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Updating Salamander Datasets with Phenotypic and Stomach Content

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Updating Salamander Datasets with Phenotypic and Stomach Content www.nature.com/scientificdata opeN Updating salamander datasets with DaTa DeSCripTor phenotypic and stomach content information for two mainland Speleomantes Enrico Lunghi 1,2,3,4 ✉ , Fabio Cianferoni 2,5, Simone Giachello6, Yahui Zhao 1 ✉ , Raoul Manenti 6,7, Claudia Corti2 & Gentile Francesco Ficetola 6,8 European plethodontid salamanders (genus Speleomantes; formerly Hydromantes) are a group of eight strictly protected amphibian species which are sensitive to human-induced environmental changes. Long-term monitoring is highly recommended to evaluate their status and to assess potential threats. Here we used two low-impact methodologies to build up a large dataset on two mainland Speleomantes species (S. strinatii and S. ambrosii), which represents an update to two previously published datasets, but also includes several new populations. Specifcally, we provide a set of 851 high quality images and a table gathering stomach contents recognized from 560 salamanders. This dataset ofers the opportunity to analyse phenotypic traits and stomach contents of eight populations belonging to two Speleomantes species. Furthermore, the data collection performed over diferent periods allows to expand the potential analyses through a wide temporal scale, allowing long-term studies. Background & Summary European cave salamanders are a group of eight amphibians endemic to Italy and to a small part of the French Provence1, all belonging to the genus Speleomantes1 (formerly considered Hydromantes). Tree species (S. strinatii, S. ambrosii and S. italicus) are distributed along the Northern and Central Apennines (only S. strinatii naturally extends its range also in France), while the other fve (S. favus, S. supramontis, S. imperialis, S. sarrabusensis and S. genei) are endemic to Sardinia1. European cave salamanders are fully terrestrial and lack lungs (Lanza et al., 2006). Tese features force Speleomantes to select only specifc microclimatic conditions: they need high moisture and relatively cold temperatures to survive2. Terefore, Speleomantes ofen inhabit subterranean envi- ronments3,4, where their preferred microclimatic conditions are realized5. Nonetheless, subterranean environ- ments also may be chosen by Speleomantes because predator pressure is lower if compared to epigean ones6,7. Indeed, Speleomantes likely represent one of the apex predators in these environments8, preying on a wide array of taxa9. Speleomantes’ narrow eco-physiological requirements, combined with their limited distributions and high site fdelity1,10, make these species very sensitive to human-induced efects and susceptible to extinction11,12; all Speleomantes species are therefore strictly protected13,14. Improving our knowledge of species at risk of extinction is fundamental to assess their potential threats and to guarantee their survival15,16. For example, prolonged monitoring may help to understand the impact of specifc environmental changes17–19, allowing to forecast future scenarios and promptly act to protect endangered spe- cies20–22. In this regard, the production of comparable datasets through time is of key importance9,23,24. However, data collection may not always be an easy task. Species can occur in habitats that pose challenges to human 1Key Laboratory of the Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road 1, 100101, Beijing, China. 2Museo di Storia Naturale, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Romana 17, 50125, Firenze, Italy. 3Natural Oasis, via di Galceti 141, 59100, Prato, Italy. 4Unione Speleologica Calenzano, Piazza della Stazione 1, 50041Calenzano, Firenze, Italy. 5Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri (IRET), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.6 Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy. 7Laboratorio di Biologia Sotterranea “Enrico Pezzoli”, Parco Regionale del Monte Barro, 23851, Galbiate, Italy. 8Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), CS 40700, 38058, Grenoble, France. ✉e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] SCIENTIFIC DATA | (2021) 8:150 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00931-w 1 www.nature.com/scientificdata/ www.nature.com/scientificdata Fig. 1 Map of the surveyed populations. Yellow labels indicate the surveyed sites for Speleomantes strinatii, while red ones those surveyed for S. ambrosii. Stars indicate the artifcial subterranean environments, while circles identify natural ones. Precise coordinates are not shown to increase populations protection58. exploration, as for subterranean environments, where sampling and progression require considerable efort and specifc technical skills25–27. Subterranean habitats are not only hard to fnd or explore, but their peculiar environ- mental conditions (e.g., cold temperatures, high moisture, narrow space) might challenge surveyor’s stamina with a negative impact on the data recorded25,28. Another limit to data collection can be determined by the techniques used to collect information. For example, the old-fashioned research methods involving the sacrifce/harm of individuals are now widely condemned and avoided, especially when concerning protected species29,30. Terefore, there is an increasing trend in the use of new harmless alternative approaches31,32. We here describe a new database reporting data on two endangered Speleomantes species that can be handled only under specifc national authorizations (see Acknowledgments). Tis dataset includes information on the population structure, phenotypic traits and diet of individuals belonging to two mainland Speleomantes species: S. strinatii and S. ambrosii. Te information gathered here was collected adopting methodologies that limit nega- tive impact on individuals, and can be combined with the two previously published datasets on these species9,23, extending the available information in space and time. In this work we gathered data from new populations to cover more area of the species’ range, but we also repeated the surveys in previously visited populations, thus providing temporal series of information allowing long-term studies focusing on populations but also on single individuals as well33,34. Specifcally, we here describe a dataset composed of two types of data: images and stomach contents. High quality images allow extrapolation of data on multiple phenotypic traits (e.g., size, morphology, coloration), obtaining information on the overall population traits and on single individuals as well23,33,35. In the era of digitization36,37, this new “living” digital catalogue (i.e., collection composed by photos of living organisms) will partially replace the natural history museum collections, becoming, at least for some animal groups, an alter- native that not only spare animals lives, but also overcome classic limits such as space needed to store specimens and readiness to be used by the worldwide scientifc community with no costs37. Another advantage of “living” collections is its repeatability, namely the possibility that individuals can be digitally collected multiple times, allowing to perform long term studies on single individuals and populations as well. Te data related to stomach contents can be analysed to study the species’ trophic niche and the multiple related traits34,38,39. Nonetheless, comparing datasets produced over diferent time allows to assess potential variation afecting specifc species traits and infer on the possible causes40,41. Methods Surveyed sites. We surveyed eight subterranean sites, three artifcial mines and fve natural caves (Fig. 1); all these sites fall within the species’ natural range1. Surveys were performed in 2020, between 9 am and 6 pm during warm and sunny days, periods in which subterranean abundance of Speleomantes is the highest42. All sites were surveyed in July, while for six of them surveys were also repeated in September (Table 1). We performed exten- sive research of Speleomantes within the subterranean sites43, covering areas where the exploration was possible without speleological equipment. Salamanders were captured and placed in drilled plastic boxes waiting to be checked. When salamanders sampling was fnished, we proceeded with the data collection following this order: (i) assessment of the presence/absence of the mental gland for the identifcation of adult males (see Fig. 1a in35); (ii) record of body weight using a digital scale (precision 0.01 g); (iii) stomach fushing (see below); (iv) photo shooting (see below). Salamanders were then released in their collection points. SCIENTIFIC DATA | (2021) 8:150 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00931-w 2 www.nature.com/scientificdata/ www.nature.com/scientificdata Column Data description Typology of data 1 ID Te salamander’s database code 2 Site “Cave” or “Mine” 3–4 Latitude and Longitude Low resolution coordinates of the site 5 Population Te population code 6–7 Region and Province Te relevant information for each site 8–9 Month and Year Te period in which the salamander was captured 10 Species Te species to which the individual belongs 11 N_photo Te unique fle number corresponding to each individual 12 Weight Indicates the salamander’s weight (g) 13 Mental_gland Indicates the presence (1) or absence (0) of the male mental gland 14 Eggs Indicates whether eggs where visible through the salamander’s belly (yes/no) 15 Scale_bar Indicates the size of the picture scale bar (mm) 16 Condition
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