THEMATIC PAPER Urbanization Table of Contents
List of Tables ...... iii List of Figures ...... iii Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Concept of Urban Area in Bangladesh ...... 1 1.3 Cities and Paurashavas of South West Region ...... 2 1.4 History of Major Cities of South West Region ...... 5 1.4.1 Khulna ...... 5 1.4.2 Faridpur ...... 5 1.4.3 Kushtia ...... 5 1.4.4 Satkhira ...... 5 1.4.5 Jashore ...... 5 1.4.6 Jhenaidah ...... 5 Urbanization in the South West Region ...... 6 2.1 Urban Area with its population in South West Region ...... 6 2.2 Urban Density ...... 9 2.3 Urban Slum ...... 9 2.4 Poverty ...... 9 2.5 Urban Land Use ...... 13 2.6 Housing Structure ...... 16 2.7 Source of Drinking Water and Sanitary Facility ...... 16 2.8 Health Facilities ...... 18 2.9 Waste Management ...... 19 2.9.1 Khulna City Corporation (KCC) ...... 19 2.9.2 Satkhira Municipality ...... 19 2.9.3 Kushtia Munucipality ...... 19 2.9.4 Jhenaidah Munucipality...... 20 2.10 Drainage System ...... 20 2.11 Push and Pull Factors of Migration ...... 21 Urbanization Trend and Challenges ...... 22 3.1 Urban Population Trend ...... 22 3.2 The Anticipated Consequences of Increasing Trend of Urban Population ...... 22
i Relevant Policies, Plans & Programmes ...... 24 4.1 First Perspective Plan (2010-2021) ...... 24 4.2 Seventh Five Year Plan (FY2016-FY2020) ...... 24 4.2.1 Strategies Relevant to Urbanization ...... 24 4.3 Second Perspective Plan (2021-2041) ...... 25 4.4 National Urban Sector Policy 2011 ...... 26 4.4.1 Key objective ...... 26 4.4.2 Major Activities ...... 27 4.5 National Sanitation Strategy 2005 ...... 29 4.5.1 Strategies for Large Cities ...... 30 4.5.2 Strategies for Small and Medium Towns ...... 30 4.5.3 Technologies for Urban Sanitation ...... 30 Institutions/Administrative Bodies of this Region ...... 32 5.1 Khulna Development Authority ...... 32 5.2 Khulna City Corporation ...... 32 5.3 Khulna WASA (Water Supply & Sewerage Authority) ...... 32 5.4 UDD (Urban Development Directorate) ...... 32 5.5 Ongoing and Proposed Projects Related to Urbanization under LGED ...... 33 5.5.1 Khulna Development Authority ...... 33 5.5.2 Khulna City Corporation ...... 33 5.5.3 Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority ...... 34 5.5.4 Faridpur Municipality ...... 34 5.5.5 Satkhira Municipality ...... 34 5.5.6 Meherpur Municipality ...... 34 5.5.7 Other Projects ...... 34 Reference ...... 36
ii List of Tables
Table 1.1: Division, Districts and Cities of South West Region ...... 2 Table 2.1 : Urban and Rural Population of South West Region (District wise, 2001-2011) ...... 7 Table 2.2: Urban Area and Urban Population of South West Region (District wise, 2001- 2011) ...... 7 Table 2.3: Information on Area and Population of Six Major Cities of South West Region 8 Table 2.4: Description of Slums of Khulna Division ...... 9 Table 2.5: Urban Land Use of South West Region (2000-2019) ...... 13 Table 2.4: District wise Users (%) of Different the Source of Drinking Water in 2001 and 2011 ...... 17 Table 2.5: District wise Users (%) of Sanitary Latrines in 2001 and 2011 ...... 18 Table 3.1: Urban Population Trend (2001-2050) ...... 22
List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Paurashavas and Major Cities of South West Region (Study Area) ...... 4 Figure 2.1: Urban Density of the South West Rregion (District wise) ...... 9 Figure 2.2: Percentage of Population (Upper Poverty Line) ...... 11 Figure 2.3: Percentage of Population (Lower Poverty Line) ...... 12 Figure 2.4: Land Use of South West Region (2000) ...... 14 Figure 2.5: Land Use of South West Region (2019) ...... 15 Figure 2.6: Types of housing Structure in Urban Area ...... 16 Figure 2.7: District wise Number of Different Types of Housing Structure in Urban area 16 Figure 2.8: District wise Users (%) of Different the Source of Drinking Water in 2011 . 17 Figure 2.9: District wise Users (%) of Sanitary Latrines in 2011 ...... 18 Figure 2.10: Solid Waste Management Process of Kushtia Municipality ...... 20 Figure 2.11: Push and Pull Factors of Migration ...... 21 Figure 3.1: Urban Population Trend (2001-2050) ...... 22
iii Introduction
1.1 Background Urbanization is a demographic process where an increasing share of the national population lives within urban settlements. It is a continuous process which encompasses all factors underlying the process of economic growth and socio-cultural change. It is regarded as an engine of growth and development in a country. One of them main reasons of urbanization is rural to urban migration especially for developing countries and it results in growth in the size of the urban population and the extent of urban areas. Rural people are compelled to come to city for better livelihood and amenities. However, urbanization has disadvantages caused by rapid and unplanned urban growth resulting in poor infrastructures such as inadequate housing, water and sanitation, transport and health care services. Every country around the world is facing the consequences of urbanization. Like many countries, Bangladesh is experiencing rapid transformation from a dominantly rural-agrarian society to an increasing urban area. The total extent of urban areas in the country is 8868 km2 and the total urban population is 35 million (24% of overall population). There are 506 urban center/areas in Bangladesh including one megacity (Dhaka) and four metropolitan centers (Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi and Sylhet). There are also 25 cities (with population of over 100,000) each and the rest are smaller towns. There are 11 City Corporations and over 322 Paurashavas (municipalities) plus headquarters in each of the upazilas (formerly called thanas) (sub-units of districts) (BBS 2014). The country faces enormous challenges in coping with infrastructure and service requirements for its growing urban population and also combat the resulted pollution (both air and water). However, urbanization is not in same pace in all urban areas of Bangladesh rather there is significant variation in the mega cities compared to other cities. The urbanization in South West Region (mostly coastal region) of Bangladesh is no exception like other areas. The urban areas attract migrants for better livelihood and also climate landless people (due to erosion) who add extra stress on the urban areas. So, new and temporary shelters are being built in each day, which are converting to slums in next day. Unplanned urbanization is being created because of quick expansion of urban area, and various public/utility facilities like electricity, water, transport are being reduced. Thus, this is indeed important to know the extent of urbanization that might cause adverse impact in this region particularly on the Sundarbans, a part of which was designated by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites (Natural) in 1997. In connection with this, this thematic paper discusses the base condition of urbanization and its trends, the resulted challenges (if any) over the people. The paper uses data and analysis published by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) and relevant secondary literature.
