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Distribution of Anadromous Fishes in the Upper Klamath River Watershed Prior to Hydropower Dams—A Synthesis of the Historical Evidence

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Distribution of Anadromous Fishes in the Upper Klamath River Watershed Prior to Hydropower Dams—A Synthesis of the Historical Evidence Fisheries ISSN: 0363-2415 (Print) 1548-8446 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ufsh20 Distribution of Anadromous Fishes in the Upper Klamath River Watershed Prior to Hydropower Dams—A Synthesis of the Historical Evidence John B. Hamilton , Gary L. Curtis , Scott M. Snedaker & David K. White To cite this article: John B. Hamilton , Gary L. Curtis , Scott M. Snedaker & David K. White (2005) Distribution of Anadromous Fishes in the Upper Klamath River Watershed Prior to Hydropower Dams—A Synthesis of the Historical Evidence, Fisheries, 30:4, 10-20, DOI: 10.1577/1548-8446(2005)30[10:DOAFIT]2.0.CO;2 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(2005)30[10:DOAFIT]2.0.CO;2 Published online: 09 Jan 2011. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 296 View related articles Citing articles: 16 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ufsh20 Download by: [Simon Fraser University] Date: 15 November 2016, At: 15:08 Distribution of Anadrornous Fishes in the Upper Klamath River Watershed Prior to Hydropower Darns A Synthesis of the Historical Evidence Knowledge of the historicaldistribution of anadromousfish is important to guide man- agement decisions regarding the Klamath River including ongoing restoration and regional recovery of coho salmon (Oncorhynchuskisutch). Using various sources,we determined the historical distribution of anadromous fish above Iron Gate Dam. Evidence for the largest, most utilized species, Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha),was available from multiple sourcesand clearly showed that this species historicallymigrated upstream into tributaries of Upper Klamath Lake. Available infor- mation indicatesthat the distribution of steelhead (Oncorhynchusmykiss) extended to the Klamath Upper Basinas well. Coho salmonand anadromouslamprey (Lampetra tri- dentata) likely were distributed upstream at least to the vicinity of Spencer Creek. A population of anadromoussockeye salmon (Oncorhynchusnerka) may have occurred historicallyabove Iron Gate Dam. Green sturgeon (Acipensermedirostris), chum salmon (Oncorhynchusketa), pink salmon (Oncorhynchusgorbuscha), coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchusdarki darkO, and eulachon (Thaleichthyspacificus) were restricted to the Klamath Riverwell below Iron Gate Dam. Thissynthesis of availablesources regard- ing the historical extent of these species' upstream distribution provides key information necessaryto guide management and habitat restoration efforts. Introduction John B. Hamilton Gary L. Curtis Gatschet'sstatement is that salmonascend the Klamath river twice a year, in June and again in autumn. This is in agreementwith my information,that the run comesin the middlefinger Scott M. Snedaker month[sic], May-June, and that the largefish run in the fall...They ascendall the rivers David K. White leadingfrom Klamath lake (savethe Woodriver, accord/ngto Bal/), goingas far up the Hamilton and Curtis are Spragueriver as Yainax,but are stoppedby the falls belowthe outletto Klamathmarsh. fisherybiologists at the U.S. •pier (1930) Fish and Wildlife Service Yreka Fish and Wildlife Parties comingin from Keno state that the run of salmonin the Klamath River this year is Office, Yreka, CA. Hamilton the heaviestit has [sic] ever known. There are millionsof the fish belowthe falls near Keno, can be contacted at and it is saidthat a man with a gaffcould easily land a hundredof the salmonin an hour,in [email protected]. fact theycould be caughtas fast as a man cou/dpull themin...There is a natural rockdam Snedakeris a fisherybiologist acrossthe river belowKeno, which it Is/c] is almostimpossible for the fish to get over.In with the U.S. Bureau of Land their effortto do so thousandsof fine salmonare sobruised and spottedby the rocksthat they Managementin Klamath becomeworthless. There is no spawningground until they reach the Upper Lake as the river Falls,OR. White is a hydraulic at thispoint is veryswift and rocky. engineer--fishpassage Frontpage article titled: specialistwith NOAA "Millions of Salmon Cannot ReachLake on Account Rocks(sic) in River at Keno" Fisheriesin Santa Rosa, CA. KlamathFalls Evening Herald (24 September1908) The Klamath River watershedonce produced River systemat 650,000-1 million fish.These runs large runs of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchuscontributed to substantialcommercial, recreational, tshawytscha)and steelhead(Oncorhynchus roykiss) subsistence,and Tribal harvests (Snyder 1931; Lane and alsosupported significant runs of otheranadro- and Lane Associates1981; USDI 1985; USFWS mousfish, includingcoho