 88-857 Fran kl in,J. St. 88-705 Suki asyan ,E. R. 88-762 Friis-Hansen ,J.B. 88-830 Komarova. V.P. 88-863 Paqu in, L.-C. 88-615 Susl ov. A. K. 88-861 Frumkina. R.M. 88-688 Konig, G. 88-904 Pariiskii, V.L. 88-913 Svenonius. E. 88-502 Funatsu. K. 88-966 Kopinski , A. 88-730 Parker, E. B. 88-505 88-903 88-958 Furniss. P. 88-766 Kornel l, J. 88-662 Pavlovska, E. 88-881 Kozachkov, L.S. 88-895 Perevoshchikova, L.M. Svyatskaya.L.M. 88-929 Gabriel . K.R. 88-564 Krauth, J. 88-539 88-865 Tabolina, T.V. 88-638 Gaines. 8. 88-649 Ku drin. V. 1. 88-864 Pettit, E.J. 88-760 Takano. F. 88-873 Gale, W.A. 88-653 Kumar, P.S.G. 88-852 Pflug, W. 88-870 Tatarkiewicz.J. 88-1000 Ganter, G. 88-577 Kurz, G. 88-554 Piantoni , M. 88-994 Gao. Chong Quin 88-868 Kwok, K.L. 88-949 Pigott, I.M. 88-606 Ter 8raak,Cajo J.F. 88-576 Gauthier, M. 88-956 Pogorelova. V.A. Thiele. R. 88-680 Thomas III.J.8. 88-503 Gebhardt. F. 88-593 LaFrance. M. 88-665 88-910 88-504 Gei selmann. F. 88-989 Lambert. P.J. 88-999 Popovska, Kh. 88-978 Tikhonov . V.V. 88-977 Gendina, N.I. 88-726 Lane, J.-E. 88-693 Price, R. 88-786 Tomassone. R. 88-747 Ghani. A. 88-778 Lansing, P.S. 88�972 Prinsloo.N.J. 88-957 Tousignaut,D.R. 88-970 Glasersfel d.E.v. 88-709 lausen. B. 88-555 Puppe, 8. 88-698 Trifonov, E.N. 88-518 Gocza. G. 88-828 lebart, L. 88-525 Pylyshyn , Z.W. 88-710 Troitskaya ,L.V. 88-1007 Godehardt, E. 88-537 Leclerc, B. 88-550 Turp, St. 88-834 Goetschalckx.J.A.M. Lehmann. K.(Ed.) 88-485 Rada, R. 88-790 Tyryshki na.Z. 1. 88-867 88-619 Lemos. M.L.V.de 88-890 Rajendran, P.P. 88-928 Gopinath, M.A. 88-695 leont'eva, N.N. 88-923 Ralambondrainy, H. Udoh, O.J.E. 88-991 88-731 Leonan. 1. C. 88-526 88-527 Ukhin,Yu.Yu. et al . 88-912 Gordon. J.E. 88-804 Levin, G. D. 88-694 Rapaport, W.J. 88-691 Gordon. M. 88-993 88-708 Rasson. J.P. 88-540 Vach. W. 88-531 Gouboglo. M.M. 88-637 Line, J. 88-498 Redzhepova. K.E. Van der Horst, K. Gower, J.C. 88-513 Lipkus, A.H. 88-967 88-920 88-607 88-609 Grabarczyk. Z. 88-639 Lischka. Ch. 88-702 Reif, F. 88-700 Van Wael sden,P. 88-892 Grande. S. 88-921 Liskova. A. 88-767 Rempe. U. 88-556 Vasilev, Kh. 88-729 Grebeniyuk,T.V. 88-908 Littman, D.C. 88-655 Rieger. B.B. 88-601 Vasilevich,A.P. 88-959 Gruber, T.R. 88-659 l1 bpes. 1. R. 88-974 Ri99s, F. 88-622 Vasil 'jev,V.E. 88-862 Gu ll. C.D. 88-720 Lockenhoff. H. 88-674 Rivera. A.S. 88-875 Vavilova. G.P. 88-826 Guy. R.F. 88-780 Loening. K. 88-613 Rizzi. A. 88-574 Lomachinskaya. I.V. Rizzo. S. 88-473 Vikhma, Kh. 88-483 Vil 'chinskij .S.S. 88-935 Hadler, P. 88-819 88-859 Robinson, G. 88-816 Vogel . F. 88-752 Hancok. M. 88-1004 Lorenz, B. 88-680 Rogosa, M. 88-968 Hansen. P. 88-748 Lorenz, O. 88-500 Roman. E. 88-690 Vogt, F.H. 88-602 Hanson. St.J. 88-707 lucarel la, D. 88-792 Rooke. S. 88-835 Vollmer, J. 88-608 Hardt, S. L. 88-692 luce. R.D. 88-514 Roose, T. 88-807 Wackernagel ,H. 88-588 Harris. K. 88-902 Luksch. P. 88-578 Rosenberg, J.M. 88-481 Wal l, C. 88-941 Hartigan, J.A. 88-538 