1.2 Concept of Urban Area in Bangladesh The definition of urban area used in 1981 continued up to 2001; however, the definition was changed in 2011. Prior to 2011, censuses defined urban areas to include Statistical Metropolitan Areas (SMA - an area consisting of a city and surrounding communities), municipalities, upazila headquarters, growth centers, cantonments and urban agglomerations adjacent to large cities. However, in 2011, the definition of urban area was redefined. SMA growth center and some other urban areas were dropped, and the census considered urban areas to include only city corporations, paurashavas, upazila headquarters and cantonment area. This definitional change has made it difficult to compare intercensal urban growth or patterns (BBS 2014). In Bangladesh urban areas have been classified into six categories according to their functions and sizes: Mega city: a metropolitan area having population of 5 million or more; City corporation: administered by the Ministry of Local Government under the City Corporation Act, 2009; Paurashava/Municipality Area (PSA): includes paurashavas incorporated and administered by local government under the paurashava Ordinance, 1977;
1 Introduction
City: an urban area having population of 1,00,000 and above; Other Urban Area (OUA): includes those upazila headquarters which are not paurashavas. Town: an urban area having population less than 1,00,000. (BBS 2014)
1.3 Cities and Paurashavas of South West Region There are 14 districts in the South West Region under three divisions. According to the 2011 Population and Housing Census, only 43 urban centres in Bangladesh have a population exceeding 100,000. Of these, in the South West Region, there are one city corporation (Khulna City Corporation) and five major cities having population of more than 1,00,000 (Faridpur, Jhenaidah, Jashore, Kushtia and Satkhira).
Table 1.1: Division, Districts and Cities of South West Region
Sl no. Division District Paurashava/city Mathbaria 1 Barisal Pirojpur Pirojpur Swarupkati Bhanga Faridpur Boalmari Faridpur (major city) Gopalganj Kotalipara 2 Dhaka Gopalganj Muksudpur Tungipara Goalanda Rajbari Pangsha Rajbari Bagerhat Bagerhat Monglaort Morrelganj Alamdanga Chuadanga Chuadanga Darshana Jibannagar Bagherpara Banapole (Sharsha) Chaugachha Jashore (major city) Jashore 3 Khulna Jhikargacha Keshabpur Manirampur Abhay Nagar Harinakundu Jhenaidah (major city) Kaliganj Jhenaidah Kotchandpur Maheshpur Sailkupa Chalna Khulna Khulna (major city)
2 Introduction
Sl no. Division District Paurashava/city Paikgaccha Bheramara Khoksa Kushtia Kumarkhalii Kushtia (major city) Mirpur Magura Magura Gangni Meherpur Meherpur Kalia Narail Lohagara Narail Kalarora Satkhira Satkhira (major city) Source: BBS 2014
3 Introduction
Figure 1.1: Paurashavas and Major Cities of South West Region (Study Area)
4 Introduction
1.4 History of Major Cities of South West Region
1.4.1 Khulna The Khulna city is the administrative seat of Khulna District and Khulna Division. Its name derives from a shrine (Khullaneswari temple) on the bank of the river Bhairab just to the east of the present Khulna city. Khulna Municipality was established in 1884 and was reconstituted as a Municipal Committee in accordance with the Municipal Administration Ordinance of 1960. The Municipal Committee at Khulna was replaced by a paurashavas (municipal corporation) in 1972 according to the Bangladesh Local Councils and Municipal Committees (Amendment) Order, 1972. The latter was again renamed/reconstituted as Khulna City Corporation in 1992. It is the largest municipality in the South West Region. The city corporation consists of 31 wards and 200 mahallas (Islamic congregation or parish) (BBS 2014).
1.4.2 Faridpur Faridpur Municipality was established in 1869, is the largest town of Faridpur District in terms of both area and population. Faridpur Municipal Committee was constituted under the Municipal Administration Ordinance, 1960. Subsequently, under the Bangladesh Local Councils and Municipal Committees (Amendment) Order, 1972, the Faridpur Municipal Committee was replaced by the Faridpur paurashava. It covers an area of 19.07 km2. The 2011 census recorded its population as 121,632 (62,144 males and 59,488 females) with a literacy rate of 77.3% (BBS 2014).
