Alexander T. Basilevsky
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Index Abulfeda crater chain (Moon), 97 Aphrodite Terra (Venus), 142, 143, 144, 145, 146 Acheron Fossae (Mars), 165 Apohele asteroids, 353–354 Achilles asteroids, 351 Apollinaris Patera (Mars), 168 achondrite meteorites, 360 Apollo asteroids, 346, 353, 354, 361, 371 Acidalia Planitia (Mars), 164 Apollo program, 86, 96, 97, 101, 102, 108–109, 110, 361 Adams, John Couch, 298 Apollo 8, 96 Adonis, 371 Apollo 11, 94, 110 Adrastea, 238, 241 Apollo 12, 96, 110 Aegaeon, 263 Apollo 14, 93, 110 Africa, 63, 73, 143 Apollo 15, 100, 103, 104, 110 Akatsuki spacecraft (see Venus Climate Orbiter) Apollo 16, 59, 96, 102, 103, 110 Akna Montes (Venus), 142 Apollo 17, 95, 99, 100, 102, 103, 110 Alabama, 62 Apollodorus crater (Mercury), 127 Alba Patera (Mars), 167 Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP), 110 Aldrin, Edwin (Buzz), 94 Apophis, 354, 355 Alexandria, 69 Appalachian mountains (Earth), 74, 270 Alfvén, Hannes, 35 Aqua, 56 Alfvén waves, 35–36, 43, 49 Arabia Terra (Mars), 177, 191, 200 Algeria, 358 arachnoids (see Venus) ALH 84001, 201, 204–205 Archimedes crater (Moon), 93, 106 Allan Hills, 109, 201 Arctic, 62, 67, 84, 186, 229 Allende meteorite, 359, 360 Arden Corona (Miranda), 291 Allen Telescope Array, 409 Arecibo Observatory, 114, 144, 341, 379, 380, 408, 409 Alpha Regio (Venus), 144, 148, 149 Ares Vallis (Mars), 179, 180, 199 Alphonsus crater (Moon), 99, 102 Argentina, 408 Alps (Moon), 93 Argyre Basin (Mars), 161, 162, 163, 166, 186 Amalthea, 236–237, 238, 239, 241 Ariadaeus Rille (Moon), 100, 102 Amazonis Planitia (Mars), 161 COPYRIGHTED -
Bills Paid by Payee Second Quarter Fiscal Year 20/21
BILLS PAID BY PAYEE SECOND QUARTER FISCAL YEAR 20/21 A complete detailed record is available at the Elko County Comptroller's Office. Office Hours: Monday-Friday 8:00A.M. until 5:00P.M. 540 Court St. Suite 101 Elko, NV 89801 Office Phone (775)753-7073*Disclaimer-The original and any duplicate or copy of each receipt, bill,check,warrant,voucher or other similar document that supports a transaction, the amount of which is shown in the total of this report, along with the name of the person whom such allowance is made and the purpose of the allowance, is a public record that is available for inspection and copying by any person pursuant to the provisions of chapter 239 of NRS. VENDOR CHECK ARGO COMPANY, INC 821.98 A ARNOLD BECK CONSTRUCTION 1,599.40 AT&T 3,697.06 5TH GEAR POWER SPORTS 41.74 AT&T MOBILITY 42.24 A PLUS URGENT CARE 766 AUTO GRAPHICS 400 A PLUS URGENT CARE ELKO 846.33 B A-1 RADIATOR REPAIR INC. 1,079.00 BARBARA J HOFHEINS 121.9 ACKERMAN MATTHEW 1388.93 BARBARA JO MAPLE 762.5 ADVANCE AUTO CARE 629.89 BARRY RENTAL 86.03 ADVANCED RADIOLOGY 1195.5 BEI CAPELI 5,000.00 AIRGAS 541.3 BERTOLINI VALVES INC 1,859.12 AIRPORT SHELL 9 BETTY HICKS 177.56 ALCOHOL MONITORING SYSTEMS INC 791 BLAINE ROBINSON & NIKIERA CAST 1,132.00 ALERTUS TECHNOLOGIES LLC 4,950.00 BLOHM JEWELERS INC 5,000.00 ALICIA GUAMAN 58 BLUE 360 MEDIA LLC 70.75 ALLIED UNIVERAL SECURITY SERVI 37,229.50 BOARD OF REGENTS 14300.04 ALLUSIVE IMAGES 5,000.00 BOB BARKER COMPANY 4418.55 ALYSSA K DANN 120 BONANZA PRODUCE 320.23 AMANDA JEAN GIRMAUDO 160 BOSS TANKS 5,024.00 AMBER DAWN -
Exploration of the Moon
Exploration of the Moon The physical exploration of the Moon began when Luna 2, a space probe launched by the Soviet Union, made an impact on the surface of the Moon on September 14, 1959. Prior to that the only available means of exploration had been observation from Earth. The invention of the optical telescope brought about the first leap in the quality of lunar observations. Galileo Galilei is generally credited as the first person to use a telescope for astronomical purposes; having made his own telescope in 1609, the mountains and craters on the lunar surface were among his first observations using it. NASA's Apollo program was the first, and to date only, mission to successfully land humans on the Moon, which it did six times. The first landing took place in 1969, when astronauts placed scientific instruments and returnedlunar samples to Earth. Apollo 12 Lunar Module Intrepid prepares to descend towards the surface of the Moon. NASA photo. Contents Early history Space race Recent exploration Plans Past and future lunar missions See also References External links Early history The ancient Greek philosopher Anaxagoras (d. 428 BC) reasoned that the Sun and Moon were both giant spherical rocks, and that the latter reflected the light of the former. His non-religious view of the heavens was one cause for his imprisonment and eventual exile.[1] In his little book On the Face in the Moon's Orb, Plutarch suggested that the Moon had deep recesses in which the light of the Sun did not reach and that the spots are nothing but the shadows of rivers or deep chasms. -
