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Siobhan Talbott Phd Thesis

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Siobhan Talbott Phd Thesis AN ALLIANCE ENDED? : FRANCO-SCOTTISH COMMERCIAL RELATIONS, 1560- 1713 Siobhan Talbott A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2011 Full metadata for this item is available in Research@StAndrews:FullText at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1999 This item is protected by original copyright This item is licensed under a Creative Commons License AN ALLIANCE ENDED?: Franco-Scottish Commercial Relations, 1560-1713 Siobhan Talbott Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History University of St Andrews August 2010 ABSTRACT This thesis explores the commercial links between Scotland and France in the long seventeenth century, with a focus on the Scottish mercantile presence in France’s Atlantic ports. This study questions long-held assumptions regarding this relationship, asserting that the ‘Auld Alliance’ continued throughout the period, despite the widely held belief that it ended in 1560. Such assumptions have led scholars largely to ignore the continuing commercial relationship between Scotland and France in the long seventeenth century, focusing instead on the ‘golden age’ of the Auld Alliance or the British relationship with France in the eighteenth century. Such assumptions have been fostered by the methodological approaches used in the study of economic history to date. While I acknowledge the relevance of traditional quantitative approaches to economic history, such as those pioneered by T. C. Smout and which continue to be followed by historians such as Philipp Rössner, I follow alternative methods that have been recently employed by scholars such as Henriette de Bruyn Kops, Sheryllynne Haggerty, Xabier Lamikiz, Allan Macinnes and Steve Murdoch. These scholars have pioneered methodologies that prioritise private sources, allowing us to delve into the motivations and actions of the individuals who actually effected trade, be they merchants, factors, skippers or manufacturers. The core of my research has therefore entailed the discovery and use of previously untapped archival material including account books, letter books and correspondence, which illuminate the participation of these individuals in international trade. Such a study, while filling a specific gap in our understanding of Scotland’s overseas relations, applies a more social methodology to this topic, suggesting that scholars’ approaches need to be fundamentally altered if we are truly to understand the whole picture of Scotland’s, or indeed any nation’s, commercial relationships or wider economic position. 2 DECLARATIONS I, Siobhan Talbott, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 80,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2007 and as a candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in September 2007; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2007 and 2010. Date Signature of candidate I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date Signature of supervisor In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. I also understand that the title and the abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that my thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use unless exempt by award of an embargo as requested below, and that the library has the right to migrate my thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. I have obtained any third-party copyright permissions that may be required in order to allow such access and migration, or have requested the appropriate embargo below: The following is an agreed request by candidate and supervisor regarding the publication of this thesis and has been approved by the Faculty of Arts and Divinity: Restricted access to all of the hard copy of this thesis, which will be made available only with the consent of the Head of School, for a fixed period of three years and embargo on all of the electronic copy for the same fixed period of three years. Date Signature of Candidate Signature of Supervisor 3 CONTENTS Abstract 2 Declarations 3 Contents 4 Acknowledgements 6 Stylistic Conventions 7 Abbreviations 9 List of Tables 11 List of Figures 12 INTRODUCTION 13 ‘The onset of the Protestant Reformation [in Scotland] shattered Scotland’s close relationship with France (enshrined in the ‘Auld Alliance’)’ PART I: PEACE AND PROSPERITY CHAPTER ONE 26 ‘In consideration of the ancient confederation’: Legislation and Alliance, 1560-1713 CHAPTER TWO 63 ‘My prettie cap and brave big gooseberries’: Commodities and Methods of Trading CHAPTER THREE 83 ‘His individual interest and that of the nation are opposed’: Merchants and