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Home , Klamath River, Link River, Upper Klamath Lake

10 Fisheries inSantaRosa,CA. specialist withNOAA engineer—fish passage Falls, OR.Whiteisahydraulic Management inKlamath with theU.S.Bureau ofLand Snedaker isafisherybiologist [email protected]. can becontactedat Office, Yreka, CA.Hamilton Yreka Fishand Wildlife Service Fish andWildlife fishery biologistsattheU.S. Hamilton andCurtisare David K.White Scott M.Snedaker Gary L.Curtis John B.Hamilton fisheries history feature

ABSTRACT management andhabitatrestorationefforts. of thesespecies’upstreamdistributionprovideskeyinformationnecessarytoguide below IronGateDam.Thissynthesisofavailablesourcesregardingthehistoricalextent clarki pink ( Gate .Greensturgeon( range ofsalmon abundancefortheKlamath-Trinity comm. citedinGreshetal.2000) putthehistorical ( ( ( sturgeon ( and steelhead( runs ofChinooksalmon( A SynthesisoftheHistoricalEvidence Prior toHydropower — in theUpperKlamathRiverWatershed Distribution ofAnadromomous Fishes mous sockeyesalmon( distributed upstreamatleasttothevicinityofSpencerCreek.Apopulationanadro- Basin aswell.Cohosalmonandanadromouslamprey( the distributionofsteelhead( upstream intotributariesofUpperKlamathLake.Available informationindicatesthat able frommultiplesourcesandclearlyshowedthatthisspecieshistoricallymigrated largest, mostutilizedspecies,Chinooksalmon( the historicaldistributionofanadromousfishaboveIronGateDam.Evidencefor recovery ofcohosalmon( agement decisionsintheKlamathRiverincludingongoingrestorationandregional Knowledge ofthehistoricaldistributionanadromousfishisimportanttoguideman- including cohosalmon( ported significantrunsofotheranadromousfish, Lampetra tridentata clarki Thaleichthys pacificus The River watershed once produced large The KlamathRiverwatershedonceproduced ), andeulachon( at thispointisveryswiftandrocky. become worthless.Thereisnospawninggrounduntilthey reach theUpperLakeasriver their efforttodosothousandsoffinesalmonarebruisedandspottedbytherocksthatthey across theriverbelowKeno,whichit[sic]isalmostimpossibleforfishtogetover. In fact theycouldbecaughtasfastamanpullthemin…Thereisnaturalrockdam and itissaidthatamanwithgaffcouldeasilylandhundredofthesalmoninanhour, in the heaviestithas[sic]everknown.TherearemillionsoffishbelowfallsnearKeno, Parties cominginfromKenostatethattherunofsalmonKlamathRiverthisyearis Sprague riverasYainax, butarestoppedbythefallsbelowoutlettoKlamathmarsh. leading fromKlamathlake(savetheWood river, accordingtoBall),goingasfarupthe month [sic],May–June,andthatthelargefishruninfall...Theyascendallrivers in autumn.Thisisagreementwithmyinformation,thattheruncomesmiddlefinger Gatschet’s statementisthatsalmonascendtheKlamathrivertwiceayear, inJuneandagain Introduction Acipenser medirostris Oncorhynchus mykiss Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ). Oneestimate(Radtke,pers. ), coastalcutthroattrout “Millions ofSalmon—CannotReachLakeonAccountRocks inRiveratKeno.” Oncorhynchus kisutch Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ), andPacificlamprey Thaleichthys pacificus Oncorhynchus nerka Oncorhynchus kisutch Acipenser medirostris ) andalsosup- ), eulachon Oncorhynchus mykiss ), green ), coastalcutthroattrout( ) ) mayhaveoccurredhistoricallyaboveIron Klamath FallsEveningHerald(24September1908) ) wererestrictedtotheKlamathRiverwell the mainstemKlamath RiverwasCopco1Dam, com- Associates 1981;FERC1990). anadromous salmonandsteelhead (LaneandLane the spawningandrearingof large populationsof Klamath RiveraboveIronGate Damoncesupported 1991; Greshetal.2000).Inparticular, theUpper and LaneAssociates1981;USDI1985;USFWS subsistence, andTribal harvests(Snyder 1931;Lane contributed tosubstantialcommercial,recreational, River systemat650,000–1millionfish.Theseruns The firstimpassablebarriertoanadromous fishon ). Usingvarioussources,wedetermined Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Fisheries |www.fisheries.org |vol30no4 ), chumsalmon( ) extendedtotheKlamathUpper Lampetra tridentata — Oncorhynchus keta Oncorhynchus clarki Front pagearticletitled: —Spier (1930) ) likelywere ), wasavail- ), DAVID WHITE, NOAA FISHERIES fisheries history 11

feature Gate Dam has Iron Photo 1. no fish passage facilities. These authorities provide a basis for restoration of provide a basis These authorities We reviewed historical photo collections of the We We summarize existing information regarding both summarize existing We In this article, references to the Klamath Upper Photos Methods also have significant regulatory authorities regulatory significant also have California relicensing to hydropower related and responsibilities of listed species. and the recovery historical habitats. fish to their native anadromous questions regard- have been persistent there However, occurred historically anadromous fish ing whether Thus, prior to implementing above Iron Gate Dam. and the design of poten- anadromous fish restoration be species specific, it is tial fishways that would the evidence regarding which important to evaluate were present historically native anadromous species and determine the extent of above Iron Gate Dam their upstream distribution. Klamath Museum and Klamath Historical Society for documentation of anadromous fish above assumed that captions on photos Iron Gate Dam. We correctly identified the taxa, locations, and