THE PLANETARY REPORT DECEMBER SOLSTICE 2016 VOLUME 36, NUMBER 4 Planetary.Org
THE PLANETARY REPORT DECEMBER SOLSTICE 2016 VOLUME 36, NUMBER 4 planetary.org A PEAK YEAR 2016 YEAR IN PICTURES PRESERVING OUR PAST C ROCKET ROAD TRIP C CALLING CHARTER MEMBERS Calling All Charter Members Envisioning a New Outreach Program A PLANETARY SOCIETY charter member is a I contacted Robin Young, the Society’s person whose membership began in 1980 or donor relations coordinator, and we began TOP LEFT A special evening reception and 1981 and who remains active today. We charter an e-mail dialog that led to a conference call fundraiser opened The members have a long-term perspective about between Robin, Society Chief Development Planetary Society’s The Planetary Society and the importance of Officer Richard Chute, and myself. We brain- 35th Anniversary its ongoing goals and plans, and we can be stormed on potential ways in which charter celebrations on October a power base of talent, ability, and ideas for members, working together under the direc- 23, 2015. At Pasadena’s the Society. However, there has not been a tion and guidance of a Planetary Society staff famed Huntington Library, cofounder format for us to organize and work together member, could make a wide variety of impor- Louis D. Friedman on projects for The Planetary Society. tant contributions. told stories about The At the Society’s 35th Anniversary celebra- The concept is nebulous at this point, but Planetary Society’s tions in Pasadena last year, several of us charter we would like to know whether the general inception and early members got acquainted and our conversa- idea of a task force of charter members days to our charter members, friends, tions almost always led to our remembrances working together on a project appeals to you. -
Planetary Defence Activities Beyond NASA and ESA
Planetary Defence Activities Beyond NASA and ESA Brent W. Barbee 1. Introduction The collision of a significant asteroid or comet with Earth represents a singular natural disaster for a myriad of reasons, including: its extraterrestrial origin; the fact that it is perhaps the only natural disaster that is preventable in many cases, given sufficient preparation and warning; its scope, which ranges from damaging a city to an extinction-level event; and the duality of asteroids and comets themselves---they are grave potential threats, but are also tantalising scientific clues to our ancient past and resources with which we may one day build a prosperous spacefaring future. Accordingly, the problems of developing the means to interact with asteroids and comets for purposes of defence, scientific study, exploration, and resource utilisation have grown in importance over the past several decades. Since the 1980s, more and more asteroids and comets (especially the former) have been discovered, radically changing our picture of the solar system. At the beginning of the year 1980, approximately 9,000 asteroids were known to exist. By the beginning of 2001, that number had risen to approximately 125,000 thanks to the Earth-based telescopic survey efforts of the era, particularly the emergence of modern automated telescopic search systems, pioneered by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s (MIT’s) LINEAR system in the mid-to-late 1990s.1 Today, in late 2019, about 840,000 asteroids have been discovered,2 with more and more being found every week, month, and year. Of those, approximately 21,400 are categorised as near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), 2,000 of which are categorised as Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs)3 and 2,749 of which are categorised as potentially accessible.4 The hazards posed to us by asteroids affect people everywhere around the world. -
