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THE SHELTER REVOLUTION: HOUSING AND COMMUNITY PLANNING IN TAMPA BAY, FLORIDA, 1940-1990 AN ABSTRACT SUBMITTED ON THE TWENTY-FIFTH DAY OF JUNE 2017 TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SCHOOL OF LIBERAL ARTS OF TULANE UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY Peyton Lee Jones ! Abstract: In the last half of the twentieth century, a major transformation occurred in American residential living. While in the 1950s and 1960s the single-family, detached home dominated residential development, in the 1970s and 1980s new forms of residential dwellings and communities, ranging from private retirement communities, to mobile homes and trailer parks, to condominiums, to gated, privately governed “towns,” proliferated across the metropolitan landscape. The changes in residential living, what can be understood as a “shelter revolution,” played an integral role in the spatial, political, and social formation of metropolises in the Global South. This dissertation examines the “shelter revolution” in Tampa Bay, Florida, between 1940 and the 1985. In so doing, it explores the changing relationship between housing and community design, community formation, and residential and metropolitan political culture. It argues that changes in residential living fueled and shaped metropolitan growth and expansion. At the same time, innovations in residential design and development, along with new legal instruments of property ownership, altered the residential experience. Over time, these changes rippled throughout metropolitan life, transfiguring the built environment and transforming the ways Americans built, purchased, and experienced residential housing and community. These changes drove the physical, cultural, and economic formation of the Tampa Bay, from a series of scattered urban settlements into a regional metropolis. THE SHELTER REVOLUTION: HOUSING AND COMMUNITY PLANNING IN TAMPA BAY, FLORIDA, 1940-1990 ., A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED ON THE TWENTY-FIFTH DAY OF JUNE 2017 TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SCHOOL OF LIBERAL ARTS OF TULANE UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF F PHILOSOPHY APPROVED: K~ Af~ RandyJ.~D. Director·- t Cr/(/11 /J)<., l (/ I i C\,~/>lt.<flv J \,.tv~-- Ra ymo d 0. Arsenault, Ph.D. © Copyright by Peyton Lee Jones, 2017 All Rights Reserved ! Acknowledgements I’ve accumulated a number of intellectual debts that I’ll never be able to repay. This project would have been impossible to finish had it not been for the generosity, encouragement, and love of so many friends, family members, colleagues, archivists, and librarians. To them I owe a great deal of gratitude. As for the project’s faults, I take sole responsibility. Randy Sparks advised me during my coursework at Tulane and oversaw this project with patience and grace. He knew when to let me wander off track, but also when to send a timely email and reel me back in. Jana Lipman, Thomas J. Adams, and Ray Arsenault provided timely feedback and incisive criticism. All of them went out of their way to help improve this project. Tulane University was an ideal place to study urban history. I owe many thanks to Justin Wolfe, Rachel Devlin, and Guadalupe Garcia. My cohort and fellow graduate students at Tulane challenged my basic assumptions, inspired me to ask better questions, and made me a better person. Thanks to Beau Gaitors, Alix Riviere, Matt Brennan, John Moore, Josh Goodman, Lucas Desmond, and Sarah Langley. I’m deeply grateful for the love and friendship of Jeff Perry and the indefatigable Christopher Willoughby. This project would not have been possible without generous financial support from the Tulane School of Liberal Arts and Sciences and the New Orleans ! ii ! Center for the Study of the Gulf South. I would have been lost without the guidance of archivists and librarians of the Nelson Poynter Memorial Library at the University of South Florida-St. Petersburg, Special Collections at the University of South Florida, the John G. Germany Library, the Clearwater and St. Petersburg public libraries, as well as the staffs of City of Tampa Archives and the Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council. The University of South Florida-St. Petersburg has been a wonderful place to teach and learn. Thank you to Frank Biafora, Gary and Lynne Mormino, Chris Meindl, J. Michael Francis, Thomas Smith, and the heart and soul of the entire university, Sudsy Tschiderer, for welcoming me back and giving me the opportunity to teach classes and finish the dissertation. Thanks also goes to the folks at the Florida Humanities Council (past and present), Jimbo in Special Collections, the Tavern and Black Crow families, my students at USF-SP and Tulane, and the irrepressible Erin McQueary. Many friends helped me through the