dates. The photos used here were taken in the vicinity of Klamath Falls and adjacent . the recorded historical (tens to thousands of years) the recorded historical (tens to thousands the upstream extent of presence and, more specifically, in the the distribution of native anadromous fish photos, historical docu- based upon , ments, logical reasoning, and other available infor- mation. A distinction was made between presence and the extent of upstream distribution because, for some species, there was clear evidence for presence in general terms, but only vague information on their farthest upstream distribu- tion. When reliable information on the extent of upstream distribution level of was available, it was important to include this and certainty for consideration during relicensing of species anadromous fish restoration. The presence has implications for above one dam, but not another, relicensing. Basin include the Klamath River watershed upstream from and including the section of the (Link River Klamath River known as Link River. Dam, as shown in Figure 1, is on this short reach of the mainstem Klamath River immediately below Upper Klamath ). Knowledge of the presence and the historical In addition to the Klamath Act, the Department of April 2005 | www.fisheries.org | Fisheries April 2005 | www.fisheries.org Need for Information on Extent of the Upstream Fish Distribution Anadromous pleted in 1918 (followed by Copco 2 Dam in 1925 and in 1925 Copco 2 Dam by in 1918 (followed pleted con- to dam 1). Prior in 1962; Figure Dam Iron Gate accessed spawning, anadromous fish runs struction, in about 970 km (600 and rearing habitat incubation, above the site of and stream channel miles) of river kilometer 307 (river This dam, at river Iron Gate Dam. limit of upstream Photo 1), is the current mile 190; Plan for the Klamath River passage. The Long Range Fishery Restoration Program Basin Conservation Area the lack of passage beyond (USFWS 1991) identified impact to the Klamath Iron Gate Dam as a significant At present, significant un- River anadromous fishery. habitat exists upstream of Iron utilized anadromous fish al. 1966; Chapman 1981; NRC Gate Dam (Fortune et The Klamath Hydroelectric 2003; Huntington 2004). expires in 2006 and the reli- Project operating license under way. censing process is currently extent of the upstream distribution for anadromous for restora- species on the Klamath River is important tion planning and future management Klamath decision-making. Public Law 99-552, the Act River Basin Fishery Resources Restoration on 27 (Klamath Act), was adopted by Congress a 20-year October 1986, for the purpose of authorizing Basin federal-state cooperative Klamath River for the Conservation Area Restoration Program resources to optimal lev- fishery rebuilding of the river’s directs the els. Among other charges, the Klamath Act Klamath Secretary of Interior to improve and restore habitats, River habitats and promote access to blocked negative to rehabilitate problem watersheds, to reduce improve impacts on fish and fish habitats, and to removing upstream and downstream migration by obsta- obstacles and providing facilities for avoiding cles. the Interior and the Department of Commerce are authorized to protect and restore anadromous fish and their habitats under several authorities including the Federal Power Act (through the requirement of mandatory fishway prescription under Section 18 of the act). Other authorities include the Endangered responsibilities; Trust Species Act; federal Tribal Pacific Coast Salmon Plan; Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (which incorpo- rates delineation of “essential fish habitat”); Sikes Act, Coordination Act; the II; the Fish and Wildlife Title and Scenic Rivers Act; the National Historic Wild Preservation Act; Federal Lands Protection and Management Act; Northwest Forest Plan; and various policies and initiatives of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service, the National Park Service, NOAA Fisheries and the U.S. Fish and Service (USFWS). The states of and Wildlife 12 citations are approximate). Figure 1. fisheries history Extent ofupstream distributionforanadromous fishintheKlamathRiverandtributariesbaseduponreferences inTable 1(loca feature Evening Herald1908). Of these,wehaveincludedonlyone(KlamathFalls salmon abovethecurrentlocationofIronGateDam. Falls newspapersregardinghistoricalaccountsof (1966) referencednumerousarticlesfromKlamath specifically referencedinthispaper. Fortuneetal. plines maywellcontainadditionaldocumentationnot 1956) sourcesarecited,otherreportsfromthesedisci- Barrett 1960)andarchaeological(Cressmanetal. graphic (Gatschet1890;Spier1930;Kroeberand assumed theywereChinooksalmon.Whileethno- When documentsidentifiedfishasonlysalmon,we of aspeciesintheKlamathRiverand/oritstributaries. generally citedonlythefarthestupstreamoccurrence Klamath Riverwatershed.Foragivenreferencewe bution andpresenceofanadromousfishinthe archeological, andethnographicreportsonthedistri- Documents andReports We reviewed publishedandunpublishedfisheries, Lane Associates(1981). species notcitedelsewhere,wereferencedLaneand tion onpresenceorfarthestupstreamdistributionofa communications citedthereinprovidedkeyinforma- munications individuallyhere.Whenpersonal this citation.We didnotreferencethesepersonalcom- ous