1.4.3 Kushtia Kushtia, established in 1960, is the most populous city of Kushtia District. In the past, the area was famous for growing jute (Kushta). Kushtia Municipality was established in 1869. Kushtia Municipality was constituted under the Municipal Administration Ordinance of 1960. It was subsequently converted into a Municipal Committee and then reconstituted as Kushtia Paurashava Municipal Committee under the Bangladesh Local Councils and Municipal Committees (Amendment) Order of 1972 (BBS 2014).
1.4.4 Satkhira Satkhira, was founded as a township in 1889 by Nawab Ali Bordi Khan because of its strategic and commercial importance. It became known as Nawabganj Sathkhira Municipality and is now the biggest city of Satkhira District. A Town Committee was established under Basic Democracies Order of 1959. This was replaced by Satkhira Shahar Committee under the Bangladesh Local Councils and Municipal Committees (Amendment) Order of 1972, and then given the status of Satkhira Paurashava in 1973. The paurashava has 9 wards and 33 mahallah (BBS 2014).
1.4.5 Jashore Jashore Municipality was established in 1964 and is the most populous city of Jashore District. A Municipal Committee was constituted under the provisions of the Municipal Administration Ordinance of 1960. This was replaced by Jashore Municipal Committee under the Bangladesh Local Councils and Municipal Committees (Amendment order, 1972) and subsequently reconstituted as Jashore Paurashava. It is the oldest paurashava of Jashore District (BBS 2014).
1.4.6 Jhenaidah Jhenaida was established in the middle of the Eighteenth Century in an area popular for collecting oysters (Jhinuk) - from the Nabaganga river bed and adjacent khals and beels - and oyster trading. It is now the largest city of Jhenaidah District. Jhenaidah Municipality was established in 1958. A Town Committee was established under the Municipal Administration Ordinance of 1960. This was replaced by Jhenaidah Paurashava under the Bangladesh Local Councils and Municipal Committees (Amendment) Order, 1972. It is the largest paurashava of Jhenaidah District (BBS 2014).
5
Urbanization in the South West Region
2.1 Urban Area with its population in South West Region Total urban area in South West region is 1463.2 sq. km (which is only 5% of total area of this region) (BBS 2014) where the largest cities are Khulna, Bagerhat and Satkhira. Similarly, the urban population represents a small portion of total population (16%) and rest about 84% is rural population. About the literacy rate among 16% urban population was 67% in 2011 and60% in 2001. Table 2.1 shows the rural population coverage of this region. In every districts of this region rural population are too high compared to urban population. From 2001 to 2011, only in Khulna, Bagerhat, Narail and Gopalganj, the rural population has decreased and for rest the population has increased. In last 10 years (2001-2011), total urban area has reduced due to the definitional changes of urban area as stated in section 1.2. Data also shows that total urban population has decreased in this region since urban population of Khulna and Bagerhat Districts decreased significantly which actually reduced the sum total of population of this region (Table 2.1). The urban area and population of six major cities of this region is shown in Table 2.3 (BBS 2014). It is seen in table 2.1 that more than 50% population in Khulna District lives in city area and the urbanization is mostly concentrated in Khulna city corporation area which encompasses most of the urban areas and its population (50 sq. km., near about 50% of total urban area of Khulna). It is obvious that a city attracts population when there are better employment opportunities. There are different types of industries in Khulna City Corporation, the number is significant considering its total area. The types of industries and their numbers are shown below.
Rice mill (49 nos), Jute mill (7nos), Small and cottage industry (68 nos.), Flour mill (33 nos) Saw mill (70 nos.), Bamboo cane industry (11nos) etc. which attracts people for employment opportunities (BBS 2013).
6 Urbanization in the South West Region
Table 2.1 : Urban and Rural Population of South West Region (District wise, 2001-2011)
2001 2011 Districts Urban Rural Urban Rural Khulna 1284208 1540939 777588 1094763 Jhenaidah 230392 1349098 280192 1491112 Satkhira 171614 1693090 197616 1788343 Bagerhat 206554 1342477 195331 1280759 Pirojpur 166970 944098 182631 930626 Faridpur 227471 1528999 271100 1641869 Gopalganj 113133 1052140 128705 1043710 Rajbari 118891 833015 136042 913736 Chuadanga 275484 731646 306157 822858 Magura 105323 718988 120414 798005 Kushtia 214275 1525880 235526 1711312 Meherpur 68154 523282 83393 571999 Jashore 400851 2070703 513552 2250995 Narail 85809 612638 112352 609316 (Source: BBS 2014)
Table 2.2: Urban Area and Urban Population of South West Region (District wise, 2001-2011)
Total area (sq.km) Urban area (sq.km) Urban population Total population Urban population (%) (2011) 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 Khulna 4394.45 4394.46 137.78 341.39 777588 1284208 2318527 2378971 34 Jhenaidah 1964.77 1949.64 147.11 135.18 280192 230392 1771304 1579490 16 Satkhira 3817.29 3858.36 83.48 88.26 197616 171614 1985959 1864704 10 Bagerhat 3959.11 3959.11 109.35 110.38 195331 206554 1476090 1549031 13 Pirojpur 1277.00 1307.00 86.32 89.75 182631 166970 1113257 1111068 16 Faridpur 2052.86 2072.72 116.31 122.65 271100 227471 1912969 1756470 14 Gopalganj 1468.00 1489.00 72.40 75.40 128705 113133 1172415 1165273 11 Rajbari 1092.28 1118.80 56.93 55.80 136042 118891 1049778 951906 13 Chuadanga 1174.00 1177.00 212.43 194.75 306157 275484 1129015 1007130 27
7 Urbanization in the South West Region
Total area (sq.km) Urban area (sq.km) Urban population Total population Urban population (%) (2011) 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 Magura 1039.00 1048.00 58.46 61.82 120414 105323 918419 824311 13 Kushtia 1608.00 1621.00 73.09 74.66 235526 214275 1946838 1740155 12 Meherpur 717.00 717.00 48.47 46.81 83393 68154 655392 591436 13 Jashore 2606.00 2570.00 139.58 127.27 513552 400851 2764547 2471554 19 Narail 967.99 990.00 94.61 81.28 112352 85809 721668 698447 16 Total urban area 28137.75 28272.09 1436.32 1605.4 35,40,599 36,69,129 2,09,36,178 1,96,89,946 17 (Source: BBS 2014)
