Appendix

RUBBER INFORMATION RESOURCES

RUTH MURRAY Rubber Division ACS Library The University of Akron Akron, Ohio

The body of rubber literature continues to increase as new materials enter the picture and as old and new ones find new applications. It is difficult for the expert in the field to keep track of its many developments, while to one not so skilled in the art as the engineer or designer, the rubber literature can be ob• scure. The references listed below are intended only to highlight the major sources of information. Books review the known and basic information; handbooks, dictionaries and directories point out the specific facts and data; periodicals keep one up-to-date on the relatively late information. The newest information is usually found in conference proceedings. Forming a little classification of their own are the books which cannot be included in the technical listing per se but which will appeal to the reader in• terested in the history of the rubber and of .

GENERAL BOOKS

K. W. Allen, ed., Adhesion 1-9, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1977-1985. The books contain papers that were given at the Annual Conferences on Adhesion and Adhesives at the City University in London. G. Alliger and I. J. Sjothun, of , Reinhold, New York, 1964. A series of lectures presented by the Akron Rubber Group, edited and published in book fonn. J. C. Arthur, Jr., ed., for Fibers and Elastomers, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 20036, 1984.

615 616 RUBBER TECHNOLOGY

A state-of-the-art volume in fiber technology, based on a symposium sponsored by the Macromolecular Secretariat at the 186th Meeting of the ACS, 1983. R. O. Babbit, ed., The Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook, 12th ed., R. T. Vanderbilt Co., Norwalk, CT 06855, 1978. A practical manual describing available elastomers, explaining basic principles of compounding, and giving frequently used physical test methods. L. Bateman, ed., The Chemistry and Physics of Rubber-like Substances, Maclaren & Sons, London, 1963. A compilation of the main studies undertaken by the Producers' Re• search Association. A book of classic scientific information on natural rubber. F. W. Billmeyer, Jr., Textbook of Science, 3d Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1984. An up-to-date text dealing with basic principles of and including descriptions of new polymer materials and composite materials. D. C. Blackley, High Polymer Latices: Their Science and Technology, Maclaren & Sons, London, 1966. A thorough coverage of polymer latices, what they are, and the uses to which they may be put. D. C. Blackley, Synthetic Rubbers: Their Chemistry and Technology, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1983. An up-to-date survey of the principal types of that have been and are currently available. C. M. Blow and C. Hepburn, Rubber Technology and Manufacture, 2d Ed., Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982.

An up-to-date guide for students, beginners in the rubber and associ• ated supplying industries, and users of rubber products in other industries. R. P. Brown, Physical Testing of Rubbers, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1979. A handbook of testing methods for workers in the field and for engineers and others who specify or use rubber products. J. A. Brydson, Materials, 4th Ed., Butterworth Scientific, London, 1982. Preparation, structure, and properties of many classes of plastics, including rubbers.

J. A. Brydson, Rubber Chemistry, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1978. The chemistry underlying rubbery polymeric materials with particular emphasis on rubber technology. K. O. Calvert, Polymer Latices and Their Applications, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1982. RUBBER INFORMATION RESOURCES 617

An up-to-date look at latex technology compiled by authors from industry. S. K. Clark, ed., Mechanics of Pneumatic , 2d Ed., Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, 1981. A complete treatise on mechanics, including rubber and textile properties, fric• tion, material properties, tire design and construction, skid and handling. C. C. Davis and 1. T. Blake, eds., The Chemistry and Technology of Rubber, Reinhold, New York, 1937. Originally the basic, comprehensive reference volume on rubber; now of historical interest. I.-B. Donnet and A. Voet, Black: Physics, Chemistry, and Rein• forcement, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1976. In one volume, the most important contributions to the physics and chemistry of car• bon black and its manufacture. F. R. Eirich, ed., Science and Technology of Rubber, Academic Press, New York, 1978. A postgraduate text, covering the most important aspects of rubber science and some technology. C. W. Evans, ed., Developments in Rubber and Rubber Composites 1-3, Applied Sci• ence Publishers, London, 1980-1983. Chapters on topics relating to rubber and rubber compounding and processing by dif• ferent authors. C. W. Evans, Powdered and Particulate Rubber Technology, Applied Science Publish• ers, London, 1978. A guide and introduction to the subject. C. W. Evans, Practical Rubber Compounding and Processing, Applied Science Pub• lishers, London, 1981. Discussion of all phases of rubber manufacture, from raw materials to typical recipes, mixing and equipment, processing and vulcanization steps, to the finished product. R. A. Fleming and D. I. Livingston, eds., Tire Reinforcement and Tire Performance, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA 19103, 1979. Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by ASTM Committees Dl3 and F9, Mont• rose, OH, October 1978. P. K. Frealdey and A. R. Payne, Theory and Practice of with Rubber, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1978. Of interest to technologists and to scientists, covering properties of elastomeric ma• terials, theory and practices of design and many applications. P. K. Freakley, Rubber Processing and Production Organization, Plenum, New York, 1985. 618 RUBBER TECHNOLOGY

A guide to the analysis and synthesis of manufacturing systems in rubber product companies. K. C. Frisch and 1. H. Saunders, eds., Foams (2 parts), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1972.

The fundamental principles of foam formation in general as well as coverage of the specific varieties of the flexible and rigid types. 1. M. Funt, Mixing of Rubbers, RAPRA Technology Ltd., Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY4 4NR, England, 1977. Aimed at the production engineer or machine designer, dealing with the mechanical operations of rubber in the processing plant. J. B. Gomez, Anatomy of Hevea and its Influence on Latex Production, Malaysian Rub• ber Research and Development Board (MRRDB Monograph No.7), Kuala Lumpur, 1982. A summary of the present state of knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of Hevea. 1. B. Gomez, Physiology of Latex (Rubber) Production, Malaysian Rubber Research and Development Board (MRRDB Monograph No.8), Kuala Lumpur, 1983. Provides a summary of several aspects of latex production and relates the background research to the practical problems of the rubber producers. C. A. Harper, ed., Handbook of Plastics and Elastomers, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1976. Handbook featuring the important plastic and elastomer materials, and a survey of testing, standards, and specifications within industry. D. F. Hays and A. L. Browne, eds., The Physics of Tire Traction, Theory and Exper• iment, Plenum, New York, 1974. Contains the papers and discussions of a symposium held at General Motors Research Laboratories, October 1973, and details fundamental aspects of rubber friction and tire traction. C. Hepburn and R. J. W. Reynolds, eds., Elastomers: Criteria for Engineering Design, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1979. The published papers of a symposium held at Loughborough University of Technol• ogy as a tribute to Dr. Bob Payne. Its subjects provide information on the academic, theoretical, and practical aspects of rubber physics and engineering. C. Hepburn, Elastomers, Applied Science Publishers, New York, 1982. The essentials of the industrially important and established materials and processes de• scribed for people with both technical and semitechnical backgrounds. W. Hofmann, Vulcanization and Vulcanizing Agents, Applied Science Publishers, Lon• don, 1967. RUBBER INFORMATION RESOURCES 619