andwerecommendthatinterestedpartiesreferto the Williamson andSpragueriverswereverynumer- Associates (1981)regardingthepresenceofsalmonin supported thatidentification. tion communicatedonthesizeofthesefish reference toChinooksalmonbecauseotherinforma- Agency LakeandtheWood River, butincludedthe salmon, andsteelheadtroutinthevicinityof fication ofchumsalmon( that species.Forexample,wediscountedtheidenti- facts thatwouldcorroboratetheidentificationof unless thecommunicationincludedothersupporting that includedquestionableidentificationsofspecies Personal Communications Personal communicationscitedinLaneand We did notreferencepersonalcommunications Fisheries |www.fisheries.org |vol30no4 Oncorhynchus keta tions for ), coho fisheries history 13 ) ❑❑ feature Gate Dam. ron Kroeber and Barrett (1960) X ( Pacific Lamprey (A) Coots (1957) (B) ) ● ) showing approximate locations cited for each ) showing approximate (F) Bulfinch (2002) X Coho ( (A) Coots (1957) (B) Coots (1962) (C) CDWR (1964) (D) NMFS (1997) (E) IMST (2003) ❑❑ , and ● , ▲ , ■ Species ) —Information cited here that provides cited here that —Information ▲ Kroeber and Barrett (1960) Nehlsen et al. (1991) Thurow et al. (1997) Moyle (2002) spawned in Jenny Creek (Coots Chinook salmon spawned in Jenny Creek Presence (L) Maria (2003) Steelhead ( (A) (1954) Wright (B) Coots (1957) (C) (D) Coots (1962) (E) King et al. (1977) (F) Fortune et al. (1966) (G) Lane and Lane Associates (1981) (H) (I) BLM et al. (1995) (J) (K) evidence for the presence of Chinook salmon above evidence for the presence Gate Dam includes 2 historical the current site of Iron or reports, and 1 personal photographs, 14 documents other personal communi- communication. Numerous and newspaper articles cations, testimony, of Chinook salmon are ref- documenting the presence al. (1966) and Lane and Lane erenced in Fortune et found one report that stated Associates (1981). We information to conclude that there was not enough tributaries of Upper Chinook salmon accessed Klamath Lake. and 1962; Fortune et al. 1966) and Fall Creek (Wales et al. Coots 1954; Coots 1957; Coots 1962; Fortune Dam. An 1966) prior to the construction of Iron Gate G. W. interview with long-term resident of the area, provided information on large concentrations Hoover, on spawn- of fall-run king salmon in Shovel Creek and in the ing that might have occurred near Shovel Creek also mainstem Klamath River (Coots 1965). Hoover was a noted that the river near the “Frame Ranch” spawning favorite salmon spearing site and a potential referring area (Coots 1965). Hoover was undoubtedly Chinook Salmon Chinook Pacific lamprey extended above Iron Gate Dam. More Dam. Iron Gate above lamprey extended Pacific and of sources evaluation on our information detailed distribution is dis- and farthest upstream the presence cussed below. ) ■ Gatschet (1890) Spier (1930) and Coots (1954) Wales Cressman (1956) Kroeber and Barrett (1960) Nehlsen et al. (1991) Thurow et al. (1997) Moyle (2002) Society Photo, Photo 2 (1860) Photo 3 (1891) Society, (Q) (2004) Scarber (D) (E) (F) (G) (1957) Coots (H) (I)(1962) Coots (J) Coots (1965) (K) Fortune et al. (1966) (L) Lane and Lane Associates (1981) (M) (N) BLM et al. (1995) (O) (P) (C) Chinook ( (A) County Historical Klamath (B) County Historical Klamath Documentation for pre-impoundment presence and extent of upstream distribution for anadromous fish in the Klamath River above I fish in the Klamath River distribution for anadromous and extent of upstream presence Documentation for pre-impoundment Table 1 summarizes sources of evidence for the 1 summarizes Table species, Evidence for the largest, most utilized For Pacific lamprey and we combined lamprey and coho salmon For Pacific Logical reasoning Personal communications Documents/reports/ other evidence Photos of historical above Iron presence Gate Dam Source species (Figure 1). species (Figure Italics = published literature. Reference identification letters correspond to symbols ( identification letters correspond Reference Italics = published literature. April 2005 | www.fisheries.org | Fisheries April 2005 | www.fisheries.org Table 1. Table Results and Discussion Logical Reasoning Logical historical distribution of Chinook salmon, steel- historical distribution above Iron head, coho salmon, and Pacific lamprey Figure 1 is the cor- Gate Dam on the Klamath River. cited for responding map showing the locations each species. vari- Chinook salmon, was available from the greatest level of ety of sources and provided the highest for the other Less information was available certainty. substantial three species. Nevertheless, there was that steel- information and reasoning to determine Upper head historically migrated to the Klamath and Basin and that the distribution of coho salmon existing evidence with logical reasoning for a determi- with logical reasoning existing evidence distribution of these extent of upstream nation of the This reason- Klamath River watershed. species in the of the same based on the occurrence ing was partly in the Columbia of the species east believe this reasoning is valid, River Basin. While we it does not have the same level of we acknowledge that documents, reports, or per- certainty as photographs, for a specific determination of sonal communications distribution. the limit of upstream 14 fisheries history feature the regionprovided accountsofnumeroussalmon of theKlamathTribe andoldernon-Indiansettlersin from 50interviews,conductedin the1940s,members the KlamathUpperBasinwasmaintained. Inexcerpts presence andthefisheryon Tribal reservationin (1981) toensurethatarecord ofanadromousfish Interviews wereincludedinLane andLaneAssociates tract fortheBureauofIndianAffairsin1980s. Williamson rivers.Thisreportwasdoneundercon- anadromous salmonidsandfishinginSprague (1981) providedmultipleaccountsofthepresence Upper KlamathLake.LaneandAssociates clude thatsalmonpassedthefallsatsouthendof on theSpragueRiver(Figure1),leadinghimtocon- dence ofsalmonbonesfromtheKawumkanmidden Cressman etal.