Climate Histories of Mars and Venus, and the Habitability of Planets
CLIMATE HISTORIES OF MARS AND VENUS, AND THE HABITABILITY OF PLANETS In the temporal sequence that Part III of the book has ¡NTRODUCT¡ON 15.1 been following, we stand near the end of the Archean eon. Earth at the close of the Archean,2.5 billion years ago, By this point in time, the evolution of Venus and its atmo- was a world in which life had arisen and plate tectonics sphere almost certainly had diverged from that of Earth, dominated, the evolution of the crust and the recycling of and Mars was on its way to being a cold, dry world, if volatiles. Yet oxygen (Oz) still was not prevalent in the it had not already become one. This is the appropriate atmosphere, which was richer in COz than at present. In moment in geologic time, then, to consider how Earth's this last respect, Earth's atmosphere was somewhat like neighboring planets diverged so greatly in climate, and to that of its neighbors, Mars and Venus, which today retain ponder the implications for habitable planets throughout this more primitive kind of atmosphere. the cosmos. In the following chapter, we consider why Speculations on the nature of Mars and Venus were, Earth became dominated by plate tectonics, but Venus prior to the space program, heavily influenced by Earth- and Mars did not. Understanding this is part of the key centered biases and the poor quality of telescopic observa- to understanding Earth's clement climate as discussed in tions (figure 15.1). Thirty years of U.S. and Soviet robotic chapter 1.4. -
March 21–25, 2016
FORTY-SEVENTH LUNAR AND PLANETARY SCIENCE CONFERENCE PROGRAM OF TECHNICAL SESSIONS MARCH 21–25, 2016 The Woodlands Waterway Marriott Hotel and Convention Center The Woodlands, Texas INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT Universities Space Research Association Lunar and Planetary Institute National Aeronautics and Space Administration CONFERENCE CO-CHAIRS Stephen Mackwell, Lunar and Planetary Institute Eileen Stansbery, NASA Johnson Space Center PROGRAM COMMITTEE CHAIRS David Draper, NASA Johnson Space Center Walter Kiefer, Lunar and Planetary Institute PROGRAM COMMITTEE P. Doug Archer, NASA Johnson Space Center Nicolas LeCorvec, Lunar and Planetary Institute Katherine Bermingham, University of Maryland Yo Matsubara, Smithsonian Institute Janice Bishop, SETI and NASA Ames Research Center Francis McCubbin, NASA Johnson Space Center Jeremy Boyce, University of California, Los Angeles Andrew Needham, Carnegie Institution of Washington Lisa Danielson, NASA Johnson Space Center Lan-Anh Nguyen, NASA Johnson Space Center Deepak Dhingra, University of Idaho Paul Niles, NASA Johnson Space Center Stephen Elardo, Carnegie Institution of Washington Dorothy Oehler, NASA Johnson Space Center Marc Fries, NASA Johnson Space Center D. Alex Patthoff, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cyrena Goodrich, Lunar and Planetary Institute Elizabeth Rampe, Aerodyne Industries, Jacobs JETS at John Gruener, NASA Johnson Space Center NASA Johnson Space Center Justin Hagerty, U.S. Geological Survey Carol Raymond, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Lindsay Hays, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Paul Schenk, -
Relative Ages
CONTENTS Page Introduction ...................................................... 123 Stratigraphic nomenclature ........................................ 123 Superpositions ................................................... 125 Mare-crater relations .......................................... 125 Crater-crater relations .......................................... 127 Basin-crater relations .......................................... 127 Mapping conventions .......................................... 127 Crater dating .................................................... 129 General principles ............................................. 129 Size-frequency relations ........................................ 129 Morphology of large craters .................................... 129 Morphology of small craters, by Newell J. Fask .................. 131 D, method .................................................... 133 Summary ........................................................ 133 table 7.1). The first three of these sequences, which are older than INTRODUCTION the visible mare materials, are also dominated internally by the The goals of both terrestrial and lunar stratigraphy are to inte- deposits of basins. The fourth (youngest) sequence consists of mare grate geologic units into a stratigraphic column applicable over the and crater materials. This chapter explains the general methods of whole planet and to calibrate this column with absolute ages. The stratigraphic analysis that are employed in the next six chapters first step in reconstructing -