Comprehensive survey of the methods of crosslinking and the necessary implemen• tation systems, for the rubber technician.

D.1. James, ed., Abrasion of Rubber, trans. by M. E. Jolley, Maclaren & Sons, Lon• don, 1967. Consists of papers presented at the conference on abrasion in Moscow, December 1961, and reviews the problems of wear mechanism of rubber and rubber products, mainly tires. J. P. Kennedy and E. G. M. Tornqvist, eds., of Synthetic Elasto• mers, 2 vols., Interscience Publishers, New York, 1968. A comprehensive treatise on synthetic elastomers. Chemical aspects of polymer for• mation are emphasized rather than polymer physics. F. J. Kovac, Tire Technology, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, OR 44316, 1973. A small basic tire manual, going into types, components, materials, reinforcing sys• tems, engineering features and building. G. Kraus, ed., Reinforcement of Elastomers , Interscience Publishers, New York, 1965. A collection of chapters covering the basic phenomena of reinforcement, properties of filled rubbers, and processing operations. A. Krause, A. Lange, and M. Ezren, Chemical Analysis of Plastics and Elastomers: A Guide to Fundamental Qualitative and Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Macmillan, Riverside, NJ, 1982. Brings together in one volume the classical methods of chemical analysis and modern instrumental analytical methods. An appendix lists service companies and reference spectra. R. L. Long, ed., Basic Compounding and Processing of Rubber, Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, Akron, OR 44325, 1985. A textbook emphasizing practical rather than theoretical aspects of compounding and designed for Rubber Group use. W. Lynch, Handbook of Rubber Fabrication, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1978. Describes all of the main methods of fabricating , covering the elec• trical, appliance, automotive, aerospace and medical applications. It is a guide to industry processes, materials and applications. E. W. Madge, Latex , Maclaren & Sons, London, 1962. Surveys and analyzes the technical factors that influence the process and product of foam rubbers based on both natural rubber latex and on synthetic rubber latices. J. E. Mark and 1. Lal, eds., Elastomers and Rubber Elasticity, ACS Symposium Series No. 193, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 20036, 1982. 620 RUBBER TECHNOLOGY

Based on a symposium sponsored by the Division of Polymer Chemistry, American Chemical Society, New York, August 1981, the papers discuss the important ad• vances in the molecular theories of rubberlike elasticity. D. F. Moore, Friction and Lubrication of Elastomers, Pergamon Press, New York, 1972. Theories for the slide of elastomers over a surface. D. F. Moore, Friction of Pneumatic Tires, Elsevier Publishing Co., New York, 1975. Deals with the pneumatic tire as a complete system and discusses the tread/pavement interaction under varying conditions. S. H. Morrell, Progress of Rubber Technology, Applied Science Publishers, London. Annual review of most topics in the industry. Begun in 1937, its last volume was published in 1984. It has been succeeded by the quarterly journal Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology. M. Morton, ed., Introduction to Rubber Technology, Reinhold, New York, 1959. Covers the compounding of natural and synthetic rubber, as well as testing and prop• erties. Though now out of print, it is still a good introduction to rubber technology. W. J. S. Naunton, The Applied Science of Rubber, Edward Arnold (Publishers), Lon• don, 1961.

A comprehensive text-book of rubber technology which combines theory and practice. R. H. Norman, Conductive Rubber and Plastics: Their Production, Applications and Test Methods, Applied Science Publishers, 1970. This book covers the properties, processing of, and uses for conductive rubbers and plastics. A. R. Nutt, Toxic Hazards of Rubber Chemicals, Elsevier, New York, 1984. The toxicities and effects of all the chemicals commonly used in rubber processing are noted, and toxicological testing methods and atmospheric monitoring methods used by the industry are reviewed. A. R. Payne and J. R. Scott, Engineering Design with Rubber, Maclaren & Sons, Lon• don, 1960. Discussion of the properties, testing, and design of rubber as an engineering material. C. K. Riew and J. K. Gillham, eds., Rubber-Modified Thermoset Resins, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC 20036, 1984. Covers chemistry and physics of thermoset polymerization.

W. J. Roff and 1. R. Scott, Handbook of Common Polymers, Fibers, Films, Plastics and Rubbers, CRC Press, Cleveland, 1971. Information on high polymers and natural rubber and all types of synthetic rubbers: data, trade names, synonyms, applications, structural characteristics, properties. RUBBER INFORMATION RESOURCES 621

