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An Assessment of Teachers' Perceptions of Bullying in an Egyptian School Running Head: An Assessment of Teachers’ Perceptions of Bullying in an Egyptian School The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences An Assessment of Teachers' Perceptions of Bullying in an Egyptian School A Thesis Submitted to Department of Psychology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts/Science by Nada Shalabi Farahat Under the supervision of Dr. Carie Forden December/2018 Teachers' Perceptions of Bullying in an Egyptian School Table of Content List of Tables ................................................................................................................ 5 List of Figures ............................................................................................................... 5 Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 9 An Assessment of Teachers’ Perceptions of Bullying in an Egyptian School ...... 11 What is Bullying? ...................................................................................................11 Factors Influencing Bullying Behaviors................................................................... 14 Characteristics of Bullies. ......................................................................................14 Characteristics of Victims. .....................................................................................14 Gender .....................................................................................................................15 Age ...........................................................................................................................16 Socioeconomic Background ...................................................................................18 Familial Influences .................................................................................................18 School Influences ....................................................................................................20 The Consequences of School Bullying for Students ................................................ 21 Psychological and Social Consequences ...............................................................21 Effects of Bullying on Academic Achievement ....................................................22 Bullying and Suicide ...............................................................................................23 Theories about the Causes of Bullying Behavior .................................................... 24 Social Identity Theory. ...........................................................................................24 General Strain Theory. ..........................................................................................25 Dominance Theory. ................................................................................................26 Attraction Theory. ..................................................................................................26 Homophily Theory. .................................................................................................27 Bullying Interventions across Cultures .................................................................... 27 International Bullying Interventions ....................................................................28 Laws and Interventions in Egypt ..........................................................................33 Best Practices in Bullying Prevention and Response .............................................. 35 2 Teachers' Perceptions of Bullying in an Egyptian School Best Preventative Anti-Bullying Practices ...........................................................35 Best Responsive Anti-Bullying Practices ..............................................................37 Bullying Practices and Interventions in Different Cultures ...............................39 Teachers and Bullying in Schools ............................................................................. 40 Teachers' Perceptions of Bullying .........................................................................40 The Role of Teachers in Tackling Bullying ..........................................................41 Factors Affecting Teachers’ Response to Bullying ..............................................43 Problem Statement..................................................................................................... 45 Methods ....................................................................................................................... 46 Pilot Test ..................................................................................................................46 Survey ......................................................................................................................47 Participants .............................................................................................................. 47 Instruments. ............................................................................................................. 49 Procedures ................................................................................................................ 51 Data Analysis............................................................................................................ 51 Semi-Structured In-depth Interviews ...................................................................52 Participants .............................................................................................................. 52 Instruments .............................................................................................................. 53 Procedures ................................................................................................................ 53 Data Analysis............................................................................................................ 54 Results ......................................................................................................................... 55 Survey ......................................................................................................................55 Bullying Identification. ............................................................................................ 55 Bullying Intervention. ............................................................................................. 56 Bullying Prevention ................................................................................................. 58 Bullying Attitude Questionnaire Modified (BAQ_M). ......................................... 60 Interview ..................................................................................................................63 Theme 1: Bullying Identification and Awareness. ................................................ 63 Theme 2: Causes of Bullying .................................................................................. 65 3 Teachers' Perceptions of Bullying in an Egyptian School Theme 3: Bullying Intervention and Punishment ................................................ 67 Theme 4: Teachers’ Hesitations, Challenges, and Consequences. ...................... 69 Theme 5: Bullying Prevention in School and the Needed Trainings. ................. 73 Theme 6: Teachers’ Suggestions for Bullying Prevention. .................................. 74 Discussion.................................................................................................................... 77 Bullying Identification and Awareness .................................................................78 Causes of Bullying ................................................................................................... 81 Bullying Intervention and Punishment ................................................................. 83 Hesitations, Challenges and Consequences ........................................................... 87 Bullying Prevention in School and the Needed Trainings. .................................. 89 Teachers’ Suggestions for Bullying Prevention .................................................... 90 Recommendations ...................................................................................................93 Limitations ............................................................................................................100 Future Research. ...................................................................................................101 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 102 References ................................................................................................................. 105 Appendix A. IRB Approval ..................................................................................... 124 Appendix B. Consent Form for Survey.................................................................. 125 Appendix C. Consent Form for Interview ............................................................. 127 Appendix D. Survey Questions ............................................................................... 129 Appendix E. Semi-Structured Interview Questions ............................................. 136 Appendix F: Phases of Thematic Analysis ............................................................ 139 4 Teachers' Perceptions of Bullying in an Egyptian School List of Tables Table
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