The Magellan Spacecraft at Venus by Andrew Fraknoi, Astronomical Society of the Pacific
www.astrosociety.org/uitc No. 18 - Fall 1991 © 1991, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 390 Ashton Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94112. The Magellan Spacecraft at Venus by Andrew Fraknoi, Astronomical Society of the Pacific "Having finally penetrated below the clouds of Venus, we find its surface to be naked [not hidden], revealing the history of hundreds of millions of years of geological activity. Venus is a geologist's dream planet.'' —Astronomer David Morrison This fall, the brightest star-like object you can see in the eastern skies before dawn isn't a star at all — it's Venus, the second closest planet to the Sun. Because Venus is so similar in diameter and mass to our world, and also has a gaseous atmosphere, it has been called the Earth's "sister planet''. Many years ago, scientists expected its surface, which is perpetually hidden beneath a thick cloud layer, to look like Earth's as well. Earlier this century, some people even imagined that Venus was a hot, humid, swampy world populated by prehistoric creatures! But we now know Venus is very, very different. New radar images of Venus, just returned from NASA's Magellan spacecraft orbiting the planet, have provided astronomers the clearest view ever of its surface, revealing unique geological features, meteor impact craters, and evidence of volcanic eruptions different from any others found in the solar system. This issue of The Universe in the Classroom is devoted to what Magellan is teaching us today about our nearest neighbor, Venus. Where is Venus, and what is it like? Spacecraft exploration of Venus's surface Magellan — a "recycled'' spacecraft How does Magellan take pictures through the clouds? What has Magellan revealed about Venus? How does Venus' surface compare with Earth's? What is the next step in Magellan's mission? If Venus is such an uninviting place, why are we interested in it? Reading List Why is it so hot on Venus? Where is Venus, and what is it like? Venus orbits the Sun in a nearly circular path between Mercury and the Earth, about 3/4 as far from our star as the Earth is. -
The Planetary Report, to Make Those Discoveries Acces 20 Questions and Sible to All of Our Members
- --_.- .. .. _-- The Volume XIV On the Cover : Skywatchers will be poised to observe the heavenly Table of Number 1 stri ng of pearls kn own as comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 January/February 1994 thi s July when it crashes into Jupi te r's swirling atmo Contents sphere. This is an en largement of an image captured by the Hubble Space Tel escope (HSl) on July 1,1993, showing the reg ion of the brig htest nucleus of the comet, torn apart when it came too cl ose to Jupiter in 1992. This "bright nucleus " is actually a group of at least four separate pieces. The span of th is enti re Features image covers abou t 64,000 kilomete rs (40,000 miles). North is at the lower right. Image: H.A. Weaver and Bodies at the 16 Readers' T.E. Smith, Space Te lescope Science Institute, NASA 4 Brink Service Decades ago legendary planetary scientist The new mathematical field of chaos is Gerard P. Kuiper theorized that a band of difficult to penetrate, yet its somewhat comets orbited at the edge of our solar whimsical name and surprising predic From system. Telescopes of his time couldn't tions intrigue even the mathematically test this hypothesis, but now, working unsophisticated. Our featured book looks The with new equipment, astronomers have at chaos' applications to understanding discovered the first evidence that Kuiper our solar system. Editor was right. World Jupiter Watch: 17 Watch es, we have changed the 8 The Celestial Necklace It's a time of birth and death for NASA: Y design of The Planetary Breaks Its program to search for extraterrestrial Report; your eyes do not deceive This July, comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 will radio signals has been canceled by Congress, you. -