W. M. Saltman, ed., The Stereo Rubbers, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1977. A treatise on the preparation, processing, basic physical, mechanical, and technolog• ical properties, and major uses of the elastomers made with solution and stereospecific catalysts. D. J. Schuring, ed., Tire Rolling Resistance, Rubber Division, American Chemical So• ciety, Akron, OH 44325, 1982. Papers and discussion of a symposium, Chicago, Fall 1982, dealing with the mea• surement of rolling resistance, conditions that affect rolling loss, and mathematical modelling. M. Sittig, Stereo-Rubber and Other Elastomer Processes, Noyes Development Corp., Park Ridge, NJ, 1979. A chemical engineering study based primarily on the patent literature supplemented by other commercial information and data. H. J. Stem, Rubber: Natural and Synthetic, 2d Ed., Maclaren & Sons, London, 1967. An account of all aspects of the subject from polymers synthesis to reclaiming, suit• able for anyone with basic scientific training but not necessarily any prior knowledge of rubber technology. 1. A. Szilard, Reclaiming Rubber and Other Polymers, Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, NJ 07656, 1973. First book on the subject in many years, supplying detailed technical information. It can also be used as a guide to the U.S. Patent literature in the field. L. R. G. Treloar, The Physics of Rubber Elasticity, 3rd Ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford (U.K.), 1975. A detailed presentation of the main developments in the field of the eqUilibrium elastic properties of rubber and the associated theoretical background. C. M. van Tumhout, Rubber Chemicals, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Dordrecht, Holland, 1973. A revised and enlarged edition of J. van Alphen's book of the same title. It gives names, trade names, and suppliers of many chemicals. W. C. Wake, Adhesion and the Formulation of Adhesives, 2d Ed., Applied Science Publishers, London, 1982. Emphasizes applications and formulations of adhesives.

W. C. Wake, B. K. Tidd, and M. 1. R. Loadman, The Analysis of Rubber and Rubber• like Polymers, 3d Ed., Applied Science Publishers, London, 1983. Coverage of a variety of techniques and applications from the "bum test" to those using instrumentation costing many thousands of dollars. W. C. Wake and D. B. Wootton, Textile Reinforcement of Elastomers, Applied Science Publishers, London, 1982. 622 RUBBER TECHNOLOGY

Discusses from the textile viewpoint the various reinforced rubber structures used industrially with the exception of the tire. B. M. Walker, Handbook of Elastomers, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979. Providing information on commercially available TPE's, is organized by major elas• tomer groups, manufacturers, and brand names. M. A. Wheelans, of Rubbers, Halsted Press, New York, 1974. Shows how natural rubber may be injection-molded. This book is designed for rubber manufacturers, chemists, technologists, and engineers. A. Whelan and K. S. Lee, eds., Developments in Rubber Technology, 3 vols.: 1. Im• proving Product Performance; 2. Synthetic Rubbers; 3. Thermoplastic Rubbers, Ap• plied Science Publishers, London, 1979-1981. Many subjects covered in this series, each chapter written by one who has extensive experience in topic or field. A. Whelan, Injection Moulding Machines, Elsevier Science Publishers, London, 1984. Detailing of the principles of injection molding. G. S. Whitby, C. C. Davis, and R. F. Dunbrook, eds., Synthetic Rubber, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1954.

A comprehensive post-World War II publication covering all that was known about synthetic rubber at that time; of great historical interest. G. G. Winspear, The Vanderbilt Latex Handbook, R. T. Vanderbilt Co., New York, 1954. A source of information for those engaged in the latex branch of the rubber industry. P. Wright and A. P. C. Cumming, Solid Polyurethane Elastomers, Maclaren & Sons, London, 1969. Emphasizes process and applications, but also considers chemistry, chemical reac• tions, and analytical techniques.

PERIODICALS Caoutchoucs & Plastiques, 5, rue Jules-Lefebre, 75009 Paris, France. Monthly. Practical and technical information. Includes summaries of its papers in English. Elastomerics, Communication Channels, Inc., 6255 Barfield Rd., Atlanta, GA 30328. Monthly. A journal covering new developments, business conditions, production, sales, per• sonalities, and forthcoming meetings and events. European Rubber Journal, Crain Communications Ltd., 20-22 Bedford Row, London WCIR 4EW England. Monthly. RUBBER INFORMATION RESOURCES 623

Reviews European technical developments, standards, testing, patents, economic trends, and forecasts.

GAK Gummi Fasern KunststoJfe, A. W. Gentner Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, Postfact 688, Stuttgart 1, FR Gennany. Monthly. Contains articles of practical infonnation, review of patent literature and short ab• stracts of journal articles. International Polymer Science and Technology, RAPRA Technology Ltd., Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shopshire SY4 4NR, England. Monthly. Includes abstracts of papers from leading Soviet, Eastern European and Japanese pe• riodicals in polymer science and technology, and translation of papers recommended by subscribers. NR Technology, The Malaysian Rubber Producers' Research Association, England. Quarterly. Provides scientific and technical infonnation on many aspects of natural-rubber use. Natural Rubber News, Malaysian Rubber Bureau, 1925 K St., Washington, DC 20005. Monthly. Provides news and infonnation to consumers of natural rubber in North and South America. Plastics and Rubber International, The Plastics and Rubber Institute, London. Six issues per year. A trade publication for the professionals in the plastics and rubber industries. Plastics & Rubber News, Thomson Publications SA, Johannesburg, SA. Monthly. The news and official publications of the South African section of the Plastics and Rubber Institute. Plastics and Rubber Processing and Applications, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London. Four issues per year. The journal publishes original papers at a specialist level, in particular in three areas: processing, the effect of processing on properties, and applications. Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology, Plastics and Rubber Institute and RAPRA Technology Ltd., Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shopshire SY4 4NR England. Quarterly. Critical and authoritative reviews of rubber and plastics topics. Rubber & Plastics News and Rubber & Plastics News II, Craine Automotive Group Inc., 34 N. Hawkins Ave., Akron, OH 44313. Weekly. Newspapers, published alternate weeks, containing technical articles and events and developments of interest to the rubber industry. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, Rubber Division, ACS, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325. Five times a year. 624 RUBBER TECHNOLOGY

Contains original manuscripts and papers of theoretical and technical interest pre• sented at Rubber Division meetings or published elsewhere. Rubber Developments, The Malaysian Rubber Producers' Research Association, En• gland. Quarterly. Reviews developments in natural rubber research, technology and use. Rubber World, Lippincott & Peto Inc., 1867 W. Market St., Akron, OH 44313. Monthly. A technical service and news magazine for the rubber industry. Tire Science and Technology, The Tire Society, Inc., Munroe Falls, OH. Quarterly. Authoritative articles and reviews on the subject.

ABSTRACTS AND INDEXES

Researchers and practitioners concerned with rubbers and polymers have been well• served by two important indexes: RAPRA Abstracts and Chemical Abstracts. The Bib• liography of Rubber Literature is also a useful reference for publications prior to 1972.

