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Jewish Christians and Other Religious Groups in Judaea

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TELAVIV UNIVERSITY THELESTER AND SALLYENTINFACULTYOFHUMANITIES THECHAIMROSENBERGSCHOOL OFJEWISHSTUDIES JEWISH CHRISTIANS AND OTHER RELIGIOUS GROUPS IN JUDAEA FROM THE GREAT REVOLT TO THE BAR-KOKHBA WAR THESIS SUBMITTEDFOR THEDEGREE OFDOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY BY: YONATANBOURGEL UNDER THESUPERVISION OFPROFESSORAHARONOPPENHEIMER SUBMITTEDTO THESENATE OFTEL AVIVUNIVERSITY MAY2009 ב תודות::: בראש ובראשונה אני מבקש להודות מכל ליבי לפרופ ' אהרן אופנהיימר שהנ חה אותי בעבודתי ברוחב לב ובנכונות אין קץ לעזור ולסייע לי בכל צורך ובקשה . הוא היה לי לא רק מנחה מקצועי ומסור אלא גם ידיד של אמת . ברצוני להודות למספר חוקרים אשר הועילו לייעץ לי ולחלוק עמי את ידיעותיהם ובמיוחד לפרופ ' בנימין איזק אשר קרא חלק ממחקרי והעיר הער ות חשובות עליו ולד" ר יובל שחר שהקדיש לי רבות מזמנו ושיתף אותי במידע על ממצאיו ומחקריו . כן אני חב תודה לרבים וטובים אחרים ובהם לד" ר סוזן ויינגרטן על העריכה הלשונית , הערותיה המחכימות ועצותיה המקצועיות , לגב ' נילי אופנהיימר על הפניות ביבליוגרפיות רבות וחשובות ולאשבל רצון , עמיתתי ללימודי דוקטורט וידידתי היקרה , שלא חסכה מזמנה כדי לתקן את שגיאותיי בעברית . תודתי נתונה גם לביה" ס למדעי היהדות ובפרט לשרה ורד על כל העזרה והסיוע שהיא העניקה לי . Contents Abbreviations ………………………………………………………………………………………iv Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………..……...1 I- The Jewish Christians’ move from Jerusalem as a pragmatic choice (68 CE) …………………………………………………………………………………. ... ...21 A- The sources ……………………………………………………………………………………...23 B- The choice of Pella ………..…………………………………………………………………..36 C- The date of the migration to Pella ………….……………………………………………..39 D- The material difficulties ……………….…………………………………………………….…47 E- Reconstruction ……..………….……………………………………………………………….…50 F- Scope and significance ………………………………………………………………………..54 G- Appendix of references to the ‘Flight to Pella’ …...……...…………………………..……56 II- The Jewish Christians’ relationship to Jerusalem and the Temple following the Jewish War: .…………... ………………………………………………………...……...…..…60 A- Was there a Jewish Christian community in Jerusalem after 70 CE? . ............... 60 1ThelikelihoodofaJewishciviliansettlementinJerusalemafter70CE ……………..61 2ThereturnoftheJewishChristianChurchtoJerusalemaftertheJewishWar ……...64 a-ThesourceswhichrefertoaChristianpresenceinJerusalemafter70CE…………. ...64 bThecircumstancesof thereturnoftheJewishChristianstoJerusalem.…………………69 B- The Jewish Christians’ attachment to the Temple …………………………………...73 1JewishpilgrimagestotheTempleMountafter 70CE. ……………………………………..…73 2Theissue ofthestele ofJames ………………………………………………………………..75 a-Hegesippus ………………...………………………………………………………………………………………………….…75 bThe sitzimleben ofthetradition ……………………………………………………………….. 79 -Thegistofthenarrative ………………………………………………………………………………..... 79 -Thedatingofthetradition ……………………………………………………………….…... 80 -Thecommunitywithinwhichthetraditionoriginated …..…………………………...82 c-The Nazoraeans andtheTemple ……………………………………………………………...96 dThelocationofthesteleofJames …………………………………………………………..104 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………….…112 III The Jewish Christians and the Jewish Tax: ………………………………115 A- The Jewish tax under the reigns of Vespasian and Titus …………………………116 B- The administration of the Fiscus Iudaicus under Domitian …………………...…124 C- The reform of Nerva ………………………………………………………………………...131 א א IV Jews, Jewish Christians and Samaritans: perceptions of the other and of the self ……………………………………………………………………………….....142 A- Jews and Jewish Christians: a rapprochement with the Samaritans in the post-destruction period? ……………………………………………………………………………………143 1SamaritanismatthestartoftheCommonEra:a briefoverview ……………………………….. 143 2 The embitteredstate of relations betweenJews andSamaritans inthe first century CE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...…148 a-Evidence fordeepand mutualhostility ……………………………………………………148 bSomenuancesandexceptions ………………………………………………………………157 3 The improvement in JewishSamaritan relations after the destruction of the JerusalemTemple ……………………………………………………………………………….…166 a-HeterogeneousevidenceforaJewishSamaritanrapprochement: ………………..…166 -Theearly Tannaim andtheSamaritans ……………………………………………166 -The ParaleipomenaJeremiou ………………………………………………………172 -Contacts betweenthefirstChristiansandtheSamaritans ……………………..176 bThe basisforthishistoricalevolution ………………...