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Ecological Sanitation (Ecosan) and the Kimberley Experience

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Ecological Sanitation (Ecosan) and the Kimberley Experience Ecological Sanitation (Ecosan) and the Kimberley Experience Albert Jonah Master’s Thesis Department of Water and Environmental Studies Linköpings Universitet, Linköping Sweden Linköping 2007 Ecological Sanitation (Ecosan) and the Kimberley Experience By Albert Jonah Thesis submitted to the Department of Water and Environmental Studies at Linköping University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Water Resources and Livelihood Security May 2007 II Abstract The Hull Street Integrated Housing Project, in Kimberley, is one of the projects supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Sida, in South Africa. The vision of the project is to provide low cost housing for the people of Kimberley. As a way of ensuring sustainability, the project adopts the Ecological sanitation (Ecosan) approach where urine and faeces are separated from the source. The concept of Ecosan is new to many people around the world. To make the concept workable and acceptable effective implementation strategies are required. At the Hull Street, after the first of the four phases 144 unit houses have been completed all fitted with the UDS. Urine from the UDS as well as the greywater from the kitchen and bathroom are connected to infiltrate into the ground. This arrangement is called the “quick-fix”. The faeces from the houses are sent to the compost yard for composting so that the residents could use the compost in their gardens. This study which involves interview with some selected workers and residents in Hull Street focuses on the modus operandi of the Ecosan unit of the Hull Street project with special emphasis on the methods of human excreta disposal and education strategies. Keywords: ecological sanitation, alternative sanitation, compost, greywater, urine, faeces, human excreta, source separation, urine diverting system III Dedicated to Sherlock D. Jonah IV Acknowledgements I lie down and sleep; I wake again, because the LORD sustains me (Psalm 3:5). I thank the Lord Almighty for giving me life, good health, strength, and the ability to complete my studies. To God be the Glory!!! I also am indebted to the following people for the different forms of help given me before, during and after this study. My Supervisors Prof. (Asso.) Jan-Olof Drangert of Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University, Sweden and Prof. (Asso.) Björn Vinnerås of Department of Biometry & Engineering, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden for their supervisory roles especially all the preparations before my departure for South Africa, arranging for my flight, the provision of the needed literature and all the guidance during the writing of this thesis, just to mention a few. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) for sponsoring my flight ticket to South Africa. SPHC for providing me with accommodation at the Hull Street in Kimberley. All the lecturers and staff of the Department of Water and Environmental Studies, Linköping University for their advice and all the motivation offered in this programme. Gratitude Dusty Booysen for driving and showing us around the city of Kimberley, the moments we shared at the restaurants and sponsoring our send-off party. Thank you. Carol-Ann Brink for making it possible for me to meet all the residents I interacted with. Lucas Van Wyk (Uncle Luu) & Wife for the provision of a television to make it possible for us to watch the 2006 World Cup Live, for sponsoring and hosting our send-off party and all your visits. Saskia Senekal for all the important information and all the related materials you have provided for this study. Shelly & Henk for providing transport for our studies related activities when needed, provision of cooking utensils and giving us prepaid electricity units. Fadeela Abdul for all the orientation about the shopping centres in the city and your guidance. Rebecca Kolwane for all the help given me during the study, your company and also for inviting me to your party; it was fun. Frank Botha Moitse for all the cookies and the fruit juice, showing me around the city during weekends, all the memorable moments at taverns and at “Location”. David Modise for allowing me to use your bicycle on my study errands in Kimberley. V Mr. Solomon Ellis & Dr. Anthony Antwi for your financial support. My parents, families and friends for your financial and moral support and for always keeping in touch with me during the period of my studies. Theophilus Dzimega, Josephine Dzimega, Affizie-Ackumey Akpene, Emmanuel Bedu, Nutifafa Fiasorgbor, Mawuko Dzah, & Prince O. Akumiah for making my stay in Sweden an enjoyable and a memorable one. The acknowledgements will be incomplete if I fail to express my gratitude to Denis Fru Achu, my colleague and workmate for his company and support during my entire stay in Kimberley, South Africa. In fact we shared the same apartment in Kimberley. Thank you all!!! Albert Jonah Linköping, Sweden [email protected] May, 2007 VI Table of contents 1.