Table 2.3: Information on Area and Population of Six Major Cities of South West Region
Area (sq. km.) Population (male & female) Major city 1981 1991 2001 2011 1981 1991 2001 2011 Faridpur 9.71 20.23 22.65 19.07 66579 63938 99945 121632 Jashore 21.40 14.72 14.72 14.71 115495 139710 176655 201796 Jhenaidah 10.11 39.63 39.62 44.33 47953 62896 86919 107834 Khulna City Corporation 40.25 70.10 59.57 50.61 561945 663340 770498 663342 Kushtia 10.32 13.31 13.31 13.32 711062 72427 83658 102988 Satkhira 11.33 27.84 36.45 32.39 51919 73105 95181 113322 (Source: BBS 2014)
8 Urbanization in the South West Region
2.2 Urban Density It appears from the data that the urban area and urban population has decreased during year 2001-2011 that shows a negative growth rate in this 10-year period which cannot portray the actual urbanization of this region. Hence, the urban density can be considered as a representative indicator of urbanization in this region. From urban density, it is obvious that there is urbanization (though it is slow). In last 10 years there is an increasing trend in urban density. Urban density is higher in Khulna, Jashore and Kushtia Districts. In Khulna district, the density is 5644 person/sq km which is higher than national urban average density of 3785 person/ sq km. For Jashore and Kushtia the densities are 3,222 person/sq km and 3679 person/sq km respectively.
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2011 2001
Figure 2.1: Urban Density of the South West Rregion (District wise)
(Source: BBS 2014)
2.3 Urban Slum Based on available data, in south west region, there are 1077 slums. Among them more than 500 are in Khulna city corporation area and 188 in Jashore City. According to Census of Slum areas and floating population 2014, most of the people who lives in slums of Khulna city corporation area are rural migrant and came to city due to poverty and in search of job. The basic utility facilities of slums people of Khulna Division are shown in Table.
Table 2.4: Description of Slums of Khulna Division
Item Quantity No of household 45384 Major occupation Business day labor and rickshaw puller Ownership 44% rented and 42% own Housing structure 60% kutcha/tin shed Drinking water sources 91% avail tube well water Latrine facility 45% sanitary 9water sealed and 41% pit) Electricity 83% avail electricity connection (Source BBS 2015)
2.4 Poverty Since data on urban poverty is not available, the entire poverty situation of this region is portrayed here. Considering the upper poverty line by HIES 2016, Head Count Ration (HCR) of incidence of poverty are
9 Urbanization in the South West Region estimated for the region. HCR of poverty provides the basis for estimating the percentage of people living below poverty line (upper/lower) Food poverty line: Cost of acquiring a basic food basket of eleven item and the quantities are scaled according to the nutritional requirement of 2122 k. cal per person per day. Lower poverty line: the extreme poor households whose food expenditure is equal to food poverty line. Upper poverty Line: the moderate poor households whose food expenditure is at the level of food poverty line Using the upper poverty line, the incidence of poverty is above 18.9% (at national level) and in all the districts except Faridpur, and Narail District, it is well above this national urban level. Also in Magura district the poverty incidence is at 57%. Using lower poverty line, HCR of incidence of poverty is estimated at 7.6% (at national urban level). Whereas in this region in most of districts, it is high above 7% except Narail and Faridpur. In Magura it is 37% which is too high (BBS 2019)
10 Urbanization in the South West Region
Figure 2.2: Percentage of Population (Upper Poverty Line)
11 Urbanization in the South West Region
Figure 2.3: Percentage of Population (Lower Poverty Line)
12 Urbanization in the South West Region
2.5 Urban Land Use Urban area is very insignificant in amount in this region as discussed above. An analysis of major land use changes was carried out using LANDSAT satellite images of 2000 and 2019. Built up/urban area was only 11,302 ha (0.43% of total area) in 2000 and by 2019 it became 23,105 (87% of total area) almost doubled from 2000. Though it is small in percentage but there is an increasing trend of built-up area.
Table 2.5: Urban Land Use of South West Region (2000-2019) Area in Area in Area in Area in Land Use Land Use Sl. Class Name 2000 (ha) 2000 (%) 2019 (ha) 2019 (%) Changes (ha) Changes (%) 1 Aquaculture 114146 4.31 294367 11.12 180220 6.806 2 Artificial Surfaces 286 0.01 1120 0.04 835 0.032 3 Baor 8687 0.33 4720 0.18 -3967 -0.150 4 Brickfield 1710 0.06 5540 0.21 3830 0.145 5 Built-Up Non-Linear 11302 0.43 23105 0.87 11803 0.446 6 Cultivated Trees 17179 0.65 24797 0.94 7618 0.288 7 Herb Dominated Area 3160 0.12 5281 0.20 2121 0.080 8 Herbaceous Crops 1252454 47.30 1053060 39.77 -199394 -7.531 9 Mangrove Forest 398601 15.05 395707 14.94 -2893 -0.109 10 Mangrove Plantation 659 0.02 601 0.02 -58 -0.002 Mud Flats or Intertidal 11 7144 0.27 3805 0.14 -3339 -0.126 Area 12 Perennial Beels/Haors 5566 0.21 1543 0.06 -4024 -0.152 13 Ponds 316 0.01 1435 0.05 1119 0.042 14 Rivers and Khals 273727 10.34 281009 10.61 7282 0.275 15 Rural Settlement 542884 20.50 544099 20.55 1215 0.046 16 Sand 9966 0.38 7598 0.29 -2368 -0.089 Total 26,47,789 26,47,789
13 Urbanization in the South West Region
Figure 2.4: Land Use of South West Region (2000)
14 Urbanization in the South West Region
Figure 2.5: Land Use of South West Region (2019)
15 Urbanization in the South West Region
2.6 Housing Structure The housing structures in urban areas is almost in same proportion for Pucca, Semi pucca and Jhupri. The distribution (district wise) is shown in figure 2.7. It is seen that kutcha houses are good in number compared to other types.