lonely days of researching and writing. While few if any of them really understood what I was up to, they were always there with words of encouragement, to lend an ear, or a couch. Chase Bodden, Jeffrey Skatzka, Chris Leblanc, Robby Walters, James Diamantakos, Farris Jaleel, Josh Bodden, Tristan Overcashier, Jon Tallon, Matt Abbey, Carlos Lopez, Shane Melitshka, Chris Barry, Air Stephenson, Meg Krug, Valerie Scafoglio, and Billy Williams. A Special thanks goes to John Belhohlavek and Susan Turner and their mercurial cat, Jake. I finished this dissertation almost ten years to the month after I first walked into Ray Arsenault’s master’s seminar on regional cultural history. During one of our class breaks, in the kitchen of the Snell House, Ray suggested I forego law school and pursue a ! iii ! doctorate in American history. He took me under his wing, made me his graduate assistant, and introduced me to Southern History. First as a mentor, then as a friend, and now as a colleague, Ray has done everything possible to help me academically, personally, and professionally. None of this would have come to fruition without him and his entire family, Kathy, Amelia, Annie, Shawn, and Lincoln. Thank you. Ultimately, finishing this “paper”—as my mom and dad liked to call it—would have been unimaginable without the love and unwavering support of my family. Bobbi Snyder, Tom Jones, David Snyder, Charley Snyder, Amanda Martin, Jan Milner, and the Anderson, Rost, and Wynns families stood by me throughout the entire process. Thank you Ashley, for believing in me. This is for you and our babe. Cheers to the future. Lastly, this project is dedicated to the memory of Ivan D. Lechowich, who was killed in Afghanistan just as I began my research. Although he never read a word of the final manuscript, his spirit pervades every page. Ivan left behind a wonderful family and a beautiful daughter, Natalie. This is for them as well. Thank you for everything. ! iv ! TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ……………………………………………………………. ii LIST OF IMAGES ……………………………………………………………………. vi CHAPTERS 1.! INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………... 1 2.! CHAPTER 1: BOOSTERS, BUILDER-DEVELOPERS, AND THE METROPOLITANIZATION OF TAMPA BAY, FLORIDA, 1920-1990 ……………………………………………………..........…..…..…..……. 21 3.! CHAPTER 2: “A SMALL CITY”: JORDAN PARK AND THE ADVENT OF PUBLIC HOUSING IN TAMPA BAY, 1937-1941 ………………… 66 4.! CHAPTER 3: “CITIZENSHIP IS A PRIVILEGE”: PROGRESS VILLAGE AND THE DREAM OF BLACK SUBURBAN HOUSING IN TAMPA, FLORIDA, 1958-1961 .………………………………………………….. 93 5.! CHAPTER 4: THE SHELTER REVOLUTION IN METROPOLITAN TAMPA BAY …………………………………………………………… 128 6.! CHAPTER 5: THE PRIVATE LIFE ……………………………………. 183 7.! CHAPTER 6: “THE CLEARWATER CONSPIRACY”: THE CHURCH OF SCIENTOLOGY, URBAN REDEVELOPMENT, AND COMMUNITY CHANGE, 1975-1993 .…………………………………………………… 211 8.! EPILOGUE ………………………………………………………………. 236 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………….. 238 ! v ! LIST OF IMAGES INTRODUCTION 1.! MAP OF FLORIDA …………………………………………………………. 19 2.! MAP OF TAMPA BAY……………………………………………………… 20 ! ! vi 1 The Shelter Revolution: Housing and Community Planning in Tampa Bay, Florida, 1940-1990 Introduction When the housing market collapsed in 2008, Tampa Bay, Florida, felt the impact particularly hard. As the metropolitan economy bottomed out, the average home lost nearly fifty percent of its market value, and the metropolitan area lost more than 140,000 jobs.1 Partially finished subdivisions and empty condominium projects littered the landscape. A subdivision named King’s Point, built at the height of the boom, lost nearly 600 homes to foreclosure.2 Along the Hillsborough River, the planned site of a Trump Tower condominium project sprouted weeds before vanishing into a sinkhole. Pulitzer- prize winning journalist George Packer profiled the Tampa Bay area in The Unwinding as the epicenter of the nation’s housing bubble and ground zero for the destruction wrought by the bubble’s burst.3 When The Unwinding hit store shelves in 2013, Tampa Bay’s housing economy remained in the red. A consumer report released a year earlier listed Tampa Bay as the !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 Brian T. Kench, “The Great Recession’s Impact on the Tampa Bay Economy.” Research in Business and Economics Journal- Special Edition Florida Economic Symposium, 2011. 2 Susan Taylor Martin and Jeff Harrington, “Tampa Bay Neighborhood Ravaged By the Housing Crash Makes its Way Back; But Could That Happen Again?” The Tampa Bay Times, October 14, 2016. 3 George Packer, The Unwinding: The Inner History of the New America (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2013), 190. 2 most “financially distressed” metropolitan area in the United States. Tampa Bay’s job and credit markets, rates of household
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