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BICC Brief 10: Peaceful Fallout: the Conversion of China´S Military

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BICC Brief 10: Peaceful Fallout: the Conversion of China´S Military Heilongjian Jilin Liaoning jing N NORTH N KOREA Tianjin SOUTH KOREA Yellow brief 10 handong Sea Jiangsu East China Sea Peaceful Fallout: Anhui N Shanghai The Conversion NN N Zhejiang of China's i MilitaryNuclear Fujian Complex to Nong TAIWAN Civilian Use november 97 brief 10 Contents Zusammenfassung About the Author German summary 4 Summary 5 Yitzhak Shichor (Ph.D., London School of Economics and Political Preface 6 Science) is Michael William Lipson Associate Professor of Chinese Studies and Political Science, the Hebrew University of Introduction 7 Jerusalem, Israel. He has written extensively on Chinas Middle Chinas Nuclear Complex Eastern policy and defense reform under Mao: Military and is currently engaged in a Predominance 9 book-length study of Chinas military-to-civilian conversion. Reliance on the Soviet Union 9 Self-reliance 13 The military origins of nuclearpower 15 Chinas Nuclear Complex after Mao: MilitaryCivilian Combination 18 Origins and organization 18 Some conversion achievements 20 Generating civilian nuclear power 22 Some international aspects of conversion 27 Chinas Nuclear Conversion: Military Implications 30 Conclusion 34 References 35 List of Selected Acronyms and Abbreviations 40 Cover Illustration: Bibliography 41 China's nuclear complex Annex: Chinas Converted MilitaryNuclear Enterprises: Selected List 44 2 B·I·C·C brief 10 Peaceful Fallout: The Conversion of China's Military Nuclear Complex to Civilian Use by Yitzhak Shichor november B·I·C·C97 3 brief 10 Zusammen- Inland als auch im Ausland zu fassung vermarkten, wurden neue Holding- gesellschaften gegründet. Bis Mitte German Summary der 90er Jahre erreichte der Anteil der zivilen Produktion von über 300 Konversionsprojekten im chinesi- schen nuklear-militärischen Kom- Seit den frühen 90er Jahren ist die technik (wie die Herstellung von plex nach offiziellen Angaben 80% Volksrepublik China mehr oder gering angereichertem Uran und die der gesamten Produktion. Gleichzei- minder freiwillig einer Reihe von Entwicklung eines Reaktors für tig wurde die Produktion von internationalen Konventionen zur Atom-U-Boote) auch zur Stromer- hochangereichertem Waffen-Uran nuklearen Abrüstung beigetreten. zeugung zu nutzen. und -Plutonium drastisch reduziert Abgesehen von der Internationalen oder sogar gestoppt. Chinas wichtig- Atomenergiebehörde, bei der China Trotz anhaltender Ängste vor einer stes Entwicklungszentrum für 1984 Mitglied wurde, trat es dem äußeren Bedrohung, auch nach Maos Kernwaffen in Qinghai wurde außer Nichtverbreitungsvertrag (1991) Tod 1976, mußte in China aufgrund betrieb genommen und den zustän- sowie dessen Erweiterung, dem der Priorität, die im Land dem digen zivilen Behörden übergeben. Trägertechnologiekontroll-Regime wirtschaftlichen Wachstum und der (1992) und schließlich dem Vertrag Modernisierung eingeräumt wurde Das wichtigste Ergebnis bei der über das umfassende Verbot von u.a. die Konversion der zu wenig Konversion nuklearer Kapazitäten Nuklearversuchen (1996) bei. Einer genutzten militärisch industriellen ist jedoch der Bau und das Betreiben der Gründe für die politische und technischen Kapazitäten zu von Atomkraftwerken, die haupt- Führung, diese internationalen zivilen Zwecken vorangetrieben sächlich im Süden, Osten und Verpflichtungen zu akzeptieren, werden. Der Nuklearsektor wurde Nordosten Chinas anzutreffen sind - waren die schon seit den frühen 80er hiervon nicht ausgeschlossen. Wenn Gegenden, in denen die industrielle Jahren unternommenen Anstren- man jedoch die Konversion des Produktion gelegentlich aufgrund gungen bei der Konversion ihres chinesischen militärisch-nuklearen von Energieknappheit durch eigenen nuklear-militärischen Komplexes mit der anderer Stromausfälle unterbrochen wird. Bereiches zu zivilen Zwecken. Rüstungsunternehmen vergleicht, Zusätzlich zu den in großem erkennt man, daß dieser Prozeß um Maßstab angelegten Kernkraftwer- Während der gesamten Mao-Ära, ein vielfaches langsamer verläuft. ken werden kleinere Kernenergie- von den frühen 50er Jahren bis Ende Dies ist auf seine besonderen Cha- projekte, wie Kernfusions- 1970, wurde der kerntechnische rakteristika zurückzuführen. Der Kernspaltungs-, schnelle Neutronen- Bereich in China auf- und ausgebaut, Nuklearsektor ist ein besonders und gasgekühlte Reaktoren entwik- hauptsächlich für militärische isoliertes und hochempfindliches kelt. Obwohl ein Teil der zivilen Zwecke. Dabei verzehrte er eine System mit nur geringer Erfahrung Technologie und Ausrüstung beträchtliche Menge an zivilen im Bereich der zivilen Produktion importiert wurde, stammt viel aus Ressourcen einschließlich finanziel- und keinerlei Bewußtsein von chinesischer Produktion und wird ler