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Nationalism Reframed Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe by Rogers Brubaker

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Nationalism Reframed Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe by Rogers Brubaker The birthplace of the nation-state and modern nationalism at the end of the eighteenth century, Europe was supposed to be their graveyard at the end of the twentieth. Yet, far from moving beyond the nation- state, fin-de-siede Europe has been moving back to the nation-state, most spectacularly with the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia into a score of nationally defined successor states. This massive reorganization of political space along national lines has engendered distinctive, dynamically interlocking, and in some cases explosive forms of nationalism: the autonomist nation- alisms of national minorities, the "nationalizing" nationalisms of the new states in which they live, and the transborder nationalisms of the "external national homelands" to which they belong by shared ethnicity though not by citizenship. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu and the "new institutionalist" sociology, and comparing contemporary nationalisms with those of interwar Europe, Rogers Brubaker provides a theoretically sophisticated and historically rich account of one of the most important problems facing the "New Europe." Nationalism reframed Nationalism reframed Nationhood and the national question in the New Europe Rogers Brubaker CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi Cambridge Univesity Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521576499 © Rogers Brubaker 1996 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1996 Ninth printing 2009 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Brubaker, Rogers. Nationalism refrained: nationhood and the national question in the New Europe / Rogers Brubaker. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0 521 57224 X (hardback). - ISBN 0 521 57649 0 paperback. 1. Nationalism - Europe, Eastern. 2. Nationalism - Former Soviet Republics. 3. Nationalism - Europe. 4. Europe, Eastern - Politics and goverment - 1989-. 5. Former Soviet republics - Ploitics and government. 6. Europe - Politics and goverment - Twentieth century. I. Title. DJK51.B78 1996 320.5'4'0947 - dc20 96-10873 CIP ISBN-13 978-0-521-57649-9 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work are correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter. For Zsuzsa Contents Acknowledgments page x Introduction 1 Part I Rethinking nationhood and nationalism 1 Rethinking nationhood: nation as institutionalized form, practical category, contingent event 13 2 Nationhood and the national question in the Soviet Union and its successor states: an institutionalist account 23 3 National minorities, nationalizing states, and external national homelands in the New Europe 55 Part II The old "New Europe" and the new 4 Nationalizing states in the old "New Europe" - and the new 79 5 Homeland nationalism in Weimar Germany and "Weimar Russia" 107 6 Aftermaths of empire and the unmixing of peoples 148 Bibliography 179 Index 193 IX Acknowledgments It was my good fortune to be able to present earlier versions of several chapters to a variety of audiences in Europe and America, and I benefited a great deal from the critical comments I received in those settings. I am grateful, in addition, to the many colleagues, students, and friends here and abroad who commented on earlier versions of one or more chapters. Although I cannot name them all, I would like to thank Jeffrey Alexander, Perry Anderson, Dominique Arel, Jeremy Azrael, Omer Bartov, Rainer Baubock, Mark Beissinger, Ivan Berend, Zsuzsa Berend, Ian Bremmer, Craig Calhoun, Geoff Eley, Bruce Grant, Stephen Graubard, John Hall, Nikki Keddie, Larry King, Pal Kolst0, Victoria Koroteyeva, David Laitin, David Lake, John Meyer, Gusztav Molnar, Alexander Motyl, Laszlo Nemenyi, T. K. Oommen, Sigrid Rausing, Philip Roeder, Shigeki Sato, Philippe Schmitter, Jack Snyder, David Stark, Monique Djokic Stark, Alfred Stepan, Dariusz Stola, Ronald Suny, Ivan Szelenyi, Rafael Vago, Veljko Vujacic, and Loi'c Wacquant. Thanks also to Scott Bruckner, Stephan De Spiegeleire, Carla Thorson, Andrea Lannoux, Jon Fox, and Amanda Binder for their research assistance, and to Alina Tso for help with the final preparation of the manuscript. For generous institutional support, I thank the MacArthur Foun- dation, the National Science Foundation, the German Marshall Fund of the United States, the Howard Foundation, the Collegium Budapest, the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, the Center for German and European Studies of the University of California, and the Committee on Research of the Academic Senate, UCLA. Chapter 3 developed in the context of a collaborative Research Planning Group on National Minorities, Nationalizing States, and External National Home- lands in the New Europe and was considerably enriched by the group's discussions in Los Angeles and Bellagio; support for the group from the Council for European Studies, the Project on Ethnic Relations, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Social Science Research Council is gratefully acknowledged. Acknowledgments xi Earlier versions of several chapters have been previously published. Chapter 1, "Rethinking Nationhood: Nation as Institutionalized Form, Practical Category, Contingent Event," originally appeared in Contention 4, no. 1 (1994), 3-14. A version of Chapter 2 was published as "Nation- hood and die National Question in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Eurasia: An Institutionalist Account" in Theory and Society 23, no. 1 (1994), 47-78, ©1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers. A version of Chapter 3, "National Minorities, Nationalizing States, and External National Homelands in the New Europe," was originally published in Daedalus, Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, in the issue entitled "What Future for the State?" (124, no. 2 [1995], 107-32). The initial version of Chapter 4, "Nationalizing States in the Old 'New Europe' - and the New," was written for and will appear in Understanding Nationalism: Ethnic Minorities and Nation-Building in the Post-Communist States, ed. Ian Bremmer. A version of this chapter has appeared in Ethnic and Racial Studies 19, no. 2 (1996), 411-37, published by Routledge. Chapter 6, "Aftermaths of Empire and the Unmixing of Peoples," was initially commissioned by RAND for a Conference on Migration From and Within the Former USSR, The Hague, March 4-5, 1993, and has appeared as a RAND report, no. DRU-563-FF, November 1993. A subsequent version appeared in Ethnic and Racial Studies 18, no. 2 (1995), 189-218, published by Routledge. Introduction Europe was the birthplace of the nation-state and modern nationalism at the end of the eighteenth century, and it was supposed to be their graveyard at the end of the twentieth. If we take 1792, when war and nationhood were first expressly linked and mutually energized on the battlefield of Valmy,1 as symbolizing their birth, we might take 1992 as symbolizing their anticipated death, or at least a decisive moment in their expected transcendence. Chosen by Jacques Delors as the target date for the completion of the ambitious program of the Single European Act, "1992" came to stand for the abolition of national frontiers within Europe; for the free movement of persons as well as goods and capital; for the emergence of a European citizenship; and - with the signing of the Treaty of Maastricht in 1991 - for the prospect of a common European currency, defense, and foreign policy. Just as Europe took the lead in inventing (and propagating) nationhood and nationalism, so now it would take the lead in transcending them; and "1992" served as a resonant symbol of that anticipated transcendence. Deeper and more general forces, too, were seen as undermining the nation-state and rendering nationalism obsolete. Nationalism, dis- credited by the "Thirty Years War" of the first half of the century, seemed to have been dissolved in Western Europe by the subsequent thirty years of prosperity - "les trentes glorieueses," as they are called in France. Moreover, the organization of political space along national 1 On September 20, 1792, at Valmy, in northeastern France, the ragtag French army, under fire from the much better trained and better equipped Prussian infantry, held its ground to the revolutionary battle-cry of "Vive la Nation." This led Goethe, who was present at the battle, to declare - notwithstanding the immediate military insignificance of the battle - that "this date and place mark a new epoch in world history." See Francois Furet and Denis Richet, La Revolution frangaise (Paris: Hachette, 1965), p. 185; Albert Soboul, "De l'Ancien Regime a l'Empire: probleme national et realites
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