RAPRA Abstracts. Rubber and Plastics Research Association of Great Britain began publication of its monthly Rubber Abstracts in 1922, and in 1972 a computer-readable form of the printed abstracts also became available. This data base offers worldwide access to commercial and technical aspects of these industries, including machinery, raw ma• terials, compounding, synthesis and polymerization, properties, testing, and appli• cations. The printed fortnightly journal RAPRA Abstracts is available from RAPRA Technology Ltd., Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, SY 4 4NR, England; the online data base is available from Pergamon International Information Corporation, 1340 Old Chain Bridge Road, McLean, VA 22101. Chemical Abstracts: Section 39-Synthetic Elastomers and Natural Rubber. Chemical Abstracts (CA) has indexed the world's chemical literature since it began publication in 1907. Its online data base contains records for documents covered in printed CA for 1967-present. Section 39 includes the analysis, preparation, manufacture, testing, processing, and composition of synthetic elastomers and natural rubber, and the chemicals used in their manufacture. Also included is chemical engineering related to the production of synthetic rubbers and rubber chemicals and to the fabrication of tires and preparation of the components. CA is published weekly by Chemical Abstracts, a Division of the American Chem• ical Society, P.O. Box 3012, Columbus, OH 43210. CAS Online is available from The Scientific & Technical Information Network, c/o Chemical Abstracts Service, P.O. Box 02228, Columbus, OH 43202; Dialog Information Services, 3460 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304; BRS, 1200 Route 7, Latham, NY 12110; and Per- RUBBER INFORMATION RESOURCES 625

gamon International Information Corporation, 1340 Old Chain Bridge Road, McLean, VA 22101.

Bibliography of Rubber Literature. An annual volume of the Rubber Division of the American Chemical Society that provided coverage of the periodical and patent literature from 1935 until 1972, when it ceased publication. The entries were grouped by subject classes and included a short abstract. Each volume also included an author index.

DICTIONARIES, DIRECTORIES, REFERENCES

Blue Book-Materials, Compounding Ingredients and Machinery for Rubber, by Rubber World Magazine, Lippincott & Peto, Akron, OH 44313. An annual directory, its intention being to furnish the compounder, chemist, re• searcher, purchasing agent, or market agent with a short sketch of the properties of these materials, and the how and why they are used in rubber-making processes. A. S. Craig, Dictionary of Rubber Technology, Philosophical Library, New York, 1969. Some of the more important entries expanded into short articles and sources for further reading given for many entries.

Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, American Society for Testing and Mate• rials, 3d ed., 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA, 1976. A compilation of terms to promote and encourage preparation and use of standard definitions. The terms are listed alphabetically, each definition followed by the des• ignation of the ASTM standard containing it together with the ASTM committee hav• ing jurisdiction. A. F. Dorian, ed., Six-Language Dictionary of Plastics and Rubber Technology, Iliffe Books, London, 1965. A comprehensive dictionary in English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, and Dutch. Elastomeric Materials: A Desk Top Data Bank, International Plastics Selector, San Diego, CA, 1977. Compilation of specific technical data of more than 1400 individual commercially available elastomers. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, 2d Ed., editorial board H. F. Mark, N. M. Bikales, C. Overberger, G. Menges; J. I. Kroschwitz, ed.-in-ch. (Vols. 1-4); additional volumes to a total of 20 will be available as published. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1985. Articles in these volumes include polymer descriptions, processes, and uses. Bibli• ographies supply supporting references to articles of review or particularly good sub• ject treatments. 626 RUBBER TECHNOLOGY

"Glossary of Tenns Relating to Rubber and Rubber-Like Materials," Special Technical Publication 184A, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Phila• delphia PA, 1972. Authoritative definitions that reflect the state-of-the-art of the rubber industry. K. F. Heinish, Dictionary of Rubber, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1974 (English edition of Kautschuk-Lexikon, Gentner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1966). Provides compositions and properties of various commercial products, equivalent ma• terials, concepts, jargon, abbreviations, and so forth. This dictionary also includes obsolete products, outdated concepts, and processes. W. Hofmann, Kautschuk-Technologie, Gentner Verlag, Stuttgart, 1980. In Gennan, a detailed book, encyclopedia in scope, on rubber technology. H. E. Horton, Plastics and Rubber Machinery in Four Languages, Elsevier, London, 1970. Detailed manufacturers' descriptions, with drawings, of processing machinery in En• glish, Gennan, French, and Spanish. International symbols, conversion tables, and a four-language dictionary are included. K. P. Jones, Thesaurus of Rubber Technology, Malayan Rubber Fund Board, The Nat• ural Rubber Producers' Research Association, Welwyn Garden City, U.K. (England) 1972. Slanted toward natural rubber, consisting of main heads under which words appear and coded to indicate relation to head word. R. E. Kirk and D. F. Othmer, eds., Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1985. A single-volume condensation of all subjects covered in the 25-volume Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3d ed. R. E. Kirk and D. F. Othmer, eds., Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3d Ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1979. Gives properties and describes manufacture of many substances. The rubber articles summarize many aspects of rubber technology, giving bibliographies to journal and patent literature. L. R. Mernaugh, ed., Rubbers Handbook, Morgan-Grampian, London, 1969. Covers aspects of rubber pertinent to engineers. Part 1 gives basic characteristics and properties, Part 2 shows particular applications, and Part 3 covers specific rubbers. New Trade Names in the Rubber and Plastics Industries, Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, NY 10523. An annual volume of new trade names applicable to the rubber and plastics industries, as noted by RAPRA from trade literature, journals, and books. The trade names are listed in alphabetical order, each followed by a description, company, and reference. RUBBER INFORMATION RESOURCES 627

Rubber Red Book, Communication Channels, Inc., 6285 Barfield Rd., Atlanta, GA 30328. An annual directory of manufacturers and suppliers to the rubber industry. Product listings for machinery and equipment, chemicals, fabrics, natural, synthetic, and re• claimed rubber are also covered. Information on courses in rubber chemistry and tech• nology is provided. Trade and technical organizations throughout the world that deal with rubber are also listed. Rubbicana, by Rubber & Plastics News, Akron, OH 44313. An annual directory of rubber product manufacturers and rubber industry suppliers in North America. Tradename information and information about industry associations and societies is also included. Rubbicana Europe, by European Rubber Journal, 25 Bedford Sq., London WC IB 4HG. England. Annual directory, started in 1985, this volume provides names of suppliers of raw materials, equipment and services to the rubber and polyurethane industries in Europe. The Semperit Tyre Dictionary, 3d ed., Semperit Aktiengesellschaft, Austria, 1973. A trilingual tire dictionary. Synthetic Rubber, International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers, Inc., 2077 S. Gessner St., Houston, TX 77063. Includes world rubber consumption and production statistics for synthetic rubber and the capacities of world production facilities for general and specialty rubbers. The producers of these rubbers are also chronicled. An annual compilation.