……………………………………190 B- Samaritan otherness in the internal Jewish debate ….………………………………..194 1 The status of the Samaritans: a most pressing issue in secondcentury Jewish circles ………………………………………………………………………………………………..194 2 JewishChristiancontroversies over the Samaritans as part of the general Jewish debate ………………………………………………………………………………………………...202 Preliminaryremarks ………………………………………………………………………………202 a-Matthew ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…206 bLuke ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…211 -Luke9:51-56 …………………………………………………………………………...212 -Luke10:2537 …………………………………………………………………………214 -Luke17:1119 …………………………………………………………………………218 -TheBookofActs …………………………………………………………………………223 c-John4:4-42 ……………………………………………………………………………………...227 dHegesippusandthe PseudoClementine Recognitions …………………………………230 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………….…240 V- The Jewish Christians in the storm of the Bar-Kokhba revolt ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..243 A- The sources: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….…245 1Justin ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………245 2Eusebius ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...…247 3TheApocalypseofPeter ……………………………………………………………………...249 4Furtheraccounts ………………………………………………………………………………..255 B- The persecution of the Christians: a brutal and unexpected outburst………259 1 Preliminary consideration: who were the Christians affected by Bar-Kokhba’s rule? .…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………259 2TheChristians andBar-Kokhbaasmessiah ……………………………………………..266 3TheChristians andtheobjectivesoftherevolt …………………………………………..274 ב ב 4Therebelauthoritiesfacinginternalopposition …………………………………………281 C-…or the culmination of a long process? ………………………………………………287 1Bar-Kokhbaandthe rabbis : …………………………………………………………………288 2The policyoftherabbistowards theJewishChristians beforethe revolt…………294 a-Limitationsonsocial contact: ……………………………………………………………...295 bThe booksofthe Minim ………………………………………………………………………298 c-Themotivesforthis policy: …………………………………………………………………302 3The influence of the rabbis on the harassment of the Christians, with special emphasison Birkat haMinim : …………………………………………………………………307 a-The Eighteen Benedictions ……………………………………………………………………307 b Birkat haMinim …………………………………………………………………………………310 - BirkathaMinim andtheChristians …………………………………………………310 -BarKokhba’sactions inthelightof Birkat haMinim ……………………….…316 .The"Kingdomof Arrogance" ……………………………………………...316 .The Meshumadim ……………………………………………………………..318 .The Minim andthe Notsrim …………………………………………………………..325 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………….…329 Summary and Conclusions …...………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….332 Bibliography ………….. .…………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………346 Abstract in English …………….………………………………………………………………………………...…372 Abstract in Hebrew ……………………………………………………………………........386 ג ג Abbreviations: ACW AncientChristianwriters AGJU: Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristientum AJ Josephus,JewishAntiquities AJSR: AssociationforJewishStudiesReview AJT: AmericanJournalofTheology AnnalesHSS: Annales.Histoire,Sciencessociales ANRW: AufstiegundNiedergangderrömischenWelt BA: BiblicalArchaeologist BAR BiblicalArchaeologyReview BASOR: BulletinoftheAmericanSchoolsofOrientalResearch BCE BeforetheCommonEra BJ Josephus,JewishWar BJRL: BulletinoftheJohnRylandsLibrary BT BabylonianTalmud BW BiblicalWorld BZNW BeiheftezurZeitschriftfürdieneutestamentliche Wissenschaft CBQ: CatholicBiblicalQuarterly CCSL: CorpusChristianorumSeriesLatinae CE CommonEra CGTC CambridgeGreekTestamentCommentary CPJ CorpusPapyrorumJudaicarum CSEL CorpusScriptorumEcclesiasticorumLatinorum DJD: Discoveries intheJudaeanDesert EJ: EncyclopaediaJudaica ETL EphemeridesTheologicaeLovanienses EU: EncyclopaediaUniversalis FB: ForschungzurBibel FRLANT: Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments GCS DieGriechischenChristlichenSchriftstellerder erstenJahrhunderte HE Eusebius, HistoriaEcclesiastica HSS: HarvardSemiticseries HTR: HarvardTheologicalReview HUCA: HebrewUnionCollege Annual ICC InternationalCriticalCommentary IEJ: IsraelExplorationJournal JA: JournalAsiatique JBL: JournalofBiblicalLiterature JBR : JournalofBibleandReligion JDS: JewishDesertStudies JE: JewishEncyclopaedia JEA: JournalofEgyptianArchaeology JECS: JournalofEarlyChristianStudies JEH: JournalofEcclesiastical History JGRChJ: