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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements The research was funded by the Secretariat for Safety and Security and the Argi Securitas Trust Fund. The publication was funded by the Hanns Seidel Foundation. The South African Police Service and the South African National Defence Force provided in-kind support. Hanns Seidel Foundation Foreword he incidence of violent crime on farms and smallholdings in South Africa is a T cause of great concern to both the farming community and South Africans in general. The seriousness of continued attacks against the farming community in South Africa, and the urgency of confronting the issue, led former president Nelson Mandela to convene a rural safety summit in October 1998 to formulate a comprehensive strategy to deal with the problem. The summit aimed at reaching consensus around a process to deal with the issue of attacks against farms and smallholdings, as well as more general issues of rural insecurity. The summit also aimed to strengthen existing strategies dealing with rural crime. One of the resolutions passed during the summit was to conduct research on the probable causes and motives for attacks on the farming community, and the effectiveness of the rural protection plan. The rural safety task team requested the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) to conduct such research in the Wierdabrug, Piet Retief and KwaZulu-Natal Midlands areas. The research was made possible by the secretariat for safety and security and the Agri Securitas trust fund that financed the research. The South African Police Service (SAPS) and the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) provided in-kind support. The rural safety task team is grateful to all involved for making the research project possible. The results of the research project, as contained in this monograph, will assist the security forces, agricultural organisations and farmers and smallholders to understand the phenomenon of attacks on farms and smallholdings. The research results will also enable the security forces to improve weaknesses in the rural protection plan. Further research is planned in other parts of the country where the incidence of attacks against farms and smallholdings is high. This will further inform the security 2– Attacks on farms and smallholdings forces’ strategic and operational response to this reprehensible form of crime ravaging the country’s rural communities. The research results in the form of this monograph will be distributed to all relevant roleplayers involved in the rural protection plan, such as the SAPS, the SANDF, agricultural organisations, farmers, business people and academics. Lt-Col H J Boshoff RURAL SAFETY TASK TEAM Executive summary n the three years between January 1997 and December 1999, some 361 people I were murdered in more than 2 000 attacks on farms and smallholdings in South Africa. Most of the attacks and murders occurred in Gauteng, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal. At the request of the former president, Nelson Mandela, a rural protection plan was put into operation late in 1997. The objective of the plan is to encourage all roleplayers concerned with rural safety to work together in a co-ordinated manner, and engage in joint planning, action and monitoring to combat crime in the country’s rural areas. In late 1999, a research project was undertaken to evaluate the rural protection plan’s effectiveness, and to develop a better understanding of the nature of crime on farms and smallholdings. The research was conducted in selected parts of the three provinces worst affected by attacks on farms and smallholdings. It was found that the rural protection plan’s effectiveness to combat attacks on farms and smallholdings varied from area to area. In the country’s rural areas, where farms are far removed from the nearest police station or army base, the plan’s success depends primarily on strong civilian participation. In the event of a farm attack, it is normally only the victim’s neighbours who can respond rapidly enough to apprehend the culprits. By the time the security forces arrive at the scene of a farm attack, the culprits have usually fled. Given that the police and the army do not have a rapid response capability in the country’s rural areas, it is crucial that farmers and smallholders themselves – through the organised structure of the South African National Defence Force’s commando system or the police’s reservist system – take greater responsibility for their, and their community’s safety. 4– Attacks on farms and smallholdings The police’s primary contribution in combating farm and smallholding attacks is in its detective and intelligence functions. In some areas, the detective service functions well and many farm and smallholding attackers have been apprehended and convicted by the courts. There are, however, other areas where the police is performing poorly in this regard. This is frequently the case where the perpetrators of farm and smallholding attacks operate from outside of the area where the attack takes place, and local detectives have to co-operate with their colleagues in other parts of the country. Interregional co-operation in the detective service needs to be improved. An important weakness of the rural protection plan is that the police – and the security forces generally – have weak intelligence gathering capabilities. This is especially so in rural informal settlements and squatter camps from where farm and smallholding attacks are often planned, and to where many culprits flee after an attack. The security forces need to improve their intelligence gathering capabilities to be in a stronger position to pre-empt attacks on farms and smallholdings. The rural protection plan is a good mechanism to drive and co-ordinate safety initiatives for the country’s farms and smallholdings. There are, however, aspects of the plan which can be improved. Moreover, while the plan provides a sound framework for rural safety, the individual components of the plan must be adapted to local needs and capacities. Crucially, the plan needs to be accepted by local communities. Without their ongoing participation in the plan, its effectiveness is limited. Introduction he increasing incidence of violent crime on farms and smallholdings in South TAfrica has become a cause for great concern. Between January 1997 and December 1999, some 361 people were murdered in 2 030 separate attacks on farms and smallholdings. The number of recorded incidents of attacks on farms and smallholdings increased substantially between 1997 and 1998 (from 433 to 767 attacks, respectively), and levelled off during 1999 (830 attacks).1 The problem remains serious in several provinces of the country, particularly in Gauteng, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal (for a provincial breakdown of the number of attacks on farms and smallholdings between 1997 and 1999, and the number of people murdered in the attacks, see chapter 1 on the extent of attacks on farms and smallholdings). The rural safety summit, held in October 1998, recognised the extent and complexity of the problem of attacks on farms and smallholdings, and the challenges to find solutions. Two of the needs referred to in the ten-point summit declaration were for more detailed information and research on the nature of the problem and the development of a comprehensive policy framework to ensure a sustained focus on the problem (for background information on the summit and a summary of the declaration adopted at the summit, see chapter 3). To promote the goals of the summit, a farm safety research project was initiated in the second half of 1999. The research project was based on primary research consisting of in-depth interviews with the people directly affected by and concerned with farm and smallholding attacks in selected parts of the country. This included, inter alia, farmers and smallholders (both victims and non-victims), farm and smallholding workers, members of the security forces, private security company personnel, representatives of organised agriculture and community leaders. (The research project’s findings and recommendations are presented in section B as part of the evaluation of the rural protection plan.) The broad objectives of the research project were to: South Africa’s provincial Zimbabwe Northern Province e Botswana Mpumalanga Gauteng Mozambiqu North-West Swaziland Namibia Free State KwaZulu-Natal Northern Cape Eastern Cape Western Cape 9 • assess government and civil society initiatives to reduce attacks on farms and smallholdings; • develop a better understanding of the nature of crime on farms and smallholdings; and • make recommendations to inform policy on rural safety and in particular the rural protection plan (see chapter 2 for information on the plan and its operational structure). Because of time and resource constraints, the research project focused on three geographic areas: • Piet Retief in the Eastern Highveld police area (Mpumalanga); • Greytown and Ixopo in the Midlands police area (KwaZulu-Natal); and •Wierdabrug in the Vaalrand police area (Gauteng). These areas were chosen by the research team in consultation with representatives from the secretariat for safety and security, the National Operational Co-ordinating Committee (NOCOC), and organised agriculture. All three areas had experienced a high and increasing number of attacks on farms and smallholdings in the year prior to the research project. In respect of the Piet Retief and the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands areas, the research team concentrated on attacks on farms, while attacks on smallholdings
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