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Upper Klamath and Lost River Subbasins TMDL and Water Quality Management Plan

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Upper Klamath and Lost River Subbasins TMDL and Water Quality Management Plan Upper Klamath and Lost River Subbasins TMDL and Water Quality Management Plan April 2017 TMDL Program 700 NE Multnomah St. Suite 600 Portland, OR 97232 Phone: 541-273-7002 Contact: Mike Hiatt www.oregon.gov/DEQ DEQ is a leader in restoring, maintaining and enhancing the quality of Oregon’s air, land and water. Oregon Department of Environmental Quality This report prepared by: Oregon Department of Environmental Quality 700 NE Multnomah St, Suite 600 Portland, OR 97232 541-273-7002 www.oregon.gov/deq Contact: Mike Hiatt [email protected] Documents can be provided upon request in an alternate format for individuals with disabilities or in a language other than English for people with limited English skills. To request a document in another format or language, call DEQ in Portland at 503-229-5696, or toll-free in Oregon at 1-800-452-4011, ext. 5696; or email [email protected]. State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality ii Table of Contents Executive Summary................................................................................................................................... 1 Klamath River TMDLs................................................................................................................................ 2 Lost River TMDLs ...................................................................................................................................... 2 TMDL Summaries ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Summary of Load Allocations and Waste Load Allocations: ............................................................... 3 Report Organization .................................................................................................................................. 5 Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Overview of Total Maximum Daily Loads .......................................................................................... 9 1.2.1 What is a TMDL? ............................................................................................................................ 9 1.2.2 Permitting and Enforcement Tools ............................................................................................... 11 1.2.3 Endangered Species Act Consultation ......................................................................................... 12 1.2.4 Tribal Trust Responsibilities ......................................................................................................... 12 1.2.5 FERC Relicensing ........................................................................................................................ 12 1.2.6 TMDL Implementation via the Water Quality Management Plan ................................................. 12 1.2.7 Adaptive Management Process .................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Subbasin Overview .......................................................................................................................... 14 1.3.1 Geology ........................................................................................................................................ 15 1.3.2 Climate .......................................................................................................................................... 17 1.3.3 Land Use and Ownership ............................................................................................................. 19 1.3.4 Hydrology ...................................................................................................................................... 21 1.3.5 Water Management Districts ........................................................................................................ 25 1.3.6 Point Sources ............................................................................................................................... 26 1.3.7 Nonpoint Sources ......................................................................................................................... 29 1.3.8 Fishery Resources ........................................................................................................................ 30 1.4 References ......................................................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 2: Klamath River Dissolved Oxygen, Chlorophyll a, pH, and Ammonia Toxicity ............... 37 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 38 2.2 Target Identification .......................................................................................................................... 40 2.2.1 Sensitive Beneficial Uses ............................................................................................................. 40 2.2.2 Dissolved Oxygen Water Quality Standard (relevant parts) ......................................................... 40 2.2.3 pH Standard: ................................................................................................................................. 41 2.2.4 Nuisance Phytoplankton Growth .................................................................................................. 42 2.2.5 Ammonia Toxicity ......................................................................................................................... 42 State of Oregon Department of Environmental Quality iii 2.3 Deviation from Water Quality Standard .......................................................................................... 42 2.3.1 Dissolved Oxygen, pH and Ammonia Toxicity ............................................................................. 43 2.4 Seasonal Variation ............................................................................................................................ 48 2.5 Water Quality Modeling Overview .................................................................................................... 50 2.6 Source Assessment .......................................................................................................................... 52 2.6.1 Pollutant Identification .................................................................................................................. 52 2.6.2 Upstream Condition - Upper Klamath Lake .................................................................................. 55 2.6.3 Point Sources ............................................................................................................................... 57 2.6.4 USBR’s Klamath Project: Lost River Diversion Channel and Klamath Straits Drain ................... 58 2.6.5 PacifiCorp’s Klamath River Hydroelectric Projects ....................................................................... 62 2.6.6 Agriculture ..................................................................................................................................... 63 2.6.7 Irrigation Districts .......................................................................................................................... 63 2.6.8 Forestry ......................................................................................................................................... 63 2.6.9 Urban / residential ........................................................................................................................ 63 2.6.10 Other Possible Upland Sources ................................................................................................. 63 2.6.11 Natural Sources .......................................................................................................................... 63 2.6.12 Internal Sources and Sinks ......................................................................................................... 64 2.6.13 Keno impoundment Source Evaluation ...................................................................................... 66 2.6.14 Current Loading Analysis ........................................................................................................... 66 2.7 Water Quality Standard Attainment Analysis ................................................................................. 70 2.7.1 Natural Conditions Baseline ......................................................................................................... 70 2.7.2 Loading Capacity .......................................................................................................................... 72 2.7.3 Allocations to address DO, pH, excess algae and ammonia toxicity impairments ...................... 73 2.7.4 Instream Targets ........................................................................................................................... 83 2.8 Margins of Safety ............................................................................................................................... 84 2.8.1 Uncertainty Analysis ....................................................................................................................
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