Lupandi n, LV. 88-825 RowleY,J. 88-811 88-947 Wal lis, E. 88-996 Hashimoto, A. 88-927 lynch, C.A. 88-909 Rozenshil'd. L. K. 88-91l Wawrzynczak.R. 88-714 Hayashi. C. 88-586 88-983 Weber. J. 88-544 Heeks,R. 88-947 Macey. J.F. 88-905 Webster, L. 88-501 Heiser. W.J. 88-565 Machovec. G.S. 88-810 Sacki n. H.J. 88-528 Wegscheider.K. 88-545 Hendy, M.D. 88-553 Makhotki na,L.N. 88-508 Saito, T. 88-541 Weinberg ,B. 88-843 88-771 Henige. D. 88-846 Mansuri. R. 88-632 Sakagami . Y. et al Weinfeld, M. 88-844 Herden, G. 88-524 Markey. K. 88-478 88-872 Wellisch, H.H. 88-830 Herman, E. 88-924 88-903 Salton, G. 88-789 Wernecke .K.-D. 88-546 Hermes, H.-J. 88-829 Martinez. C. 88-795 Salvi. G.N. 88-761 White, R.J. 88-558 Heusinger. L. 88-980 Masarie, F.E. 88-888 Sandstrom, G. 88-725 Wiberley.St.E . • Jr. 88-898 Heyer, G. 88-697 Maslovets,R.D. 88-860 Sankoff. D. 88-557 Wille, R. 88-580 Hill. F.J. 88-917 Mater. E. 88-684 Saporta, G. 88-575 Williamson,N.J. 88-986 Hirtle. St.C. 88-746 Mathar. R. 88-568 Satija, M. P. 88-673 McCrank. L.J. 88-621 88-984 Wi ndham. M. P. 88-532 Hol ley, R. P. 88-721 88751 Horvath. T. 88-783 McLachlan,G.J. 88-750 Sato. A. 88-933 Meulman, J.J. 88-572 Sauppe. E. 88-482 Wingert. F. 88-973 Houser, l. 88-701 Winston. M. E. 88-727 Hsiao-feng Shu 88-687 Midland. R.W. 88-960 Schader, M. 88-551 Wishart, D. 88-597 Hubert, L. 88-566 Mie, F. 88-624 Scharmann. U. 88-716 Wisniewski, E. 88-757 Hudson, J. 88-477 Mlethke. B. 88-919 Schmidt. A.F. 88-824 Wittke, R. 88-509 Hunter, E.J. 88-722 Miller. D. 88-988 Schneider, T. 88-620 Womser-Hacker.Ch. 88-788 Hussain, K.M. 88-631 Mishchenko,G.L. 88-740 Schnel ling. H. 88-787 Mochmann, E. 88-774 Schramm, R. 88-930 Woods, D.O. 88-666 88-799 Igarashi , H. 88-776 Mohler, P.Ph. 88-772 Schulz, H. 88-853 Wykoff, l. Iivonen. M. 88-768 Moore. E.A. 88-663 Schulz. H. 88-854 Yakovleva, LN. 88-777 Inoue. H. 88-628 Moore. N.L. 88-948 Schwartz, C. 88-475a Yanko, T.E. 88-814 lsaeva, T. V. 88-507 Mor; k, K. 88-656 Scibor, E. 88-1003 Yeates. R. 88-943 Ito. R. 88-630 Morrison. D. 88-942 Sell is. T.K. 88-742 Motzkln. D. 88-803 Semonche. 8.P. 88-940 Yzul evskij ,G.Ya. 88-724 Jabrzemska. E. 88-990 Murtagh. F. 88-515 Shapiro, St.C. 88-479 Zakharov, V.P. 88-798 Jain, A.K. 88-754 Musen, M.A. 88-657 Shepherd. G. W. 88-901 Zarco, J. 88-614 Janko. T.E. 88-735 Mya snikova,L.V. 88-951 Shvertner, K. 88-764 Zarri , G.P. 88-616 Jialian, Sh. 88-876 88-982 Sidneva. V.D. 88-918 Zeigler. B.P. 88-699 Johnson, P.E. 88-660 Siler, W. 88-704 Nadezhdi na,M.A. 88-883 Si12ova. D. 88-869 Zharikova, l.A. 88-866 Zhdanova, Z. 88-855 Kadokawa, M. 88-737 Nagel , M. 88-587 Skolek, J. 88-871 Zimmermann. H. 88-936 Kalaekina, S.Ja. 88--732 Nakamura. S. 88-894 Sobol eva, E. 88-809 Zinkham. H. 88-502 Kalia. D.R. 88-880 Nakayama.Sh.-I. 88-758 Soergel. D. 88-683 Zychows ki. P. 88-791 Kanal . L.N. 88-755 Naraoka. 1. 88-813 Sokal. R.R. 88-517 INDEKS- VERLA G

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