Mittel, Arbeitskräfte und Marktmechanismen. Er wurde ohne sogar in andere Länder, wie z. B. Ausrüstung. Die friedliche Nutzung Berücksichtigung der Kosten, unter Pakistan, Iran, Algerien und Syrien, von Atomenergie spielte jedoch nur absoluter Geheimhaltung und exportiert. eine untergeordnete Rolle. Bis zum strengsten Sicherheitsvorkehrungen Ende der Mao-Ära hatte der zivile und unter Verwendung hochspezia- Die Konversion des militärisch- Anteil am Output des nuklear- lisierter und gefährlicher Technolo- nuklearen Bereiches in China zu militärischen Komplex, der aus gien entwickelt. Aufgrund der ziviler Nutzung scheint keineswegs Angst vor Angriffen über weit Isolation war der Sektor allerdings unumkehrbar zu sein und sie entfernte und unzugängliche Teile nicht so fortgeschritten, wie von der bedeutet auch keine Zurückstufung des Landes verstreut war, nicht Regierung später behauptet wurde. der militärischen-nuklearen Pro- mehr als 5% erreicht. Während All diese Faktoren behinderten eine gramme. Beijing führt weiterhin beträchtliche Erfolge in der Ent- reibungslose Durchführung der Nuklearwaffentests zur Entwick- wicklung und dem Bau von Kern- Konversion zu zivilen Zwecken. lung neuer Kernwaffen und waffen und Kernwaffenträger- Kernwaffenträgersystemen durch systemen erzielt wurden, begann Nach und nach begann der chinesi- und läßt verlauten, daß der Besitz man, Elemente der Kernwaffen- sche militärisch-nukleare Bereich solcher Waffen immer noch notwen- auch mit der Produktion ziviler dig sei, um sowohl die Sicherheit des Güter und der Nutzung seiner Landes als auch seine Souveränität Technologien für zivile Zwecke. zu gewährleisten. Um diese Produkte sowohl im 4 B·I·C·C summary Summary Yet, the most important achievement of Chinas nuclear Since the early 1990s, the Peoples Although external threat perception conversion is the construction and Republic of China has become was still high following Maos death operation of nuclear power plants, committed, willingly or otherwise, in late 1976, the priority accorded to primarily in the south, east and to a number of international economic growth and northeast where serious electricity conventions aimed at nuclear modernization called, among other shortages occasionally disrupt disarmament. In addition to the things, for the conversion of Chinas industrial production. In addition International Atomic Energy underutilized military industrial to these large-scale nuclear power Agency, which China joined in and technological capacity, nuclear plants, smaller nuclear energy 1984, these include the Non-Prolife- included, to civilian use. Yet, projects such as fusion-fission, fast ration Treaty (1991) and its compared to other defense neutron, and gas-cooled reactors are extension, the Missile Technology industrial enterprises, the being developed. While part of the Control Regime (1992) and finally, conversion of Chinas military civilian technology and equipment the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty nuclear complex has been has been imported, part is not only (1996). One of the reasons why considerably slower due to its of Chinese origin but has also been Beijing accepted these international unique characteristics: a particularly exported to other countries, such as commitments was that since the segregated and highly sensitive Pakistan, Iran, Algeria and Syria. early 1980s it had already taken system with marginal experience in steps towards the conversion of its civilian production and no However, the conversion of Chinas own nuclear military complex to awareness of market mechanisms, militarynuclear complex to civilian civilian use. having been developed with little use is not by any means irreversible, regard to cost, in total secrecy and nor does it imply a downgrading of Throughout the Mao era, from the under tight security using very militarynuclear programs. As a early 1950s to the late 1970s, Chinas specialized and dangerous matter of fact, while nuclear nuclear complex was launched, built technologies which, because of its conversion was going on, Beijing and expanded primarily for military isolation, had not been as advanced continued to undertake nuclear ends while absorbing considerable as Beijing later claimed. All these weapons tests, to develop new kinds civilian resources including funds, factors have defied easy conversion of nuclear weapons and delivery manpower and equipment. Though to civilian use. systems, and to claim that the on the agenda, the peaceful use of possession of such weapons was still atomic energy was marginal and by Gradually, however, Chinas essential to safeguard not only its the end of this period the civilian militarynuclear complex began security but also its sovereignty. output of Chinas militarynuclear producing civilian goods and using complex, deliberately spread over its technologies for civilian remote and inaccessible
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