STATISTICS (REPORTS)

International Rubber Digest, International Rubber Study Group, Brettenham House, 5- 6 Lancaster Place London, England. Monthly. Report on the natural rubber market and the main influences underlying rubber price movements. Natural Rubber News, Malaysian Rubber Bureau, 1925 K. St., N.W., Washington, DC 20006. Monthly. Newsletter presenting topical developments in rubber, and industry statistics. Rubber Manufacturers Association Industry Rubber Report, Rubber Manufacturers As• sociation, 1400 K. St. Washington DC 20005. Monthly. Statistics covering U.S. production, imports, exports, stocks, and apparent consump• tion of natural and synthetic rubber. Rubber Statistical Bulletin, International Rubber Study Group, Brettenham House, 5-6 Lancaster Place London, England. Monthly. 628 RUBBER TECHNOLOGY

Statistical tables dealing with production, consumption, imports, exports, stocks and prices of natural and synthetic rubber in most of the major producing and consuming countries. Rubber Trends, Economist Intelligence Unit, Spencer House, 27 St. James PI., London, England. Quarterly. A review of production, markets, prices, and so forth. The Synthetic Rubber Manual, International Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers Inc., 2077 S. Gessner Rd., Houston, TX 77063. Annual. Tabulates the synthetic rubbers according to their method of manufacture and general physical and chemical properties.

STANDARDS

American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, NY 10018. Serves as a clearinghouse for nationally coordinated voluntary safety, engineering, and industrial standards. It publishes an annual catalog of all approved American National Standards and periodic supplements. Annual Book of Standards, Part 09.01: "Rubber, Natural and Synthetic-General Test Methods, Carbon Black"; Part 09.02: "Rubber Products, Industrial Specifications and Related Test Methods; ; Tires," American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103. Annual. Geared particularly toward development of standards.

CONFERENCES

Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325. This Division was created in 1919 and is the oldest and largest body devoted to the chemistry and technology of rubber. National meetings are held twice a year at various locations in the U.S. and Canada; the technical presentations are avilable for pur• chase. Every two years, a rubber trade show is sponsored in association with the technical program. International Rubber Conferences (RUBBERCON) Annual conferences held in a different country each year and sponsored by a leading trade organization of that country. Its programs are international in scope and pro• ceedings are published. HISTORIES

T. R. Dawson, Rubber Industry in Germany During the Period 1939-1945 (British Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee, Overall Report No.7), HMSO, London, 1948. RUBBER INFORMATION RESOURCES 629

Summary of the technical information collected at governmental level after World War II concerning wartime activities in Germany and Japan. J. D. D'Ianni, Aifin Rubber History, American History Research Center, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, 1984. Summary of the program on research in Alfin polymerization, 1945-1947. J. H. Drabble, Rubber in Malaya, 1876-1922: The Genesis of the Industry, Oxford University Press, London, 1973. The establishment of rubber cultivation in Malaya is traced through combination of capital, labor, entrepreneurial and government activity. H. Fry, In Tribute to the Chemists Who Tame Rubber: Celebrating the 75th Anniversary ofthe ACS Rubber Division, Suppl., Rubber & Plastics News, Akron, OH 44325, 1984. The story of the chemists who have played, and are playing, a major role in rubber chemistry's history. W. C. Geer, The Reign of Rubber, The Century Co., New York, 1922. A record of the early successes, failures, and hopes of lives spent in creating rubber products. C. Goodyear, Gum-Elastic, facsimile of 1855 edition by The India-Rubber Journal Vol. I, Gum-Elastic and its Varieties, with a Detailed Account of its Applications and Uses and of the Discovery of Vulcanization; Vol. II, The Applications and Uses of Vulcanized Gum-Elastic; with Descriptions and Directions for Manufacturing Purposes, Maclaren and Sons, London, 1937. Charles Goodyear's own account of the early history of rubber and his discovery of vulcanization, as well as descriptions of its applications. V. Herbert and A. Bisio, Synthetic Rubber: A Project That Had to Succeed, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1985. The development of synthetic rubber from its inception, through its beginnings, up to its current relatively mature status is encapsulated. F. A. Howard, Buna Rubber: The Birth ofan Industry, Van Nostrand, New York, 1947. The story of synthetic rubber from its beginnings in foreign patents and research, through World War II. P. E. Hurley, History of Natural Rubber, pub!, by J. Macromol. Sci. (Chern.) AIS, 1279 (1981); also in History of Polymer Science and Technology, R. B. Seymour, ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982, p. 215. The development of natural rubber into a key industrial material is chronicled. P. Mason, Cauchu The Weeping Wood: A History of Rubber, The Australian Broad• casting Commission, Sydney, 1979. A light-readable and illustrated history of rubber, going back to its origins in 1500 up through World War II and on briefly to the present. 630 RUBBER TECHNOLOGY