3%
29% 35%
33%
Pucca Semi pucca Kutcha Jhupri
Figure 2.6: Types of housing Structure in Urban Area
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000 Number Pucca 20000 Semi 10000 Kutcha 0
District
Figure 2.7: District wise Number of Different Types of Housing Structure in Urban area
2.7 Source of Drinking Water and Sanitary Facility Tube well was the main source of drinking water in all the districts in 2011 (table 2.6). The number has decreased from 2001 since, people are using tap water for drinking purpose. Though the number of tap water users is less than that of tube well in 2011 however, there is an increasing trend of tap water user. For example, in Satkhira the tap water user was 19% in 2001 and in 2011 it was 35%. In contrast the tube well water user decreased in last 10 years. It is indeed a positive change and imply that urban people are gradually availing tap water.
16 Urbanization in the South West Region
Table 2.4: District wise Users (%) of Different the Source of Drinking Water in 2001 and 2011
District 2011 (in %) 2001 (in %) Tap Tube well Others Tap Tube well Others Khulna 4.95 92.75 2.3 4.67 93.96 1.37 Jhenaidah 14.05 84.15 1.8 10.98 86.61 2.42 Satkhira 34.42 58.92 6.66 19.05 72.75 6.21 Bagerhat 32.52 34.82 32.66 28.3 42.44 29.16 Pirojpur 20 67 13 20 71 9 Faridpur 18 81 2 7 92 3 Gopalganj 49 48 5 17 73 11 Rajbari 5 93 3 2 96 4 Chuadanga 10 89 2 8 89 4 Magura 10 90 2 11 88 3 Kushtia 11 88 3 6 91 4 Meherpur 22 77 3 11 86 5 Jashore 4 96 0.5 6 89 5 Narail 6 93 1 4 93 3 (Source: BBS 2013)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Tap Tubewell Others
(Source: BBS 2013) Figure 2.8: District wise Users (%) of Different the Source of Drinking Water in 2011
Similarly, users of sanitary latrine have drastically increased in last ten years. On an average sanitary latrine user have increased from 58% to 79% during 2001-2011. By 2020 it will be 90% coverage
17 Urbanization in the South West Region
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
sanitary Non sanitary
Figure 2.9: District wise Users (%) of Sanitary Latrines in 2011
Table 2.5: District wise Users (%) of Sanitary Latrines in 2001 and 2011 2011 2001 District Sanitary Non-Sanitary Sanitary Non-Sanitary Khulna 87.07 12.15 76.14 21.54 Jhenaidah 69.88 26.86 44.35 37.61 Satkhira 73.79 24.72 70.04 22.66 Bagerhat 87.85 11.51 44.12 51.34 Pirojpur 86 14 65 35 Faridpur 87 13 77 20 Gopalganj 91 9 69 25 Rajbari 84 16 57 37 Chuadanga 59 38 36 43 Magura 83 17 48 44 Kushtia 78 21 70 23 Meherpur 63 34 24 34 Jashore 80 20 69 25 Narail 79 21 57 33 (Source: BBS 2013)
2.8 Health Facilities The city dwellers are getting health services from numerous public and private based organizations. In Khulna city corporation area there are 2222 nos of health facilities which include hospital, clinics, pharmacies, diagnostic centers, delivery hut, doctor’s chamber, blood bank, EPI centers etc. All the facilities are governing either public or privately (Uddin 2016). In Satkhira municipality there is no hospital, clinic, maternity center and family planning center of its own. But it provides the medical facilities including EPI program with the collaboration of Civil Surgeon's Office in accordance to the governments' direction. In rest of the major cities health facilities are available. In Jhenaidah city there is 6 government hospital and in Kushtia city total 85 nos of health facilities exist including both government, private and municipality operated.
18 Urbanization in the South West Region
2.9 Waste Management
Waste management is indeed a crucial part to keep pace with increased population, development in the urban areas. The influx of people into the city has put additional stress on the existing waste management. Precisely, the urban waste management system in this region is not satisfactory which is indeed a threat for increased urban population and for the environment. In the following section the existing waste management of major cities of this region are discussed.
2.9.1 Khulna City Corporation (KCC) There are two types of solid waste collection systems that are presently utilized in KCC: Conventional System. The households carry their wastes to the nearest roadside bins or similar facilities provided by KCC. KCC then collects the deposited wastes and transfer them to the final disposal site at regular intervals. Community Based Door-to-Door Collection System. Waste collector collects wastes from houses every day and put in a rickshaw van, and then takes the collected wastes to a nearby transfer point. The collector gets a monthly fee from every household. The wastes are then transported from the transfer point to the final disposal site by KCC trucks. It is estimated that on average 450 Metric Tons of wastes are being generated daily in KKC. Food and vegetable waste make up 78.9% of the waste stream, or almost four fifths of all the generated waste. There are more than 129 hospitals, private clinics and pathological laboratories in the city. Of these, 5 are government hospitals, 59 are private clinics with more than 2,000 beds, and 65 are other types of pathological laboratories and diagnostic centers. It is estimated that the generation rate for medical waste is 0.25 kg/bed/day and the total generated amount is about 500 kilograms per day. Which is only around 1% of the total solid waste generation in KCC. Only 10%-25% of the hospital waste is infectious or hazardous. The lack of effective segregation tends to mix medical wastes with domestic wastes at any one point from collection to disposal. This gives rise to the risk of infections among solid waste management personnel, including the spread of diseases due to improper handling of the medical wastes (LGED 2019).