The Soviet Space Program
C05500088 TOP eEGRET iuf 3EEA~ NIE 11-1-71 THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM Declassified Under Authority of the lnteragency Security Classification Appeals Panel, E.O. 13526, sec. 5.3(b)(3) ISCAP Appeal No. 2011 -003, document 2 Declassification date: November 23, 2020 ifOP GEEAE:r C05500088 1'9P SloGRET CONTENTS Page THE PROBLEM ... 1 SUMMARY OF KEY JUDGMENTS l DISCUSSION 5 I. SOV.IET SPACE ACTIVITY DURING TfIE PAST TWO YEARS . 5 II. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING FUTURE PROSPECTS . 6 A. General ............................................. 6 B. Organization and Management . ............... 6 C. Economics .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. 8 III. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL FACTORS ... 9 A. General .. .. .. .. .. 9 B. Launch Vehicles . 9 C. High-Energy Propellants .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 D. Manned Spacecraft . 12 E. Life Support Systems . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 F. Non-Nuclear Power Sources for Spacecraft . 16 G. Nuclear Power and Propulsion ..... 16 Te>P M:EW TCS 2032-71 IOP SECl<ET" C05500088 TOP SECRGJ:. IOP SECREI Page H. Communications Systems for Space Operations . 16 I. Command and Control for Space Operations . 17 IV. FUTURE PROSPECTS ....................................... 18 A. General ............... ... ···•· ................. ····· ... 18 B. Manned Space Station . 19 C. Planetary Exploration . ........ 19 D. Unmanned Lunar Exploration ..... 21 E. Manned Lunar Landfog ... 21 F. Applied Satellites ......... 22 G. Scientific Satellites ........................................ 24 V. INTERNATIONAL SPACE COOPERATION ............. 24 A. USSR-European Nations .................................... 24 B. USSR-United States 25 ANNEX A. SOVIET SPACE ACTIVITY ANNEX B. SOVIET SPACE LAUNCH VEHICLES ANNEX C. SOVIET CHRONOLOGICAL SPACE LOG FOR THE PERIOD 24 June 1969 Through 27 June 1971 TCS 2032-71 IOP SLClt~ 70P SECRE1- C05500088 TOP SEGR:R THE SOVIET SPACE PROGRAM THE PROBLEM To estimate Soviet capabilities and probable accomplishments in space over the next 5 to 10 years.' SUMMARY OF KEY JUDGMENTS A. -
Geologic Map of the Ganiki Planitia Quadrangle (V–14), Venus Eric B
Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont Pomona Faculty Publications and Research Pomona Faculty Scholarship 1-1-2011 Geologic Map of the Ganiki Planitia Quadrangle (V–14), Venus Eric B. Grosfils Pomona College Sylvan M. Long Elizabeth M. Venechuk Debra M. Hurwitz Joseph W. Richards See next page for additional authors Recommended Citation Grosfils, E.B., Long, S.M., Venechuk, E.M., Hurwitz, D.M., Richards, J.W., Kastl, Brian, Drury, D.E., and Hardin, Johanna, 2011, Geologic map of the Ganiki Planitia quadrangle (V-14), Venus: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific nI vestigations Map 3121. This Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Pomona Faculty Scholarship at Scholarship @ Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pomona Faculty Publications and Research by an authorized administrator of Scholarship @ Claremont. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Eric B. Grosfils, Sylvan M. Long, Elizabeth M. Venechuk, Debra M. Hurwitz, Joseph W. Richards, Brian Kastl, Dorothy E. Drury, and Johanna S. Hardin This report is available at Scholarship @ Claremont: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_fac_pub/303 Prepared for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Geologic Map of the Ganiki Planitia Quadrangle (V–14), Venus By Eric B. Grosfils, Sylvan M. Long, Elizabeth M. Venechuk, Debra M. Hurwitz, Joseph W. Richards, Brian Kastl, Dorothy E. Drury, and Johanna Hardin Pamphlet to accompany Scientific Investigations Map 3121 75° 75° V–1 V–3 V–6 50° 50° V–4 V–5 V–11 V–16 V–12 V–15 V–13 V–14 25° 25° V–23 V–28 V–24 V–27 V–25 V–26 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 0° 0° V–37 V–38 V–36 V–39 V–35 V–40 –25° –25° V–49 V–50 V–48 V–51 V–47 V–52 V–58 V–59 –50° –50° V–57 V–60 2011 V–62 –75° –75° U.S.