F. M. McMillan, The Chain Straighteners, Macmillan, London, 1979. The book is an interesting account of the discoveries and developments that have been the basis for the growth in production of stereoregular high polymers. Ziegler and Natta are the principle characters. M. Morton, "History of Synthetic RuHber," J. Macromol. Sci. (Chern.), AIS, 1289 (1981); also in History ofPolymer Science and Technology, R. B. Seymour, ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982, p. 225. . An account of the synthetic-rubber project, including the post -World WarII period. R. A. Solo, Across the High Technology Threshold, the Case of Synthetic Rubber, Nor• wood Editions, Norwood, PA, 1980. A case in the technological development of synthetic rubber under governmental di• rection. E. Tompkins, History of the Pneumatic Tire, Eastland Press, London, 1981. Recounts the development of automobile tire and rim construction, improvements in tread patterns and tread compounds, and the development of tire science, with em• phasis on the contributions by Dunlop over the years. R. F. Wolf, India Rubber Man; The Story of Charles Goodyear, The Claxton Printers, Caldwell, ID, 1939. The first biography of Charles Goodyear. H. Wolf and R. Wolf, Rubber: A Story of Glory and Greed, Covici Friede, New York, 1936. A readable history of rubber from the discovery of the raw material, to its promotion by invention and research, then on to rubber as a big business. INDEX

Abrasion resistance, 172 resin cure, 296 effect of carbon black, 74 , 294 effect of silica , 103 with silane coupling, 103 Calcium carbonate. See Fillers, nonblack Accelerators, 22, 44. See also Compounding Carbon black, 21, 59. See also Compounding of rubber of rubber activators, 46 agglomeration, 62 classification, 45 chemical properties, 67 production, 46 purity, 69 , 13. See also rubber classification and nomenclature, 69 Age resistors, 50. See also Compounding of effect on rubber properties, 71 rubber abrasion resistance, 74 chemical agents, 50 die swell, 74 classification, 53 hardness, 72 cost, 53 heat buildup, 80 physical protectants, 51 hysteresis, 80 , 50. See also Age resistors modulus, 72 Antiozonants, 50. See also Age resistors Mooney viscosity, 72 rebound, 80 resilience, 80 Bromobutyl rubber. See Halobutyl rubber tear strength, 74 , 7, 13,215. See also Polybuta• tensile strength, 74 diene, SBR manufacture and morphology, 61 consumption in U.S., by year, 217 mixing and dispersion, 70 , 14, 18,284 physical properties, 63 history, 284 electrical and thermal conductivity, 68 manufacture, 285 particle size, 63 grades, 287 pellet quality, 68 product formulations structure, 66 auto body mount, 293 surface area, 66 cable insulation, 292 Chlorinated , 496 inner tube, 290 applications, 498 tire- bladder, 291 chemical composition, 496 properties formulations and vulcanization, 498 raw rubber, 286 ·properties, 498 vulcanizate, 289 Chlorobutyl rubber, see Halobutyl rubber chemical resistance, 293 , 14. See also . gas permeability, 289 Clays, see Fillers, nonblack and weather resistance, 291 "Cold" rubber, see Styrene-butadiene rubber thermal stability, 290 Compounding of rubber, 20. See also Vulcan- vibration damping, 291 ization vulcanization, 289, 294 components of recipe, 22 dioxime cure, 295 accelerators, 22, 44

631 632 INDEX

Compounding of rubber nomenclature, 260 components of recipe (Com.) processing, 267 accelerator activators, 22, 46 calendering, 271 age-resistors, 22, 50 extrusion, 270 fillers, 22, 56, 59 mixing, 267 miscellaneous ingredients, 22, 52, 56 molding, 271 peptizing agents, 41 product compounding (EPDM), 273 processing aids, 22 automotive, 274 softeners, 22, 52 high oil-extended, 275 sulfur, 42 sheeting, 274 vulcanization agents, 22, 41 wire and cable, 278 zinc oxide, 43, 49 properties processing methods raw rubber, 266 capacities of mills and Banbury mixers, vulcanizates, 276 24 trade names, by company, 266 mixing cycles, 28 processing tests. See Processing tests Fillers, 22, 56, 59. See also Compounding of Curemeters, 118, 149 rubber new developments, 129 Fillers, nonblack, 86 uses, 121 applications in rubber industry, 99 Cyclopolyisoprene, 239 calcium carbonate, 89 characteristics, 89 Die swell effect on rubber properties, 90, 91 effect of carbon black, 74 manufacture and grades, 90 Pliskin Die Swell Tester (DST), 111 clays, 90 relation to processibility, 112 effect on rubber properties, 92, 93 silane-treated, 93 EPDM, see Ethylene-propylene rubber manufacture and grades, 90 Epichlorhydrin polymers, 494 properties, 92 chain structure, 495 history and development, 86 processing and vulcanization, 495 properties, 87 properties, 496, 497 reinforcement by, 10 1 Ethylene, 6, 14. See also Polyethylene, Ethyl• silicas, 94 ene-propylene rubber compounding, 95 Ethylene-acrylic elastomers, 499 manufacture and grades chain structure, 499 precipitated silicas, 94 compounding and vulcanization, 500 fumed silicas, 95 properties processing and vulcanization, 95 raw polymer, 500 properties, 94 vulcanizate, 501 properties of vulcanizates, 97 Ethylene-propylene rubber, 14, 19,260 natural rubber, 98 applications, 267, 280 SBR,98 chain structure, 261 silane coupling, 98 compounding EPDM, 271 silicone rubber compounding, 99 curing systems, 271 silicates, 98 and processing aids, 273 Fluorocarbon elastomers, 410 reinforcement, 273 adhesion, 430 diene types, 262, 264 applications, 435 ethylene-propylene ratio, 263 compounding, 413 history, 260 fluid resistance, 423, 431 molecular weight distribution, 263 heat resistance, 423, 427 INDEX 633

