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Technological Change and the Scholarly Communications Reform Movement Reflections on Castells and Giddens

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Technological Change and the Scholarly Communications Reform Movement Reflections on Castells and Giddens 14 LRTS 46(2) Technological Change and the Scholarly Communications Reform Movement Reflections on Castells and Giddens Richard Fyffe Reconceiving and reorganizing collection development practices around the evolving processes and products of the scholarly communications cycle has become one of our profession’s fundamental opportunities. However, our increas- ing use of market mechanisms and digital technologies to rationalize the produc- tion and distribution of scholarly information poses significant risk that business cycles and the obsolescence of hardware and software will lead to the inadvertent loss of significant portions of our intellectual heritage. This article introduces a theoretical framework for understanding the relationship between academic cul- ture and digital technology as they relate to scholarly communication and library collection development, drawing chiefly on the work of the social theorists Daniel Bell, Manuel Castells, and Anthony Giddens. The article suggests that Castells’s theory of the network society and Giddens’s account of disembedding, expert sys- tems, and risk as hallmark features of modern society together point us toward a more candid recognition that the fragility of digital systems and the resulting pos- sibility of significant cultural loss are intrinsic features of the new landscape of scholarly communications. Moreover, acknowledging this risk is an important dimension of successful reform of the scholarly publishing system. cholarly communication has become a guiding metaphor for academic librar- Sianship, and reconceiving and reorganizing collection development practices around the evolving processes and products of the scholarly communications cycle has become one of our profession’s fundamental opportunities (Atkinson 1996, Atkinson 2000). At the same time, however, our increasing adoption of market mechanisms and digital technologies to rationalize the production and distribution of scholarly information—while promising a resolution to the cost crisis in scholarly publishing and bringing us within view of a truly national or international scholarly collection distributed across a network of cooperating repositories—also poses significant risk that business cycles and the obsolescence Richard Fyffe ([email protected]) is Assistant of hardware and software will lead to the inadvertent loss of significant portions Dean for Scholarly Communication, University of Kansas Libraries, Lawrence. of our intellectual heritage. Manuscript received XXXXXXX; The challenges posed by digital technologies for long-term preservation of accepted XXXXXX. data and cultural objects have been extensively documented and discussed (see, 46(2) LRTS Technological Change and the Scholarly Communications Reform Movement 15 for example, MacLean and Davis 1998). As Donald Waters communications shift transformed the nature of the causal writes, nexus itself. It is of special historical significance because it produced fundamental alterations in prevailing patterns of digital information and the technologies on which continuity and change” (Eisenstein 1983, 273; emphasis they depend are extremely fragile. Their fragility supplied). As the academy and the larger society of which it makes it highly uncertain that digital libraries can is a part make increasing use of the technologies of digital endure over time and it causes one to wonder about representation and networked communication, it is worth the durability of their supposed benefits. Rapid asking how traditional scholarly practices and the values cycles of change and obsolescence infect the hard- those practices embody might be affected. ware and software products now in common use to In this article I will introduce a theoretical framework create new knowledge (Waters 1999, 193–94). for thinking about the relationship between academic cul- ture and digital technology as they relate to scholarly com- Waters continues: “The challenge of creating the deep munication and library collection development, drawing infrastructure needed to sustain digital records of knowledge chiefly on the work of the social theorists Daniel Bell over time consists, at least in part, of marshaling a complex (1976), Manuel Castells (2000), and Anthony Giddens set of political, economic, and technological forces toward (1990). I will argue that Castells’s theory of the informa- the development of a system of organizations that have come tional society and Giddens’s account of disembedding, to be known generally as digital libraries” (Waters 1999, 195). expert systems, and risk as hallmark features of modern That is, the solution to the challenge of assuring the continu- society together point us toward a clearer recognition that ity of digital information is not just—or even mostly—tech- the fragility of digital systems and the resulting possibility of nological; rather, it is economic and political or, more broadly, significant loss of scholarly literature in digital form are cultural. For example, economic models must be created for intrinsic features of the new landscape of scholarly commu- digital objects that may be used seldom, if ever, but that still nications. Moreover, acknowledging this risk is an impor- assure long-term revenues to cover the ongoing growth and tant dimension of successful reform of the scholarly replacement of hardware and software; and governance publishing system. Librarians must recognize, in particular, models must be developed that define rights and responsi- that in initiating or taking leadership for certain reform bilities, facilitate effective decision making, and that can be activities, they are taking this risk on behalf of the scholarly perpetuated across many institutional generations. community they serve; to maintain credibility, they must be However, less consideration has been given in our pro- candid about the nature of those risks. In this respect, the fessional literature to the question of the effect of technology ideal of “seamless access” to information products and serv- on the cultural conditions necessary for the preservation of ices, insofar as it obscures the legal and economic complex- digital information. Scholars such as Lewis Mumford (1934), ities of the scholarly communications system, may inhibit Harold Innis (1972/1950), Marshall McLuhan (1962), and the cultural transformation that will be required to create Elizabeth Eisenstein (1979, 1983) have shown in various lasting reform. ways that representational technologies are not culturally neutral, that the material form of information storage and transmission conditions the practices of scholarly communi- Library Collections and the Crisis in Scholarly ties. As Eisenstein writes of the new fifteenth-century tech- Communication nology that integrated type molds, moveable type, and the printing press: “As an agent of change, printing altered meth- Since the publication of University Libraries and Scholarly ods of data collection, storage and retrieval systems, and Communication (Cummings, Witte, Bowen, Lazarus, and communications networks used by learned communities Ekman 1992), the scholarly communications system has throughout Europe” (Eisenstein 1983, xiv). Standardization become an increasingly visible conceptual framework of copies within a printed edition, for example, made it pos- within which the traditional practices of library collection sible “for scholars in different regions to correspond with development are being rethought. This is for two reasons, each other about the same citation and for the same emen- at least. First is the budgetary challenge to academic dations and errors to be spotted by many eyes” (Eisenstein libraries that the report did so much to document and pub- 1983, 51). licize. Increasing output of the scholarly publishing appara- These are scholarly practices that we now take for tus together with increasing unit costs in scholarly journals granted but that became widespread only by virtue of a par- far exceed traditional budget allocations of universities to ticular form of representational technology. Moreover, their research libraries. These increases have resulted in a Eisenstein points out, one cannot treat printing “as just one well-publicized drop in the numbers of monographs and among many elements in a complex causal nexus, for the journals collected by research libraries (see, for example, 16 Fyffe LRTS 46(2) Kyrillidou 2000) and, accordingly, diminished access to this through a single worldwide network. For the first time, all literature by researchers and students who depend on phases of the life cycle of scholarly work are potentially avail- libraries. The effects of cost increases have been exacer- able to a global audience in an integrated database of knowl- bated, moreover, by sharp increases in the amount of pub- edge. The potential worldwide social consequences of such lished scholarly literature. Projecting from a hypothetical expanded access to this body of peer-evaluated knowledge- library that in 1980 could acquire all the world’s published claims can hardly be exaggerated, whether for facilitating sci- information, for example, Brian Hawkins factors together entific and technical advancement or for fostering inflation in material costs, growth rates in publishing, and cross-cultural understanding. 1 average rates of increase in research library budgets to However, there is also significant risk in entrusting this conjecture that “available budgets in 2001 will only be able knowledge to the fragile digital communications
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