Final Waste Disposal in Khulna City Corporation Khulna City Corporation has two existing dumpsites that are being operated by KCC. The bigger dumpsite is located at Rajbandh-1, which is around 7 km away from the city center and along the Khulna-Satkhira road. The Rajbandh-1 dumpsite has an area of approximately 8.1 hectares (ha). The other dumpsite is also located near Rajbandh-1 dumpsite and tagged as Rajbandh-2 dumpsite. Rajbandh-2 dumpsite has an area of around 2 ha. Medical wastes are disposed at Rajbandh-2 dumpsite. (LGED 2019).
2.9.2 Satkhira Municipality The municipality collects solid waste from the dustbin, placed at different important locations of the municipality area. It has 2 trucks and 2 rickshaw-vans to collect this waste. The municipality has no dumping station presently, but the establishment of it is under process. The current coverage of this facility is 50% of the municipal area and the collected waste is about 10 tons which is only 25% of the total production.
2.9.3 Kushtia Munucipality Kushtia Municipality is the 1st municipality in Bangladesh wherein recycling of solid waste and fecal sludge was introduced. Every day around 50 tons solid waste is generated and on an average 20 tons are collected. The maximum inhabitants of the municipality have less awareness about disposal and segregation of wastes. Many people dispose their solid wastes into drain, waterbodies, and on road etc. in lieu of giving to waste collecting van.12000 liters fecal sludge are collected every day. At present 2 secondary transfer stations are available and only one landfill site is available. The fecal sludge and organic solid wastes are
19 Urbanization in the South West Region processed and turned in fertilizer in the composting plant. The inorganic solid wastes are dumped into the nearby landfill site (Kader et al 2019).
Figure 2.10: Solid Waste Management Process of Kushtia Municipality
2.9.4 Jhenaidah Munucipality In Jhenaidah municipal area, about 37.168 tons of wastes are generated daily and to store the wastes only 42 numbers of community bins are used. As the numbers of community bins were few and distributed haphazardly without any planning, residents have no other alternatives rather than to deposit the wastes along the roadsides and in the open drains. The urban local body use RCC bins and metallic containers to store the wastes and 144 numbers of workers are engaged to handle the waste management task. The sweeping crew collects the wastes from roadsides and deposit it in the nearby community bins by using tricycles. To transfer wastes three types of vehicle is used such as Mini truck, Van and Trolley. Collected wastes are finally disposed by simply dumping and land-filling processes. The dumping site is located about 6.6Kilometers away from the town. The final waste dumping site is about 0.0182 square Kilometers in area. Open air burning and unscientific land filling of wastes not only causes air pollution but also contamination of ground and surface water in the nearby location. (Ahmed and Chakrabarti 2018).
2.10 Drainage System There is no sewerage system in Khulna. In Khulna city, natural drainage system is continuously being encroached due to population growth and unplanned development. Natural drains are now being filled up for developing residential area, uncontrolled and haphazard disposal of solid wastes and garbage etc. In last 10 years, the area of natural drains has decreased by 6%. disappearance of natural drainage system is one of the major causes of water logging. In 1973, around 6,279 hectares (ha) of land in Khulna, Jashore, and Satkhira were waterlogged, and the amount rose to 47,143ha in 2016, said the research report prepared by the Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization (SPARRSO) (The Daily Star 2017). In maximum slums of Khulna, drainage systems are poor, and these slums are in low-lying area. Sometimes urban runoff mixes with sewage due to overflowing of latrines and sewers and causing pollution and a wide range of problems associated with waterborne diseases in these low-lying areas. In rainy season maximum
20 Urbanization in the South West Region roads of Khulna go under knee deep water which results in disruption on traffic movement and introduces traffic jam in city area. As a result, people loss their valuable time on road. Most of the coastal towns/cities lack sewerage system and are dependent on the septic tank systems where the effluent is released untreated into the nearby drains and low-lying areas. The untreated industrial effluent is also being released in the river and its distributaries. The coastal topography makes it more important to have proper drainage, sewerage and storm water system at places to avoid accumulation of water and associated hazards.
2.11 Push and Pull Factors of Migration There are pushing and pulling factors for migration. The pushing factors are those which lead populations to leave their origins and pulling factors are those which attract to catch this population. Disaster induced migration is responsible for growing slums in the cities, especially in this region. Based on literature the following figure show the push and pull factors of migration into urban areas of this region.
Push Factor
Loss of agriculture land Poverty
Structural damage Loss of livelihood Frequency of disaster Natural disasters Loan Pressure Migration decision Flood, cyclone, erosion, salinity Pull factor
Slum settlements in city Good working opportunities Better livelihood No suffering from disaster
Figure 2.11: Push and Pull Factors of Migration
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Urbanization Trend and Challenges
3.1 Urban Population Trend Considering the national urban average growth rate of 1.38 percent, the population has been projected up to 2050. Population will nearly be doubled in 2040 in every district. Accordingly, the population density and population growth will also increase.