salmon(Oncorhynchus 1991; Gresh et al. 2000). In particular,the Upper kisutch), green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris ), eula- KlamathRiver above Iron GateDam once supported chon (Thaleichthyspacificus), coastal cutthroat trout the spawningand rearingof largepopulations of (Oncorhynchusclarki clarki), and Pacific lamprey anadromoussalmon and steelhead(Lane and Lane (Lainpetratridentata). One estimate(Radtke, pers. Associates1981; FERC 1990). comm.cited in Greshet al. 2000)put the historical The first impassablebarrier to anadromousfish rangeof salmonabundance for the Klamath-Trinity on the mainstemKlamath River was Copco 1 Dam, 10 Fisheries I www.fisheries.org I vol 30 no 4 completedin 1918 (followedby Copco2 Dam in and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service(USFWS). 1925and Iron Gate Dam in 1962;Figure 1). Priorto The statesof Oregonand California also have signif- dam construction,anadromous fish runs accessed icant regulatoryauthorities and responsibilities spawning,incubation, and rearing habitat in about relatedto hydropowerrelicensing and the recovery 970 km (600 miles) of river and streamchannel of listedspecies. abovethe siteof Iron Gate Dam. This dam, at river Theseauthorities provide a basisfor restoration of kilometer307 (river mile 190; Photo l), is the cur- native anadromous fish to their historical habitats. rentlimit of upstreampassage. The LongRange Plan However,there have been persistentquestions for the Klamath River Basin Conservation Area regardingwhether anadromous fish occurred histori- FisheryRestoration Program (USFWS 1991)identi- cally above Iron Gate Dam. Thus, prior to fiedthe lackof passagebeyond Iron GateDam as a implementinganadromous fish restoration and the significantimpact to the KlamathRiver anadromous design of potentialfishways that wouldbe species fishery.At present,significant un-utilized anadro- specific,it is importantto evaluatethe evidence mousfish habitat exists upstream of Iron Gate Dam regardingwhich native anadromousspecies were (Fortuneet al. 1966;Chapman 1981; NRC 2003; presenthistorically above Iron Gate Dam and deter- Huntington 2004). The Klamath Hydroelectric minethe extentof theirupstream distribution. Projectoperating license expires in 2006 and the relicensingprocess is currentlyunder way. Methods Need for Information on We summarizeexisting information regarding the Upstream Extent of both the recordedhistorical (tens to thousandsof Anadromous Fish Distribution years)presence and, more specifically, the upstream extent of the distribution Knowledgeof the presenceand the historical of native anadromousfish ": extentof the upstreamdistribution for anadromousin the Klamath River, specieson the Klamath River is importantfor basedupon photos, histor- restorationplanning and futuremanagement deci- ical documents, logical sion-making.Public Law 99-552, the KlamathRiver reasoning,and other avail- ' BasinFishery Resources Restoration Act (Klamath able information. A Act), wasadopted by Congress on 27 October1986, distinction was made for the purposeof authorizinga 20-year federal-state betweenpresence and the cooperativeKlamath River Basin Conservation extentof upstreamdistri- Area RestorationProgram for the rebuildingof the bution because,for some river'sfishery resources to optimallevels. Among species,there was clear othercharges, the KlamathAct directsthe Secretary evidencefor presencein of Interior to improveand restoreKlamath River general terms, but only habitatsand promote access to blockedhabitats, to vagueinformation on their farthestupstream distri- Photo 1. Iron Gate Dam has rehabilitateproblem watersheds, to reduce negative bution. When reliable information on the extent of nofish passage facilities. impactson fish and fishhabitats, and to improve upstreamdistribution was available, it wasimportant upstreamand downstreammigration by removing to includethis level of certaintyfor consideration obstaclesand providing facilities for avoidingobsta- duringrelicensing and anadromousfish restoration. cles. The presenceof speciesabove one dam, but not In additionto the KlamathAct, the Department another,has implications for relicensing. of the Interiorand the Departmentof Commerceare In thisarticle, references to the KlamathUpper authorizedto protectand restoreanadromous fish Basin include the Klamath River watershed andtheir habitats under several authorities including upstreamfrom and includingthe sectionof the the FederalPower Act (throughthe requirementof Klamath River known as Link River. (Link River mandatoryfishway prescription under Section 18 of Dam, asshown in Figure1, is on thisshort reach of the act). Other authoritiesinclude the Endangered the mainstemKlamath River immediatelybelow SpeciesAct; federalTribal Trust responsibilities; UpperKlamath Lake). Pacific Coast Salmon Plan; Magnuson-Stevens FisheryConservation and Management Act (which Photos incorporatesdelineation
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