(1956)reportedarcheologicalevi- in particular, theWilliamson and Spraguerivers. of salmoninthetributariestoUpperKlamathLake, accounts andfisheriesreportsreferringtothepresence and long-timeresidents. interviews ortheeffortmadetointerviewfishermen vided inSnyder(1931)regardingthenumberof Copco Damisnowlocated.”Noinformationpro- numbers ofsalmonannuallypassedthepointwhere taries ofthelake.However, thismaybe,large ever enteredWilliamson Riverandthesmallertribu- opinion couldbeformedastowhetherkingsalmon trout andsalmonwassoevident,thatnosatisfactory offering informationtodistinguishbetweeneven conflicting andthelackofabilityonpartthose past salmonruns.Hereportedthat“testimonywas residents oftheKlamathLakeregiontolearn views heconductedwithfishermenandlong-time Chinook salmonaswell. in thisphotoareclearlysalmonidsandlikelywere “salmon fishing”caption.Theotherthreefishshown known photofromtheKlamathUpperBasinwitha 3 becauseitwasavailabletotheauthorandisbest salmon. We believethisphotomayhavebeenPhoto itively identifiedatleastonefishasaChinook of salmonidsfromtheKlamathUpperBasinandpos- Oregon StateUniversity, examinedahistoricalphoto reported thatC.E.Bond,professoroffisheriesat Museum, pers.comm.).Fortuneetal.(1966) nineteenth century;JudithHassen,KlamathCounty 2 isdated1860butmayhavebeentakenlaterinthe catch ofsalmonatLinkRiver(Photos2and3;Photo dated 1860and1891,showingfishermenwiththeir County HistoricalSocietyprovidedthesephotos, ence ofChinooksalmonatLinkRiver. TheKlamath Klamath River. caught attheconfluenceofSpencerCreekand photo takenpriorto1917showingaChinooksalmon fall-run salmoninSpencerCreekandcontaineda (Figure 1).BLMetal.(1995)referredtoaccountsof which isimmediatelyupstreamoftheCalderareach to the“FrainRanch”reachofKlamathRiver, In contrast,wefoundnumeroushistorical In afootnote,Snyder(1931)referredtointer- Two historicalphotographsdocumentthepres- on the other hand, have a bi-modal rundistribution on theotherhand, haveabi-modal Evening Herald(1908).Spring-run Chinooksalmon, short distanceupstreamatKeno intheKlamathFalls years. Thislowwaterpassagedifficulty wasnoteda Chinook mayhavebeenproblematic duringcertain fall-run gradient Calderareachforlarge-bodied, et al.1998).Successfulfishpassage throughthehigh flows anddepthsareoftenlowestfortheyear(Myers is generallyfromAugusttoOctober/Novemberwhen lower KlamathRiverfallrun(belowIronGateDam) Klamath Lakeandbeyondinonlywetteryears.The Klamath LakebeforetheyreachedtheWilliamson. took themfiveorsixdaystomaketheirwaythrough observation that,aftersalmonpassedLinkRiver, it early asAugust.Onepersoninterviewedprovidedthe entered theWilliamson River inautumn,possiblyas people interviewedbyFortuneetal.(1966),salmon the basisoftestimonyhereceived.Accordingtofour was themostimportantsalmonspawningstream,on personal interviewsthatindicatedtheSpragueRiver (1962). Fortuneetal.(1966)providedreportsand Upper KlamathLakebySpier(1930)andCoots inhabited thiswatershed. presence offishpassagebarriers,salmonundoubtedly habitat tosupportanadromoussalmonids.Without the continues tohavesuitablewaterqualityandphysical the watershed.TheWood Riverhasand tion thatChinooksalmonoccurredadjacenttoandin resident, pers.comm.,2004)providesspecificinforma- (Robert Scarber, formerKlamathAgencyReservation Spier 1930),anaccountofChinooksalmonharvest that salmondidnotgouptheWood River(citedin ically usedthisdrainage.Whileonereferencestates Moyle (2002)bothstatethatChinooksalmonhistor- rivers. FortheWood River, Nehlsenetal.(1991)and Associates (1981)fortheSpragueandWilliamson those ofFortuneetal.(1966)andLane Klamath UpperBasin.Theiraccountsaresimilarto the Sprague,Williamson, andWood riversinthe fall, spring,andsummerracesofChinooksalmonin and Moyle(2002)referredtohistoricaloccurrencesof time ofEuropeansettlement.Nehlsenetal.(1991) Basin aswithintherangeofChinooksalmonat and Thurowetal.(1997)includedtheKlamathUpper Klamath lakesandtheirtributaries.Gatschet(1890) stated thatsalmonranuptheKlamathinto been spring-runChinook.KroeberandBarrett(1960) the rivertolake.Mostlikelythesewouldhave his observationofgreatnumberssalmoncomingup the outletofUpperKlamathLakeinMay1846and Associates (1981)istotheexplorerFremont’s visitto that indicatedtheycouldonlybeChinooksalmon. the documentprovideddetailsonweightsoffish salmon andtrout.Inmanyinstancestheinterviewsin Creek. Theseaccountsmadeadistinctionbetween Williamson River, UpperKlamathLake,andSpencer fishing locationsontheSpragueRiver, the It ispossiblethatfall-runChinookreachedUpper Both springandfallrunswerereportedabove One oftheearliestreferencesinLaneand Fisheries |www.fisheries.org |vol30no4 fisheries history 15 Photo 2. Link River salmon “fishing” around 1860. Site of present Klamath Falls.

