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We Were Gasping for Air Southeast European Integration Perspectives 8 We Were Gasping for Air [Post-]Yugoslav Anti-War Activism and Its Legacy Bearbeitet von Bojan Bilic 1. Auflage 2012. Buch. 224 S. Kartoniert ISBN 978 3 8329 7806 8 Gewicht: 343 g Recht > Europarecht , Internationales Recht, Recht des Auslands > Recht des Auslands schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. Positioned at the interface between historical sociology, anthropology, and social movement studies, Southeast European Integration Perspectives | 8 We Were Gasping for Air: [Post-]Yugoslav Anti-War Activism and Its Legacy goes beyond the widely exploi- ted paradigms of nationalism and civil society to track the (post-)Yugoslav anti-war protest cycle which unfolded throughout the 1990s. Drawing upon extensive fieldwork in the region, the author argues that (post-)Yugoslav anti-war activism cannot be recovered without appreciating both the inter- and intra- republican cooperations and contestations in socialist Yugoslavia. (Post-)Yugoslav anti-war undertakings appropriated and developed the already existing social networks and were instrumental for the esta- blishment of present-day organisations devoted to human rights protection, transitional justice, and peace education across the ex-Yugoslav space. Bojan Bilić is a post-doctoral fellow at the Central European University Institute for Advanced Study in Budapest. Bilić Bojan Bilić We Were Gasping for Air is a welcome contribution to the story of Yugoslavia’s violent dissolution. Its focus on civic forms of mobilisation, rooted in the experience of socialist Yugoslavia, complements the many studies of elite-led nationalism and fills an important gap in the literature. We Were Gasping for Air Jasna Dragović-Soso, Goldsmiths, University of London We Were Gasping for Air is the first study to trace the origins and development of the anti-war movement in the former Yugoslavia, from its prehistory in the alternative engagement of the socialist period to its [Post-]Yugoslav Anti-War Activism post-history in the professionalised NGO sector. This book is essential for understanding politics and intel- lectual life in the former Yugoslav states in the 1990s and afterwards. and Its Legacy Eric Gordy, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London A tour de force of historical sociology, We Were Gasping for Air explores the dynamics of anti-war contention We Were Gasping for Air in the post-Yugoslav space in ways which challenge existing explanations framed in the context of metho- dological nationalism and/or an idealist conception of civil society. This book is a “must read” for anyone interested in the region and in activism and social movements more generally. Paul Stubbs, The Institute of Economics, Zagreb ISBN 978-3-8329-7806-8 Nomos BUC_Bilic_7806-8.indd 1 13.11.12 14:05 http://www.nomos-shop.de/19618 Southeast European Integration Perspectives Edited by Wolfgang Petritsch, former High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina and Special Envoy of the EU for Kosovo Christophe Solioz, Secretary-General of the Center for European Integration Strategies BUT_Bilic_7806-8.indd 2 13.11.12 14:07 http://www.nomos-shop.de/19618 Bojan Bilić We Were Gasping for Air [Post-]Yugoslav Anti-War Activism and Its Legacy Nomos BUT_Bilic_7806-8.indd 3 13.11.12 14:07 http://www.nomos-shop.de/19618 This book is published in the framework of a CEIS project sponsored by the Loterie Romande (Geneva), the Karl Popper Stiftung (Zug) and the City of Geneva. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de . ISBN 978-3-8329-7806-8 1. Auflage 2012 © Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden 2012. Printed in Germany. Alle Rechte, auch die des Nachdrucks von Auszügen, der fotomechanischen Wiedergabe und der Übersetzung, vorbehalten. Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illus trations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use a fee is payable to »Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort«, Munich. BUT_Bilic_7806-8.indd 4 13.11.12 14:07 Contents Figures and Tables 7 Acknowledgements 9 Abbreviations and Acronyms 13 Introduction http://www.nomos-shop.de/19618 17 1. (Post-)Yugoslav Anti-War Activisms: Marginal(ised) Phenomena 37 2. Putting (Post-)Yugoslav Anti-War Activisms in Motion 59 3. “Crossing the Lines”: Feminist Anti-War Activism 83 4. Recruitment to High Risk Anti-War Activism: Anti-War Campaign of Croatia 109 5. Between Fragmenting and Multiplying: Scale Shift of Anti-War Initiatives 137 6. Sustaining Activism beyond Armed Conflicts: Belgrade Women in Black 159 7. Power in Activism: Impacts and Meanings of Anti-War Engagement 179 Afterword: Bending the Gaze 199 Selected Bibliography 205 Appendices 213 5 Introduction On 6 April 2012, Sarajevo — that city which “dies and is at the same time born and transformed” — marked the twentieth anniversary of one of the longest sieges in the history of warfare.1 A large installation, which com- prised 11,541 red chairs, stretched along Maršal Tito Street all the way up to Ali-Pasha’s Mosque, commemorating the same number of victims of the crime with few parallelshttp://www.nomos-shop.de/19618 on the European continent.2 While the images of this event spread across the globe, hardly anyone remembered that, in June 1992, thousands of Belgrade citizens poured into the streets to protest against the siege and express solidarity with Sarajevans.3 They carried pieces of black paper which — once united — formed a kilometre long ribbon, a symbol of their condolence and compassion (Figure 1). A couple of years later, some of those who took part in this undertaking also travelled via Croatia and Hunga- ry, crossed the Igman Mountain and walked through the Sarajevo Tunnel4 to enter the besieged city and bring to its people a message that many “on the other side” were against the senseless destruction. More than a decade after the end of the Yugoslav wars (1991–1999), there is little that we know about the processes through which the imminence of an armed conflict awakened dormant social networks and strengthened existing activist circles or created new ones. Even less is known about the plethora of ideological positions driving civic engagement, its tensions and fragmenta- tions. There are no social scientific accounts that are sufficiently appreciative of the relevance of anti-war organising for the intricate geometry of the pre- sent day civic linkages and resistances in the post-Yugoslav space. All of this constitutes a serious — although not entirely surprising — lacuna in the bur- geoning amount of research on Yugoslavia’s dissolution. 1 Ivo Andrić, “Jedan pogled na Sarajevo,” Jugoslavija, (1953) 7, pp. 20–3. Available at: <www.lupiga.com/vijesti/index.php?id=5685> (Accessed 11 April 2012). 2 For more information of the practices of resistance in the besieged Sarajevo itself, see La- risa Kurtović, “The Paradoxes of Wartime “Freedom”: Alternative Culture during the Siege of Sarajevo,” in Bojan Bilić and Vesna Janković (eds.), Resisting the Evil: [Post-]Yugoslav Anti-War Contention (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2012), pp. 197–224. 3 See Gordana Logar, “Sramno ćutanje Beograda,” Danas, 8 April 2012. Available at: <www.danas.rs/danasrs/kolumnisti/sramno_cutanje_zvanicnog_beograda.883.html?newsi d=237798> (Accessed 15 July 2012). 4 The Sarajevo Tunnel was dug by the citizens of Sarajevo in 1993 to connect the neigh- bourhoods of Butmir and Dobrinja which were controlled by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Through it, food, humanitarian aid and weapons could enter the besieged city. 17 This book is based on extensive fieldwork in the region and it draws upon the conceptual apparatus of social movement studies to start recovering anti-war activisms in Serbia and Croatia.5 They constitute a complex phe- nomenon both in relation to the value orientations of their protagonists as well as in terms of their effects and strategic options. By taking a social movement/civic contention approach, I offer a framework for collecting and evaluating empirical information and generating knowledge on the collective- ly organised — and sometimes institutionalised — ways in which many Cro- atian and Serbian citizens resisted the 1990s armed conflicts. Figure1: Demonstrations against the siege of Sarajevo (Black Ribbon), Belgrade, 7 June 1992 http://www.nomos-shop.de/19618 © Goranka Matić 5 I use the word activisms to underline the geographical, ideological and strategic diversity of the (post-)Yugoslav anti-war engagement. 18 My central argument is that these civic enterprises did not appear in a political vacuum. Rather, various (post-)Yugoslav
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