history, 410 resin cure, 306 low temperature, 426, 430 scorch control, 306 manufacture, 412 zinc oxide, 304 perfluoroelastomer, 433 Hancock, Thomas. See Natural rubber processing, 419 Hardness, 150 properties, 413 effect of carbon black, 72 raw gum, 413 Heat buildup, 164 vulcanizates, 423 effect of carbon black, 80 service life, 427 Heveaplus MG, see Natural rubber types, by company, 412 Hydrogenated , 488 uses, 414 applications, 490 vulcanization, 418, 421 formulations, 491 Foam rubber, 546 properties, 491 compounding, 548 , 360 Dunlop process, 547 applications, 372 fabrication, 549 chemical composition, 360 formulations, 551 commercial grades, 362 processing, 554 compounding, 363 Talalay process, 546 history, 360 mixing, 367 Goodyear, Charles. See Natural rubber processing, 368 properties Halobutyl rubber, 284, 297 raw polymer, 362 bromobutyl,311 vulcanizate, 361 product formulations and properties, 316 vulcanization, 372 conveyor belts, 319 Hysteresis, 158 pharmaceutical, 319 effect of carbon black, 80 radial black sidewalls, 317 tire innerliners, 316 Isobutylene, 14. See also Butyl rubber vulcanizate properties, 314 Isoprene, 5, 12, 14. See also Poly isoprene chemical resistance, 314 compatibility, 316 Latex, 578 flex resistance, 315 compounding, 520, 527 heat resistance, 314 dispersions, 528 permeability, 314 emulsions, 529 vulcanization systems, 312 history, 518 scorch control, 314 films, 538 chlorobuty I, 304 effect of heat, 541 compounding, 301 , 542 grades, 300 oxidation, 540 processing, 303 ozone, 542 product formulations and properties, 308 strain, 541 innerliner for tubeless tires, 308 modified natural latex, 524 miscellaneous, 311 natural rubber, 181, 523 tire sidewall, 310 Neoprene, 535 truck inner tube, 311 nitrile, 526 stabilization, 300 processes, 542 synthesis and production, 298 dipping, 543 vulcanizate properties, 306 extruding, 546 vulcanization systems, 304 prevulcanization, 545 bis-alkylation, 305 resin type, 525 634 INDEX

Latex (Cont.) powdered, 190 SBR, 525, 551 processing, 184 slurries, 529 tapping, 181 stabilization, 531 processing, 197 vulcanization, 532 products, compounding formulations, 201 accelerators, 534 conveyor belts, 203 Lithium polymerization hose, 204 , 247 mechanical goods, 205 poly isoprene, 245 tires, 200 Loss moudlus, 163 products, usage in, 200 Loss tangent, 163 raw rubber, properties of, 192 crystallization, 194 gel content, 193 Macromolecules, 3 molecular weight, 193 crystallization, 9, 18 Ridley, Henry, 180 glass-transition temperature, 10 skim latex, 190 size, 3 SMR (Standard Malaysian Rubber), 186 structure and properties, 9 specifications, 188 synthesis, 5 superior processing (SP), 190 addition polymerization, 6 thermoplastic (TPNR), 191 condensation polymerization, 7 TCR (technically classified), 189 Methyl methacrylate, 6 TSR (technically specified), 186 Modulus, 141 vulcanizates, properties of, 198 effect of carbon black, 72 abrasion and wear, 198 Mooney viscosity, 109 aging, 199 effect of carbon black, 72 compression set, 199 dynamic properties, 199 Natural rubber, ll, 18, 179 skid resistance, 199 botany, 181 strength, 198 composition vulcanization, 195 latex, 192 sulfur, 195 rubber, 192 urethane, 196 de la Condamine, Charles, 179 Wickham, Henry, 180 deproteinized, 190 world consumption, by year, 200 dry rubber grading, 184 world production (1983), 181 conventional, 184 Neoprene, 14, 19, 339 technically specified, 186 applications epoxidized (ENR), 191 adhesives, 350 Goodyear, Charles, 179 belts, 352 Hancock, Thomas, 179 construction, 352 Hevea tree, 181 energy, 351 breeding, 183 hose, 352 clones, 183 transportation, 351 planting, 183 commercial grades, by manufacturer, 340 Heveacrumb process, 186 compounding dry rubber, 346 Heveaplus MG, 191 antioxidants, 348 history, 179 fillers, 348 latex, 181 plasticizers, 349 oil extended, 189 processing aids, 348 plantations, 180 vulcanization systems, 346 INDEX 635

crystallization, 344 hardness, 150 history, 339 heat buildup, 164 latex, 353 hysteresis, 158 grades by manufacturer, 354 low temperature, 157 compounding, 353 stiffness, 154 processing, 353 brittleness, 156 processing dry rubber, 349 rebound, 158 calendering and extrusion, 349 resilience, 160 mixing, 349 set, 169 product safety, 358 standardization, 137 properties, raw and cured, 343 stress relaxation, 169 Nitrile rubber, 13, 18, 322 stress-strain, 141 applications, 326 tear, 170 chemical structure, 323 tensile, 143 compounding, 326 as measure of state of cure, 147 developments, recent, 328 test design, 174 history, 323 validity, 138 manufacture, 324 Polyacrylate rubber, 330 trade names, 323 adhesion, 337 mixing and processing, 327 applications, 333 product formulations, 328 chemical composition, 331 automotive fuel hose, 328 compounding, 333 general-purpose, 329 antioxidants, 335 oil-well packer, 329 blends, 338 vulcanizate properties, 324 plasticizers, 335 effect of fillers, 327 process aids, 335 vulcanization systems, 328 history, 330 manufacture, 330 trade names, 330 Phosphonitrilic fluoroelastomers, 500 processing, 336 compounding and vulcanization, 503 calendering, 336 properties, 503 extrusion, 336 types and applications, 502 mixing, 336 Physical testing of vulcanizates, 147 properties, 331 abrasion, 172 raw polymer, 331 adhesion, 172 vulcanizates, 332, 334 aging, 167 vulcanization systems, 333, 337 computer use, 174 Polybutadiene, 7, 13, 18,235 crack growth, 166 chain structure, 240, 247 creep, 169 history, 235 crystallization, 151, 154 polymerization, 242 DTA (differential thermal analysis), 152 alfin process, 248 dynamic tests, 157 catalysts, 246 fatigue, 167 lithium, 247 flex resistance, 165 sodium, 235, 246 forced vibration, 162 processing, 252 free vibration, 159 properties of vulcanizates, 255 friction, 173 blends, 255 future trends, 175 test recipe, 253 , 151 Polychloroprene. See Neoprene 636 INDEX