feature Gentlemen Photo 3. display their catch while salmon fishing on the 1891. of Link River, —Information cited here that provides cited here that —Information BLM et al. (1995) includes a photo captioned BLM et al. (1995) Presence KLAMATH COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY stem channels, and that the true farthest upstream dis- upstream true farthest that the and stem channels, these where the sites above was probably tribution place. fisheries took evidence for the presence of steelhead above the cur- the presence of steelhead evidence for Dam includes 11 documents or rent site of Iron Gate communication. Other personal reports and 1 personal steelhead above Iron Gate communications regarding in Lane and Lane Associates Dam are referenced there was not enough infor- (1981). One report stated that steelhead accessed the mation to conclude Klamath Upper Basin. on Spencer Creek…around “Fishing for steelhead collection of the Anderson 1900” from the photo an early settler descendents of Hiram Spencer, Family, cited in the Spencer Creek area. Fortune et al. (1966) published a brochure from Southern Pacific Railroad, harvest of in 1911, that referred specifically to the 1). steelhead at the mouth of Shovel Creek (Figure Steelhead —The extent of We note that accounts of Chinook harvest in gen- note that accounts of Chinook harvest We Extent of Upstream Distribution Extent of Upstream upstream distribution we found for Chinook salmon upstream distribution salmon utilized habitat is shown in Figure 1. Chinook Oregon, in the vicinity of Bly, in the Fortune et al. (1966) reported and further upstream. spawned in the mainstem that Chinook salmon on the South Fork of the Sprague River; upstream the headwaters; and on the Sprague above Bly to as well (Figure 1). Lane North Fork of the Sprague (1981) provided several inde- and Lane Associates upstream pendent testimonies that put the farthest in the distribution of salmon for the Sprague River noted that testi- Oregon. It should be vicinity of Bly, Lane and Lane members in monies from Tribal harvest of Associates (1981) were oriented toward within the adult salmon, which was restricted to Their also located near Bly. reservation boundary, extent of report contained little information on the River anadromous salmonids in the Sprague For the upstream of the reservation boundary. both Spier (1930) and Lane and River, Williamson upstream Lane Associates (1981) listed the farthest below the distribution of salmon as being the falls outlet to Klamath Marsh (Figure 1). place in eral are based upon fisheries that took in main- locations convenient for harvest, primarily April 2005 | www.fisheries.org | Fisheries April 2005 | www.fisheries.org that spreads from April to August. The smaller sized, smaller August. The April to from that spreads kg or was 5 average weight (their Chinook spring-run encountered higher to Snyder 1931) 11 lbs. according able to pass the and would have been spring flows to the Klamath salmon runs However, Caldera reach. fall-run component as undoubtedly had a Upper Basin (up to 27 kg by the size of salmon harvested evidenced timing of spawning noted in or 60 pounds) and the (1981). Lane and Lane Associates 16 fisheries history feature redband trout, differentiating steelheadfromlargerainbowtrout(or Fortune etal.(1966)statesthatduetothedifficultyin refer tosteelheadaccessingtheKlamathUpperBasin. (1981), Thurowetal.(1997),andMoyle(2002)all Nehlsen etal.(1991),LaneandAssociates umented. However, KroeberandBarrett(1960), presence aboveUpperKlamathLakecouldnotbedoc- were presentasfarupstreamLinkRiver, buttheir Creek. AccordingtoPuckettetal.(1966),steelhead construction ofIronGateDam. head spawnedinCampCreekpriortothe (1954) andKingetal.(1977)alsoreportedthatsteel- Creek (DennisMaria,CDFG,pers.comm.).Wright from theCaliforniastateline,andinnearbyScotch tributary approximately0.8km(0.5mile)downstream the Californiastateline,inatleastoneCampCreek Camp Creekupto1.6km(onemile)upstreamfrom (CDFG) filesincluderecordsofsteelheadspawningin in Figure1.CaliforniaDepartmentofFishandGame upstream distributionwefoundforsteelheadisshown Coho Salmon to UpperKlamathLake. evidence thatsteelheadwerealsopresentintributaries present intheKlamathUpperBasinaresubstantial watersheds, andthefactthatChinooksalmonwere overlapping distributionforthetwospeciesinmost head isthesameifnotgreater. Thereportsabove,the salmon andsteelheadarepresent,therangeofsteel- Wood, Sprague, andWilliamson rivers. eral informationwereaccountsofsteelheadinthe derive somegeneralinformation.Includedinthisgen- was enoughagreementfrominterviewsconductedto However, Fortuneetal.(1966)alsostatedthatthere the KlamathUpperBasinwasimpossibletoobtain. information onthehistoryofsteelheadmigrationsin in theupperriver tofishforcoho(Table 1andFigure well knownbyfishingguidesas one ofthebestplaces Jenny Creekwiththemainstem KlamathRiverwas construction ofIronGateDam, theconfluenceof which nowflowsintoIronGate Reservoir. Priorto reported thatcohosalmonspawned inFallCreek, California DepartmentofWater Resources(1964) coho salmon.However, Coots(1957,1962)andthe more abundant.Fortuneetal.