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………...…...11 1.1 Sanitation in the World…………………………………………………………..………..…...11 1.2 Objective……………………………………………………………………………………….12 1.3 The Housing Situation in South Africa…………………………………………………..….....12 1.4 The Hull Street Integrated Housing Project……………………………………………..……..12 2.0 Literature Review…………………………………………...…………………….……….....16 2.1 The Linear Sanitation Systems……………………………………...……………………….....16 2.2 Bringing the ends together………………………………………….……………………….....17 2.3 Advantages of Ecosan.…………………………………………………………………………18 2.3.1 Affordability……………………………………………………………………………….....18 2.3.2 Disease Prevention…………………..…………………………………………………….....18 2.3.3 Environmental Considerations…………………………………………………………….....18 2.3.4 Nutrient recovery and recycling…………..……………………………………………….....19 2.3.5 Energy Production………………………………..……………………………………….....20 2.3.6 Water Protection/Conservation…………………………..….…………………………….....20 2.4 Some Barriers to acceptability of the Ecosan approach…………….…………………….....20 2.4.1 Culture……………………………………………………………………………….…….....20 2.4.2 Perception………………………………………………………………………………….....21 2.4.3 Policies…………………………………………………………………………………….....21 3.0 Methods…………………………………………………………………………………….....22 3.1 Interviews…………………………………………………………………..……………….....22 3.1.1 Interview with Residents………………………………………………………………….....22 3.1.2 Interview with the WEs……………………………………………….….……………….....22 3.1.3 Interview with a former SPHC Ecosan Worker……………………….…….…………….....22 3.2 Observations…………………………………………………………….…….…………….....22 4.0 Study site…………………………………………………………….………………….….....24 4.1 Kimberley…………………………………….……………………………………….…….....24 4.2 Hull Street………………………………….…………………………………….………….....24 4.2.1 Geology………………………………….…………………………………..…………….....24 4.2.2 The UDS and the greywater system……………………………………………………….....25 4.2.3 The Compost Yard……………………………...………………...……………………….....26 5.0 Results and Discussions………………………………………………..………………….....27 5.1 Interviews………………………………………………………………..………………….....27 5.1.1 Greywater Management at the Hull Street…………………………….………………….....27 5.1.2 Maintenance Culture………………………………………………………...…………….....28 5.1.3 Communication………………………………………………………………...………….....29 5.1.4 Emptying of toilet containers…………………………………………………..………….....29 5.1.5 Acceptability of Ecosan in Kimberley…………………………………………………….....30 5.1.6 Motivation………………………………………………………………………………........32 5.1.7 Maintenance cost of UDS facilities at Household level……………………………………...32 VII 5.2 Observations…………………...…………………………………………………………….....33 5.2.1 Nutrient Recycling Strategy……………………………………………………………….....33 5.2.2 Monitoring………………………………………………...……………………………….....33 5.2.3 Knowledge about Ecosan………………………………………………………………….....33 6.0 Conclusions……………………………...………………………………………………….…36 7.0 References……………………………..…………………………………………...………….37 Appendices………………………..………...………………………………….…………….……42 Appendix A. Interview questions to residents…………….…….…………………………………42 Appendix B. Interview questions to Waste Entrepreneurs (WEs)…………………………………44 Appendix C. Interview questions to a former Ecosan worker……………………………………..46 VIII List of Figures Figure 2.1: Small amounts of dangerous materials pollute huge amounts of water………….……16 Figure 2.2: The Ecosystem loop……………..…………………………………….……………….17 Figure 4.1: Soil Profile in Hull Street……………………………………………….……..………25 Figure 4.2: UD toilet stool with the kiddie seat………………………………....…………………25 Figure 4.3: UD toilet stool with without the kiddie seat………………………..………………….25 Figure 4.4: Open urine and greywater pits in Hull Street….………..………….………………….26 Figure 5.1: Mixture of greywater and urine being thrown into a nearby bush at the Hull Street…………………………………………………………………28 Figure 5.2: Backflow of urine into urinal…………………………………………………………..28 Figure 5.3: P-trap in the urine line accumulates urine to produce smell…………...………………32 Figure 5.4: Contents of faeces at the compost yard…………….………………………………….34 Figure 5.5: Backflow of water from kitchen through the vent pipe to the ground as a result of blocked pipe………………………….………………………………….35 Table Table 2.1: Estimated excretion of nutrients per capita in different countries……...………………19 IX Abbreviations ANC African National Congress COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions CUP Comprehensive Urban Planning DWAF Department of Water Affairs and Forestry Ecosan Ecological Sanitation IDP Integrated Development Plan RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme SABS South African Bureau of Standards SACP South African Communist Party Sida Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency SEI
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