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Links Between Seagrass Habitats, Piscivorous Fishes and Their Fish Prey

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Links Between Seagrass Habitats, Piscivorous Fishes and Their Fish Prey MELBOURNE Links between seagrass habitats, piscivorous fishes and their fish prey Authors Dr Jeremy S. Hindell Dr Michael J. Keough Dr Gregory P. Jenkins Project No. 1999/215 F I S H E R I E S R E S E A R C H & DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION Fisheries Research and Development Corporation Title Links between seagrass habitats, piscivorous fishes and their fish prey Authors Hindell, J.S.' Keough, M.J.' Jenkins, G.P.2 Address 'Department of Zoology University of Melbourne PARKVILLE, 3010 2 Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute Weeroona Parade QUEENSCLIFF, 3225 September, 2000 ISBN: The information contained in this document is solely for the use of the client for the purpose for which it has been prepared and no representation is to be made or is to be implied as being made to any third party. Pj FRDC 1999/215 Links between predatory fishes and seagrass Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Non Technical Summary .................................................................................................... 5 Background.......................................................................................................................... 8 Need .................................................................................................................................... 12 Objectives........................................................................................................................... 13 Methods.............................................................................................................................. 14 5.1. Study Sites........................................................................................................................14 5.2. Experimental assessment of predation impacts................................................................15 5.2.1. Design of exclusion cages and cage controls............................................................15 5.2.2. Sampling of Sillaginodes punctata............................................................................ 16 5.2.3. Sampling ofpredatory fish........................................................................................17 5.2.4. Dietary analysis ofpredatory fish.............................................................................17 5.2.5. Underwater observations of Arripis truttacea........................................................... 18 5.3. Evaluating links between fish and seagrass using isotope analyses and measures of abundance.................................................................................................................................19 5.3.1. Sampling predatory fishes ......................................................................................... 19 5.3.2. Sampling small fishes................................................................................................19 5.3.3. Collection of habitat samples....................................................................................19 5.3.4. Dietary composition of predatory fishes...................................................................20 5.3.5. Isotope analysis and sample preparation..................................................................20 5.4. Statistical analysis ............................................................................................................21 5.4.1. Univariate analysis....................................................................................................21 5.4.2. Multivariate analyses................................................................................................22 Results................................................................................................................................. 24 6.1. Experimental assessment of predation impacts................................................................24 6.1.1. Variability in abundances of King George whiting (Sillaginodes punctata) amongst predator treatments................................................................................................24 6.1.2. Broad-scale (between sites) spatial variability in abundances and dietary composition of Arripis truttacea........................................................................................... 28 University of Melbourne - Department of Zoology 3 FRDC 1999/2 15 Links between predatory fishes and seagrass Table of Contents 6.1.3. Within-site variability in the use of habitats and cage treatments by Arripis truttacea................................................................................................................................ 30 6.2. Evaluating links between fish and seagrass using isotope analyses and measures of abundance.................................................................................................................................30 6.2.1. Temporal variability in numbers offishes.................................................................30 6.2.2. Dietary composition of large fish..............................................................................37 6.2.3. Temporal and spatial variability in the isotopic composition offish and habitat samples.................................................................................................................................39 Discussion........................................................................................................................... 49 7.1. Experimental assessment of the effects of piscivorous fish on juvenile fish in seagrass beds...........................................................................................................................................49 7.2. Evaluating links between fish and seagrass using isotope analyses and measure of abundance................................................................................................................................. 56 Benefits............................................................................................................................... 64 Further Development........................................................................................................ 65 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 66 10.1. Contribution of seagrass associated fishes to the diets of commercially valuable predatoryfishes ........................................................................................................................66 10.2. Effects of predatory fishes on abundances of juvenile fishes of economic importance inseagrass beds ........................................................................................................................66 10.3. The strength of links between piscivorous fish, their fish prey and seagrass beds described using stable isotope values.......................................................................................67 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................ 68 References ........................................................................................................................ 69 Appendix1: Intellectual Property ....................................................................................... 88 Appendix 2: Staff. ............... ................................................................................................... 89 University of Melbourne - Department of Zoology 4 FRDC 1999/2 15 Links between predatory fishes and seagrass Non-technical Summary 1. Non Technical Summary 1999/215 Links between seagrass habitats, piscivorous fishes and their fish prey Principal Investigator: A/Prof. M. J. Keough Co-Investigator: Dr G. P. Jenkins Address: Department of Zoology University of Melbourne Parkville, Vic 3010 Tel: (03) 8344 5130 Fax: (03) 8344 7909 Email: [email protected] Objectives: Quantify the contribution of fishes, which may or may not be economically valuable, within seagrass beds to the dietary composition of piscivorous fish, some of which e.g. Yank flathead (Platycephalus speculator), Rock flathead (Plalycephalus laevigatus) and Australian Salmon (Arripis sp.) form commercially valuable fisheries. Identify how piscivorous fish influence the abundance of juvenile fish within seagrass beds, some of which, e.g. the King George whiting, form valuable commercial and recreational fisheries. Describe and quantify, using carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, the strength of links between seagrass beds, juvenile fish inhabitants and their fish predators. Non Technical Summary Outcomes Achieved This project has increased our understanding of the importance of seagrass habitats to larger, commercially valuable, species of fish by combining experimental and correlative scientific principles. We found that many small fish use seagrass habitats for nutrition and to avoid predation by large predatory fish. Some of these small fish also form important parts of the diets of commercially important species, such as Australian Salmon. The importance of predatory fish varied, however, from site to site, suggesting that seagrass habitats may need to University of Melbourne - Department of Zoology FRDC 1999/215 Links between predatory fishes and seagrass Non-technical Sununary be evaluated individually. The primary outcomes of this study will be important in identifying seagrass habitats that are especially valuable as feeding and nursery
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