(1966)didnotdiscuss because Chinooksalmonweresomuchlargerand At thetime,hesaidtherewaslittleinterestincoho because mostpeopleareunabletodistinguishthem.” definite waslearnedaboutthemfromthisinquiry to theheadwatersofKlamathspawn.Nothing (1931) statedthat“[s]ilversalmonaresaidtomigrate or reportsandonepersonalcommunication.Snyder current siteofIronGateDamincludesfivedocuments evidence forthepresenceofcohosalmonabove Coots (1957,1962)discussedsteelheadinFall Extent ofUpstreamDistribution Presence Generally, inwatershedswherebothChinook —Information citedherethatprovides Oncorhynchus mykissirideus —The extentof ), accurate Anadromous PacificLamprey status (Stewart Reid, USFWS,pers.comm.2004). ident, non-anadromoustaxonof uncertainsystematic Evermann andMeek1897)may haveappliedtoares- struction ofdownstreamdams (Gilbert1898; lamprey intheKlamathUpperBasin priortothecon- Iron GateReservoir. LiteraturereferencestoPacific tridentata Iron GateDam.Coots(1957)reportedthat presence ofPacificlampreyabovethecurrentsite sonal communications,thatprovidedevidenceforthe (NMFS 1997). salmon habitatintheentireKlamathRiverBasin mainstem habitat,about8%ofthehistoricalcoho blocked accesstoapproximately48km(30miles)of River Basin,theconstructionofIronGateDam NOAA FisheriesestimatedthatwithintheKlamath utaries abovethecurrentsiteofIronGateDam. a significantportionofthereturnwasdestinedfortrib- have beendestinedforBogusCreekandprobablethat Creek. Itisunlikelythatallthesespawningfishwould Klamathon RacksareaandIronGateDamisBogus spawners, andtheonlysizabletributarybetween (CDFG 2002).Cohosalmonaregenerallytributary downstream fromthecurrentIronGateDamsite Klamathon Racksegg-takingfacilityabout8km resentative, pers.comm.). 1; KentBulfinch,KlamathRiverBasinTask Forcerep- salmon likelyextendedatleasttothisvicinity. son thatthefarthestupstreamdistributionofcoho provided rearinghabitatforthisspecies.Thus,werea- pondareasinSpencerCreekwouldalsohave with suitablespawninghabitat.Sidechanneland Spencer Creek,amedium-sized,low-gradienttributary, taries, weconcludethatcohosalmonwouldhaveused the characteristicsofvariousKlamathRivertribu- knowledge oftheirrearingandspawninghabitat, the factthatcohoaregenerallytributaryspawners,our coho salmoninthemainstemKlamathRiverabove, Basin. there arenorecordsofcohointheKlamathUpper Davis, pers.comm.).To thebestofhisknowledge, boundaries (PeterMoyle,UniversityofCalifornia ing fromtheauthor’s impreciseuseofzoogeographic upstream asKlamathFalls,Oregon,isanerrorresult- the KlamathRiveranditstributariesatleastasfar Moyle (2002)statingthatcohosalmononceascended Klamath Lake(IMST2003).However, thereportby Klamath RiverasfarupstreamthemouthofLower put thehistoricaloccurrenceofcohosalmonin (Table 1andFigure1;NMFS1997).Anotherreport tion inthevicinityofJ.C.Boylepowerhouse Iron GateDamwouldputthespecies’upperdistribu- (30 miles)ofmainstemcohosalmonhabitatabove Fisheries estimateofthelossapproximately48km Presence Extent ofUpstreamDistribution In 1911,881femalecohowerecapturedatthe Given thisinformationaboutthedistributionof Fisheries |www.fisheries.org |vol30no4 entered FallCreek,whichnow flowsinto —We foundtwodocuments,butnoper- —The NOAA Lampetra fisheries history 17 feature ) in North America is ) in North America — There is some evidence that —To the best of our knowledge —To Oncorhynchus nerka It is notable that kokanee salmon currently are It is notable that kokanee salmon currently Sockeye Salmon there is no evidence for the distribution of native sturgeon above the current location of Iron Gate pers. comm.) stated that (ODFW, Dam. Chuck Tracy the upstream limit of distribution appears to be Ishi- Pishi Falls (near the confluence of the Klamath River Moyle and the Salmon River) on the Klamath River. (2002) mentioned a green sturgeon spawning site in the Klamath River approximately 208 km (129 miles) below Iron Gate Dam. Sturgeon are known to a tributary to the lower spawn in the Salmon River, which flows into the Klamath River Klamath River, about 201 km (124 miles) below Iron Gate Dam. Kroeber and Barrett (1960) put the upstream-most a run of sockeye salmon may have occurred in the a run of sockeye salmon the current location of Iron Klamath River above distribution of sock- Gate Dam. The southernmost eye ( River (Jordan and recorded as the Klamath and Crossman 1973). Cobb Evermann 1896; Scott 20 sockeye were taken in the (1930) reported that autumn of 1915. Sockeye Klamath River in the potential salmon require a lake for rearing. The only system lake rearing habitat in the Klamath River been accessible to anadromous fish would have or Buck , , before Lake (in the upper reaches of Spencer Creek Lake was being drained, Figure 1). Lower Klamath rearing probably too shallow to provide suitable (Fry habitat for sockeye salmon, but some authors of sock- 1973; Behnke 1987) believe that a small run Lake, until eye may have occurred to Upper Klamath (1931) Snyder eliminated by dams. However, the state- reported that no evidence substantiated sockeye ment of Jordan and Evermann (1896) that and Moyle salmon occur in the Klamath River, sockeye (2002) stated that individual anadromous system are found in streams south of the Columbia (the