Commercial Networks 4 PART II: CONFLICT AND COMMERCE INTRODUCTION 122 ‘If commerce had to accommodate itself to war, it is equally true that in certain circumstances war had to accommodate itself to commerce’ CHAPTER FOUR 124 ‘Civill War ruines Trade faster than any other’: Domestic Conflict and Continuation of Commerce, 1560-c.1660 CHAPTER FIVE 156 ‘The outbreak of war between the King’s majestie and the Kingdome of France’: International Conflict and Continuation of Commerce I, 1627-1667 CHAPTER SIX 180 ‘I will trade to France, in spite of anybody’: International Conflict and Continuation of Commerce II, 1688-1713 CONCLUSION 203 ‘The said privileges [are] still in vigour’ Appendices 210 Bibliography 222 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I am pleased to acknowledge the financial support of a number of institutions, without whom this thesis would not have been written: the Arts and Humanities Research Council, the Burnwynd Local History Foundation, the Russell Trust and the Faculty of Arts at the University of St Andrews. I would like to thank Steve Murdoch, my supervisor, for getting me into this in the first place. Without his unwavering support and encouragement, not only through three years of doctoral research but also during my undergraduate and masters degrees, my life would have taken a very different course – and I’ve never liked Mars Bars. As anyone who has undertaken prolonged periods of research, whether domestically or internationally, will know, it can be both daunting and lonely. I would therefore like to thank the following people for providing accommodation, support, advice or fun-filled distractions: Lesley Graham (Bordeaux), Zoë Frayne, Graeme Kemp, Joanna Milstein, Marianne Stewart and Malcolm Walsby (Paris); Sophie Casays (Rouen); Kathrin Zickermann (Edinburgh) and Henry and Adrienne Sullivan (Glasgow). The research for this thesis has been undertaken in a number of archives throughout Britain, France and in the United States of America. I would like to thank all of the staff at these archives that assisted me, both remotely and in person. In particular, special thanks must go to staff at: the National Archives of Scotland, especially Stuart MacMillan, Aberdeen City Archives, the Archives Départementales de la Gironde, the Archives Municipales de Bordeaux, the Archives Départementales de la Charente- Maritime and the Archives Départementales de la Loire-Atlantique. There are many colleagues who have contributed, in both large and small ways, to my academic career to date, and the following in particular deserve my thanks for various kindnesses: David Dobson, Alexia Grosjean, Adam Marks, Roger Mason, Claire McLoughlin, Guy Rowlands, Christopher Smout, Katie Stevenson and Kathrin Zickermann (St Andrews), Alan MacDonald (Dundee), Allan Macinnes (Strathclyde) and Gordon Pentland (Edinburgh). Such support has been crucial to success, but without some distractions from my merchants I doubt I would have enjoyed this journey as much as I have. Elizabeth Cameron, Andy Drinnon, Naomi Harger, Marian Killip, Adam Marks, Louise Oldridge, Dave Stothard, Beth Tapscott, Isla Woodman and all of the St Andrews Shinty Girls – thank you for reminding me that there is more to life than my PhD, and thanks for all the Sharpies… In particular I would like to thank Louise Taggart for her support, encouragement, advice and friendship over the last eight years. Kenneth Boyd and Jane Money have been a constant source of comfort – probably more than they know – and have ensured that the last year in particular has been both enjoyable and cake-filled. Finally, I would like to thank my family. My parents, Lynda and Rob, have always believed in me, even when I’ve found it hard to believe in myself. There aren’t words to sufficiently express my gratitude to Mark Towsey, my fellow intrepid castler, for being a never-ending source of love, support and encouragement. And for the endless proof- reading. 6 STYLISTIC CONVENTIONS Names of individuals and places discussed in this thesis often appear in inconsistent forms in the sources used. All names that are unambiguous have been rendered as the most commonly used modern version in discussion.1 In quoted sources, they have been left as written. Contemporary spellings in directly quoted French sources have not been modernised. In considering certain European conflicts that are referred to by interchangeable terms, the following terminology has been used: the Dutch War (also known as the Franco-Dutch war) to describe the 1672-1678 conflict and the Nine Years’ War (also known as the War of the League of Augsburg and the War of the Grand Alliance) to describe the 1688-1697 conflict.
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