Table 3.1: Urban Population Trend (2001-2050) Districts 2001 2011 2020 2030 2040 2050 Khulna 1284208 777588 879671 1008888 1157087 1327054 Jhenaidah 230392 280192 316976 363537.5 363537 416939 Satkhira 171614 197616 223559 256398.5 256399 294062 Bagerhat 206554 195331 220974 253433.9 253434 290661 Pirojpur 166970 182631 206607 236956.1 236956 271763 Faridpur 227471 271100 306690 351741 351741 403409 Gopalganj 113133 128705 145602 166989.4 166989 191519 Rajbari 118891 136042 153902 176508.8 176509 202437 Chuadanga 275484 306157 346350 397226 397226 455576 Magura 105323 120414 136222 156232.2 156232 179182 Kushtia 214275 235526 266446 305585.2 305585 350473 Meherpur 68154 83393 94341 108199 108199 124093 Jashore 400851 513552 580972 666312.4 666312 764189 Narail 85809 112352 127102 145772 145772 167185
7000000
6000000
5000000
4000000
3000000
2000000
1000000
0
2001 2011 2020 2030 2040 2050
Figure 3.1: Urban Population Trend (2001-2050)
3.2 The Anticipated Consequences of Increasing Trend of Urban Population It appears from the projection that the current pace of urbanization in this region is not drastic rather a bit slow compared to other cities of Bangladesh. But, in reality the situation might change and certainly pose several challenges whether heavy or light. Already in this region as a whole poverty condition is not at good shape as seen from section 2.3. It can be assumed that limited access to land in cities, and the increasing
22 Urbanization Trend and Challenges cost of food, water, electricity, transport, housing, education and healthcare- all will contribute to urban poverty. By 2050 the population in urban areas of this region will be doubled than 2011 as stated before and impact of urbanization over poverty is certain. Actually urbanization will directly affect the rural poverty as it generates new opportunities for rural workers. It also entails indirect positive effects in rural communities. The development of urban areas/ increased urban population means an increase in the demand of agricultural products and other products from rural areas, which fosters economic growth and alleviates rural poverty. On the other hand, the effects of urbanization on urban poverty is different. As cities develop, dramatic increases in utility services, basic needs, housing, which often displaces poorer city-dwellers who cannot afford to live in the area anymore. If planned urbanization can be achieved, then it can reduce urban poverty. If the urbanization is unplanned than inequality would develop and urban poverty will increase. Gentrification is the face of one of the most insidious effects of urbanization on poverty. It means “the physical, social, economic, and cultural phenomenon whereby working-class or inner-city neighborhoods are converted into more affluent communities, resulting in increased property values and the outflow of poorer residents”. This hikes rents prices and draws out older residents, who are pushed again and again into undesirable areas. This and other problems like poor urban infrastructure, insufficient housing and weak city management causes the birth of slums (Richmond Valey Academy 2016). Many people will be compelled to live in slums and poor houses with no basic facilities. Larger population leads to more poverty and worsens the environment creating a vicious circle. To ensure that the benefits of urbanization are fully shared and inclusive, policies to manage urban growth need to ensure access to infrastructure and social services for all, focusing on the needs of the urban poor and other vulnerable groups for housing, education, health care, decent work and a safe environment.
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Relevant Policies, Plans & Programmes
It is indeed important to know what the national plan/policies/programmes are mentioning about urbanization. It will give an indication whether the existing urbanization is in line with the national legislation and how to shape future urbanization to avoid/minimize any significant impact over the environment, society and economy. So, three policy/plan and strategy are discussed here which intensely focused on urbanization but none of them is clearly/specially prepared for South West region rather focus is on entire Bangladesh.
4.1 First Perspective Plan (2010-2021) The “Perspective Plan of Bangladesh (2010-2021): is a strategic expression of the development vision, mission, and goals of the Government in achieving a prosperous Bangladesh in 2021. The expectation is that by 2021, the war against poverty will have been won, the country will have crossed the middle-income threshold, with the basic needs and facilities of the population ensured. This plan addressed different developments issues and one of them is urbanization. One of the significant features of urbanization in Bangladesh is the predominance of a few metropolitan centers resulting in an uneven distribution of urban population in the country. This plan proposed different urban development programs that cover spatial, economic, social, cultural, aesthetic and environmental aspects of urban life. These programs are based on policies and strategies related to pattern and process of urbanization, governance, economic development, environmental management, housing transportation, Land Management and Planning, infrastructure, poverty etc.
4.2 Seventh Five Year Plan (FY2016-FY2020) The Vision 2021 and the associated Perspective Plan 2010-2021 have set solid development targets for Bangladesh by the end of 2021. Along with higher per capita income, Vision 2021 lays down a development scenario where citizens will have a higher standard of living, will be better educated, will face better social justice, will have a more equitable socio-economic environment, and the sustainability of development will be ensured through better protection from climate change and natural disasters. Development priorities of the Perspective Plan are the foundation based on which specific strategies are developed over the period of two five-year plans (Sixth and Seventh Five Year Plans). Importantly, the 7th FYP, spanning fiscal years 2016-2020, begins with the country having entered the ranks of middle-income countries. The 7th Plan centers on three themes: GDP growth acceleration, employment generation and rapid poverty reduction. A broad-based strategy of inclusiveness with a view to empowering every citizen to participate fully in the development process and receive benefit from it. A sustainable development pathway that is resilient to disaster and climate change; entails sustainable use of natural resources; and successfully manages the inevitable urbanization transition.
4.2.1 Strategies Relevant to Urbanization
Urban Governance Strategies Reforming the urban local government and municipal by resource, power and responsibilities Ensuring transparency in budget planning, policymaking, law enforcement, development report preparation for a good urban governance.