land- probably non-spawning strays or kokanee At any locked form of sockeye) that went out to sea. rate, if anadromous sockeye were present historically, they have been extirpated. Markle observed in Upper Klamath Lake (Logan and 1993), especially in springs on the west side of the lake pers. comm.). These are ODFW, (Bill Tinniswood, believed to be fish that have drifted downstream from the Four Mile Lake population, introduced in the pers. ODFW, 1950s or before (Bill Tinniswood, pers. comm.). comm.; Roger Smith, ODFW, River, and the homogeneity of the lower Klamath of the lower the homogeneity and River, Klamath the mainstem throughout fish fauna River that, historically, Spencer Creek suggest upstream to would likely have Pacific lamprey anadromous past where Iron Gate the Klamath River migrated up upstream distribution exists and that their Dam now at least Spencer Creek. extended to Other Anadromous Species Other Anadromous L. —Kroeber and by Kan (1975) in his unpub- by Kan (1975) in his L. tridentata in Lorion et al. (2000) due to the lack of a in Lorion et al. (2000) This taxonomic confusion would have made it dif- This taxonomic confusion Extent of Upstream Distribution The extent of Pacific lamprey migrations in other April 2005 | www.fisheries.org | Fisheries April 2005 | www.fisheries.org ficult to distinguish anadromous Pacific lamprey from ficult to distinguish anadromous Pacific lamprey Pacific lamprey anadromous resident taxa. However, and princi- currently occur throughout the mainstem and fish pal tributaries of the lower Klamath River throughout fauna are generally considered to be similar to Spencer the mainstem Klamath River upstream were no physical barriers that there Creek. Historically, from would have prevented anadromous lampreys Reid, migrating above Iron Gate Dam (Stewart USFWS, pers. comm.). formal systematic revision of the Klamath lampreys. formal systematic revision analysis has shown no evidence Mitochondrial DNA Pacific lamprey popula- of contemporary anadromous Upper Basin or Spencer Creek tions in the Klamath Great Margaret Docker, (Lorion et al. 2000; Research, pers. comm. Institute for Environmental 2004). lished dissertation, and as “non-anadromous” lished dissertation, tridentata ascended Barrett (1960) reported that Pacific lamprey of Native to the Klamath Lakes, based on the accounts 1, Figure 1). While the difficulty in Americans (Table from distinguishing anadromous Pacific lamprey brings this Klamath Upper Basin resident lamprey taxa dis- account into question, we note that the historical and tribution of Pacific lamprey in the Columbia occurred Snake rivers was coincident wherever salmon and Whitney 1978). Wydoski (Simpson and Wallace long dis- (2003) stated that Pacific lampreys occur river tances inland in the Columbia and Yakima systems. Pacific lamprey still migrate well upstream to at least the Snake River (Christopher Claire, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, pers. comm.) and Clearwater River drainage (Cochnauer and Idaho’s Claire 2002). Current limits to the distribution of Pacific lampreys in the system are at Chief Joseph Dam on the mainstem Columbia and Hells Canyon Dam on the Snake River (Close et al. 1995). Both of these dams are well over 800 km (500 miles) upstream from the ocean and Pacific lamprey distribution may have extended further upstream prior to the construction of these dams, which have no fish Pacific River, passage facilities. On the Willamette lamprey were historically able to pass upstream at Falls with winter steelhead and Chinook Willamette salmon (USDI 2003). coastal rivers, their general congruence with anadro- mous salmonid distributions, the historical absence of lamprey passage barriers in the mainstem Klamath Gilbert (1898) reported a “young” specimen that mea- that specimen a “young” (1898) reported Gilbert size correspond of this Lampreys 26 cm in length. sured still encountered in lamprey taxon with the larger considerably smaller Lake, but are Upper Klamath Klamath River (Kan adults in the than anadromous lamprey taxon et al. 2000). The current 1975; Lorion as a distinct Lake was recognized in Upper Klamath subspecies of 18 fisheries history feature ƒ 316a & bTECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ƒ CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENTS ENVIRONMENTS CONTAMINATED BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE BENTHIC tanus is derivedfromwhitesturgeon( small populationofsturgeoninUpperKlamathLake not observedinUpperKlamathLake.Thecurrent Shaw, USFWS,pers.comm.). they aretheexceptionratherthanrule(Tom the confluenceofSalmonandKlamathrivers, some greensturgeonmaypresentlymigratebeyond distribution ofsturgeoninthesamevicinity. While the upperbasinorothertributariesabovedam. cally, therewouldlikelyberesidentpopulationsin had theybeenpresentaboveIronGateDamhistori- the multiplelifehistorystrategiescutthroatexhibit, cutthroat intheKlamathUpperBasin.Considering the coast(Behnke1992).Therearenoaccountsof not occurmorethanabout160km(100miles)from the KlamathRiver(LarsonandBelchik1998). Historically abundant,theymaynowbeextirpatedin 40 km(rivermile25;LarsonandBelchik1998). Klamath Riverforspawningatleastasfarupstream Tribal eldersindicatethateulachonutilizedthelower (Scott andCrossman1973).AccountsofYurok ally restrictedtospawninginlowerriverreaches current locationofIronGateDam.Eulachonareusu- no evidenceofthedistributioneulachonabove 1981). Hence,theremayhavebeenconfusionasto accounts (Snyder1931;LaneandAssociates Chinook salmonintheKlamathRiverearly common namedogsalmonwasalsoappliedto in thePacificNorthwestandAlaska.However, the salmon isacommonreferenceusedforchum dog salmonintheUpperKlamathRiverBasin.Dog selves inthelowerKlamathRiver(Moyle2002). 