Pclyethylene, 6, 583 diisocyanates, 446 applications and fabrication, 601 polyols, 447 blow molding, 604 compounding, 458 coatings, 608 crosslinking and network structure, 451 filaments, 609 foam process, 17, 555 film and sheeting, 602 polyether urethane, 557 injection molding, 604 history, 438 pipe, 607 morphology, 453 powder molding, 609 one-shot process, 450 wire and cable, 606 prepolymer process, 449 chain structure, 594 processes, 458 branching, 595 castable liquids, 458 crosslinking, 598 millable gums, 459 crystallization, 595 thermoplastic resins, 460 molecular weight, 596 RIM process, 460 consumption in U.S., 602 properties, 456 history, 583 urethane chemistry, 440 manufacturing processes, 584 Poly(vynyl chloride), 561 high pressure, 584 compounding, 571 Phillips, 585 dispersion resin, 579 Union Carbide, 587 fabrication, 576 Ziegler, 586 dispersion resin, 579 modified polyethylene, 610 polymerization methods, 563 properties, 587 emulsion, 568 effect of additives, 592 mass, 565 Polyisoprene, 5, 12, 18, 235 suspension, 563 chain structure, 236 production in U.S., by company, 564 cyclopolyisoprene, 239 properties, 568 crystallization, 230 vinyl chloride, 6, 562 gel and branching, 239 physical properties, 563 history, 235 Processing tests, 105 polymerization, 242 extrusion, 111 alfin process, 248 mixing, 110 catalysts, 243 Mooney viscosity, 109 lithium, 245 processibility, 107 sodium, 245 relaxation test, 112 processing, 255 scorch, 113 properties of vuicanizates, 256 Williams Plastometer, 108· Polymerization, 5. See also specific elastomers Propylene, 14. See also Ethylene-propylene addition, 6 rubber condensation, 7 Propylene oxide polymers, 493 Polymers, I chain structure, 493 Poly sulfide elastomers, 15, 19,482 formulations, 494 formulations, 486 properties gaskets, 488 raw polymer, 493 printing rollers, 488 vuicanizate, 494 properties, 487 Polyurethane elastomers, 16,438 Rebound, 158 chain structure, 445 effect of carbon black, 80 components of system, 445 Reclaimed rubber, 505 chain extenders (crosslinkers), 448 advantages, 511 INDEX 637

definitions, 507 service life, estimated, 375 formulations, 513 synthesis, 377 history, 505 types, 379 reclaiming processes, 508 vulcanization, 380 digester, 509 types of peroxides, 381 dynamic devulcanization, 510 mechanism, 382 heater or pan, 509 SMR (Standard Malaysian Rubber). See Natu• millroom operation, 511 ral rubber Reclaimator, 509 Sodium polymerization scrap-rubber preparation, 508 polybutadiene, 235, 246 , 515 polyisoprene, 245 economics, 517 Stereoisomerism, 12. See also specific uses, 513 elastomers Resilience, 158 Stereospecific polymerization effect of carbon black, 80 polybutadiene, 246 Rheometer, for vulcanization test, 118, 149 polyisoprene, 243 Ridley, Henry. See Natural rubber Styrene, 6, 13. See also Styrene-butadiene RIM (reaction injection molding). See Poly• rubber urethane elastomers (processes) consumption in U.S. by year, 218 Styrene-butadiene rubber, 13, 18,209 SBR, 13, 18. See also Styrene-butadiene applications, 233 rubber butadiene, U.S. consumption, 217 Scorch, 113 "cold" SBR, 218 Silane coupling, with silica filler, 98 compounding, 228 Silane reinforcement with, 103 dynamic properties, 228 Silica, see Fillers, nonblack , 217 Silicates, See Fillers, nonblack glass transition, 213, 227 Silicone rubber, 15, 19, 375 history, 209 commercial suppliers, 395 processing, 214, 228 compounding ingredients, 384 product compounds and properties, 228 additives, 388 conveyor belts, 231 curing agents (peroxides), 388 hose, 232 general-purpose, 392 tires, passenger, 229 vinyl specific, 393 tires, truck, 230 elastomers, 384 production of synthetic rubber, by year, 211 fillers, 386 radial tires, 215 fabrication, 397 raw materials, 214, 215 bonding, 403 solution SBR, 221 calendering, 400 blending and compatibility, 225 dispersion coating, 401 chain branching, 222, 225 extrusion, 398 manufacturing process, 223 "freshening," 397 molecular-chain structure, 222 hose, heavy duty, 402 molecular-weight distribution, 222, 227 molding, 398 styrene, U.S. consumption, 218 post-baking, oven, 404 Synthetic rubber, world production, by year, liquid compounds, 405 211 addition cure, 407 U.S. production, by year, 212 condensation cure one-component, 406 two-component, 407 Tear strength, 170 properties of vulcanizates, 396 effect of carbon black, 74 638 INDEX

Tensile strength, 143 Vinylidene chloride, 6 effect of carbon black, 74 Vulcanizates. See Physical testing of Thennoplastic elastomers, 465 vulcanizates applications, 472 Vulcanization, 11,20. See also Compounding adhesives, 473 of rubber blends with thennoplastics, 476 compounding recipes, 20 general purpose, 472 for passenger tires, 21 block structures, 465 conditions, 32 compounding, 471, 474 temperature, 33, 123 crystal melting temperatures, 470 thennal stability, 33 fonnulations, 476 thickness, 32 glass transitions, 470 natural rubber, 195 manufacture, 468 by sulfur, 195 phase morphology, 467 by urethanes, 196 properties, 475, 478 systems, 30 , 478 miscellaneous, 32 polypropylene/EPDM, 478 peroxide, 32 styrenic block , 475 sulfur, 30 property-structure relations, 468 sulfurless, 32 environmental resistance, 469 techniques, 34 processibility, 469 cold,39 service temperatures, 469 compression molding, 34 stiffness, 468 continuous, 37 trade names and types, 479 high energy, 39 types, 465 injection molding, 34 Thiokol, 15, 19. See also microwave, 39 elastomers open cure, 36 Transitions in elastomers, 151 transfer molding, 34 crystallization, 9, 18, 151 tests, 117. See also Curemoter; Rheometer, glass transition, 10, 151 for vulcanization test Curometer, 119 oscillating-disk rheometer, 120 Urethane polymers. See Polyurethane step-cure method, 117 elastomers Vulkameter, 118

Vinyl chloride, 6. See also Poly(vinyl Wickham, Henry. See Natural rubber chloride) Williams Plastometer, 108