JournalofGrecoRomanChristianityandJudaism JJS: JournalofJewishStudies ד ד JQR: JewishQuarterlyReview JRS: JournalofRomanStudies JSIJ: JewishStudies,anInternetJournal JSJ: JournalfortheStudyofJudaism JSNT : JournalfortheStudyofthe NewTestament JSOT JournalforthestudyoftheOldTestament JSS: JournalofSemiticStudies JT Jerusalem(Palestinian) Talmud JTS: JournalofTheologicalStudies KJV KingJames Version M: Mishnah MB: MitteilungenundBeiträge NASV: NewAmericanStandardVersion NICNT: NewInternationalCommentaryonthe NewTestament NRSV: NewRevisedStandardVersion NT: NovumTestamentum NTOA Novumtestamentumetorbisantiquus NTS: NewTestamentStudies PEQ: PalestinianExplorationQuarterly PG : Migne,Patrologia,SeriesGraeca PL : Migne,Patrologia,SeriesLatina PNTC: Pillar NewTestamentCommentary PThMS: PittsburghTheological MonographsSeries RB: RevueBiblique Rec .: PseudoClementineRecognitions REJ: RevuedesÉtudesJuives RevSR: Revuedessciencesreligieuses
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    Premium Connections Catalogue Table of contents 4 20 INTRODUCTION CONNECTIONS BY TECHNOLOGY TenarisHydril Wedge Series Integrated Tubular Solutions Wedge 563® Unparalleled Product Technology Wedge XP™ 2.0 Steel Grades Wedge 625® Dopeless® Technology Wedge 623® Reliable Manufacturing Quality Wedge 523® Wedge 521® Wedge 513® 13 Wedge 511® Application Guide Wedge 533® Connections Nomenclature Dimensional Range Blue® Series Blue® Blue® Max Blue® Heavy Wall Blue® Riser Large OD BlueDock® Connector Blue® Quick Seal ER™ TenarisXP® Series TXP® Buttress Legacy Series Legacy connections INTRODUCTION For information on other connections, visit www.tenaris.com PREMIUM CONNECTIONS CATALOGUE TenarisHydril 3 TenarisHydril TenarisHydril offers outstanding premium TenarisHydril premium connections are supplied connection design and technology worldwide. and supported by Tenaris, the leading manufac- With a comprehensive range of high performance turer and supplier of steel tubes and integrated products backed by an extensive global field tubular services to the world's energy industry. service network and licensed threading shops, we For further information please visit our website at develop solutions to meet the needs of ever more www.tenaris.com. demanding E&P environments. 4 Integrated Tubular Solutions Tenaris meets the evolving needs of the oil and gas industry with a commitment to unparalleled service, quality and innovative technology. Over the years, the oil and gas industry has moved Our TenarisHydril Blue® Series of connections from its onshore roots to more complex shallow are renowned for their outstanding performance water and deepwater operations, and on to uncon- in critical offshore and high pressure applications, ventional reserves. Operators seek not just reliable where fully tested gas-tight seals are required.
  • Three Conquests of Canaan

    Three Conquests of Canaan

    ÅA Wars in the Middle East are almost an every day part of Eero Junkkaala:of Three Canaan Conquests our lives, and undeniably the history of war in this area is very long indeed. This study examines three such wars, all of which were directed against the Land of Canaan. Two campaigns were conducted by Egyptian Pharaohs and one by the Israelites. The question considered being Eero Junkkaala whether or not these wars really took place. This study gives one methodological viewpoint to answer this ques- tion. The author studies the archaeology of all the geo- Three Conquests of Canaan graphical sites mentioned in the lists of Thutmosis III and A Comparative Study of Two Egyptian Military Campaigns and Shishak and compares them with the cities mentioned in Joshua 10-12 in the Light of Recent Archaeological Evidence the Conquest stories in the Book of Joshua. Altogether 116 sites were studied, and the com- parison between the texts and the archaeological results offered a possibility of establishing whether the cities mentioned, in the sources in question, were inhabited, and, furthermore, might have been destroyed during the time of the Pharaohs and the biblical settlement pe- riod. Despite the nature of the two written sources being so very different it was possible to make a comparative study. This study gives a fresh view on the fierce discus- sion concerning the emergence of the Israelites. It also challenges both Egyptological and biblical studies to use the written texts and the archaeological material togeth- er so that they are not so separated from each other, as is often the case.