1973). Smallrunsofthisspeciesstillmaintainthem- limited tolowerriverreaches(ScottandCrossman Dam. Thedistributionofchumsalmonisgenerally salmon, abovethecurrentlocationofIronGate there isnoevidenceforthedistributionofchum ƒ ƒ BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING IN LARVAL FISH TAXONOMY LARVAL Eulachon Gilbert (1898)reportedthatgreensturgeonwere Chum Salmon Cutthroat Trout In somehistoricalaccountstherearereferencesto ) introduced in1956(ODFW1997). ) introduced SPECIALIZING IN: IN: SPECIALIZING TAXONOMY —To thebestofourknowledgethereis AMERICAN AQUATICS, INC. INC. AQUATICS, AMERICAN www.american-aquatics.com www.american-aquatics.com OAK RIDGE, TN 37830 37830 TN RIDGE, OAK —To thebestofourknowledge 865-483-0600 - Phone Phone - 865-483-0600 —Typically, coastalcutthroatdo 273 MIDWAY LANE LANE MIDWAY 273 865-483-0674 - Fax Fax - 865-483-0674 Acipenser transmon- deal oftheuncertaintyregardingwhichspecieswere Iron GateDam.Thisdocumentationresolvesagreat Klamath River, wellbelowthecurrentlocationof chon, andcutthroattroutwerelimitedtothelower the watershed.Chumsalmon,pinkeula- Salmon Riverinthemid-Klamathportionof distribution extendedupstreamtothevicinityof Upper KlamathLakeorBuckLake.Greensturgeon run ofsockeyesalmonmayhaveaccessedhabitatin coho salmon.Thereislimitedevidencethatasmall least toSpencerCreekandpossiblybeyond,asdid Pacific lampreyprobablyaccessedhabitatupstreamat in thetributariesofUpperKlamathLakeaswell. mentation indicatesthatsteelheadaccessedhabitat lamprey wasmoredifficult.However, availabledocu- tribution forsteelhead,cohosalmon,andPacific Basin. Adeterminationoftheupstreamextentdis- salmon historicallymigratedtotheKlamathUpper lines ofevidencethatclearlyshowedChinook Klamath UpperBasin.Incontrast,wefoundseveral mation tosaydefinitivelytheymigratedintothe for eachspeciesstatingtherewasnotenoughinfor- Chinook salmonandsteelhead,wefoundonereport these speciesdidnotmigratebeyondthispoint.For River. We arenotawareofanycrediblereportsthat current locationofIronGateDamontheKlamath head, cohosalmon,andPacificlampreyabovethe regarding theoccurrenceofChinooksalmon,steel- Conclusions River (Moyle2002). salmon havebeenreportedinthelowerKlamath (Scott andCrossman1973).Smallnumbersofpink salmon isgenerallylimitedtolowerriverreaches location ofIronGateDam.Thedistributionpink Klamath River. the upstreamdistributionofchumsalmonin salmon ( there isnoevidenceforthedistributionofpink restoration opportunities. upstream distribution,bothkeytorealizingfisheries present aboveIronGateDamandtheextentoftheir Jack Williams, andfouranonymousreviewers. Nehlsen, JennyPeterson,Mark Pisano, JimWhelan, the KlamathCountyMuseum, RonLarson,Willa Akimi King,theKlamathCounty HistoricalSociety, John Engbring,CharleenGavette, JudithHassen, Larry Dunsmoor, SteveEdmondson, Sharon Ellis, Castro, PhilDetrich,DavidDiamond, KurtDreflak, Greg Bryant,MarkBuettner, Tim Canaday, Emily contributions—Willliam Bettenberg,MistyBradford, constructive comments,review, and/or Acknowledgements We found numeroussourcesofinformation Pink Salmon Many thankstothefollowingwhoprovided Fisheries |www.fisheries.org |vol30no4 Onchorynchus gorbuscha —To thebestofourknowledge ) abovethecurrent References Inland Fisheries, California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Branch, Administrative Report 57-1. Redding. Behnke, R. J. 1987. About trout: sockeye salmon. Trout Autumn: _____. 1962. Klamath River 1957 and 1958 king salmon counts, 41-46. Klamathon Racks, Siskiyou County. 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April 2005 | www.fisheries.org | Fisheries 19 Gresh, T., J. Lichatowich, and P. Schoonmaker. 2000. An estimation Logan, D., and D. B. Markle. 1993. Literature review of fishes and of historic and current levels of salmon production in the Northeast fisheries of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. In S. G. Campbell, ed. Pacific ecosystem: evidence of a nutrient deficit in the freshwater Environmental research in the Klamath Basin, Oregon, U.S. systems of the . Fisheries 25(1): 15-21. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation, Fort Collins, CO. Huntington, C. W. 2004. Preliminary estimates of the recent and Lorion, C. M., D. F. Markle, S. B. Reid, and M. F. Docker. 2000. historic potential for anadromous fish production in the Klamath Redescription of the presumed-extinct Miller Lake lamprey, River above Iron Gate Dam. , Chiloquin, OR. Lampetra minima. Copiea(4): 1019-1028. IMST (Independent Multidisciplinary Science Team). 2003. Review of Moyle, P. B. 2002. 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