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Urban Housing Strategies Creating a record system for land and house markets as per demand of different folks to support the mobilization of the sector Creating better access to housing finance through reforms in land administration, regulatory environment and financial sector Safeguarding health, safety, welfare and improved living environment by giving adequate and affordable basic infrastructure, materials and technology.
Urban Transportation Strategies By making public transport safe and affordable so that mass people can use it as an excellent alterative of private transports, thus traffic will be reduced By taking NMT on account of plan By creating proper linkage via good transport system in between urban and metropolitan area to reduce the pressure on city land. Reforming existing infrastructure institutions along with prioritizing infrastructure related all projects
Strategies for Reduction of Urban Poverty Ensuring unpolluted environment and proper sanitation for under privileged people Making proper zoning system for urban poor people Helping the urban poor by improving the slums, giving easy loans, social protection and capacity building trainings.
Impact of Plan The seventh five-year plan suggests strategies about the most important development area of urban sector. All these tend to provide positive impact over the environment and society however it may put some cost while implementing.
4.3 Second Perspective Plan (2021-2041) The ‘Vision 2041’ has been adopted in line of ‘Vision 2021’ which aims to end absolute poverty and to be graduated into higher middle-income status by 2031, becoming a developed nation by 2041. The Perspective Plan 2021-2041 has been prepared to translate the policies and programmes enshrined in the Vision 2041 into development strategies. The institutional basis of this plan is fourfold, such as, good governance, democratization, decentralization and capacity building. The main beneficiary will be the people of Bangladesh and they will be the key driving force of growth and transformation. Given the historical positive correlation between urbanization and development, it is natural to expect a major transformation of the Bangladesh urban sector as an essential part of the strategy to transfer to a high-income economy. Consistent with global experience, the urban sector will lead the way to the journey to upper-middle-income country status by FY2031 and eventually to high income-economy by FY2041. The characteristics of urban Bangladesh in 2041 will be like the urban environment found in present-day high- income economies.
PP2041 Vision for Urban Sector: Have an economy where some 80 percent of the population lives in urban areas and enjoys a quality of life that is comparable to North America, Europe and Asia. All cities will be flood-free with proper drainage, modern sewerage and proper waste management. An urban social structure where there is no incidence of absolute poverty, there are no slums and every household has a basic minimum housing quality.
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An urban service industry that provides quality urban infrastructure and urban services on demand and in good quality. An urban governance structure that is elected by the residents, is responsive to the needs of the residents and is largely self-financing.
4.4 National Urban Sector Policy 2011 Urbanization process in Bangladesh has witnessed an improved health status of the urban people. National Urban Sector Policy has been launched in 2011 with the cooperation of Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development Cooperatives. The country has also achieved notable recognition in improving general health status compared to many of its neighboring countries in South Asia, in terms of reduced maternal mortality, reduced under-5 mortality, reduced infant mortality rate. This policy mainly covers spatial, economic, social, cultural, aesthetic and environmental aspects of urban life. It is gender sensitive and friendly to children, the aged and the disadvantaged. In spite of all the good outcomes, there are many challenges such as setting the urban vision, urban governance and transport strategies, strategies for access to urban housing and land, urban services delivery mechanisms, strategies for reduction of urban poverty, ensuring local recognition as well as sense of citizenship of the marginalized group.
4.4.1 Key objective To strengthen the beneficial aspects of urbanization and at the same time effectively deal with its negative consequences so as to achieve sustainable urbanization; To create a decentralized and participatory process of urban development in which the central government, the local government, the private sector, the civil society and the people all have their roles to play. To achieve freedom from hunger and poverty; To develop capacity to live a healthy life; To ensure access to education, shelter, and basic services, and a secure and livable environment at home and at the workplace. To ensure regionally balanced urbanization through decentralized development and hierarchically structured urban system; To facilitate economic development, employment generation, reduction of inequality and poverty eradication through appropriate regulatory frameworks and infrastructure provisions; To ensure optimum utilization of land resources and meet increased demand for housing and urban services through public-private and other partnerships; To protect, preserve and enhance the urban environment, particularly water bodies; To devolve authority at the local urban level and strengthen local governments through appropriate powers, resources and capabilities so that these can take effective responsibility for a wide range of planning, infrastructure provision, service delivery and regulatory functions. To involve all sectors of the community, including women and the poor, in participatory decision-making and implementation processes. To ensure social justice and inclusion by measures designed to increase the security of poor people through their access to varied livelihood opportunities, secure tenure and basic affordable services. To take into account particular needs of women, men, children, youth, the elderly and the disabled in developing policy responses and implementation. To assure health, safety and security of all citizens through multifaceted initiatives to reduce crime and violence.
26 Relevant Policies, Plans & Programmes
To protect, preserve and enhance the historical and cultural heritage of cities and enhance their aesthetic beauty. To develop and implement urban management strategies and governance arrangements for enhancing complementary roles of urban and rural areas in sustainable development; and To ensure good governance by enhancing transparency and establishing accountability To create a decentralized and participatory process of urban development in which the central government, the local government, the private sector, the civil society where all the people have their roles to play, this policy pointed certain activities required for planned urbanization with due respect to environment society sand economy.
4.4.2 Major Activities
Patterns and process of urbanization
Define urban areas, decentralize urbanization, guide migration to balance urbanization, set the hierarchy and label all urban centers.
Local urban planning Capacity building of both community and local governments. Urban structure planning/ master planning, detail area planning, Develop action plan to identify priorities in different sectors and propose projects to address these priorities on the basis of selected or agreed criteria;
Local economic development and employment Investment support to small, medium micro enterprises. Vocational/technical learning programme grants for development and maintenance of infrastructure and service. Provide access to formal capital for small business firms;
Urban local finance and resource mobilization Provide an enabling financial environment for local bodies to mobilize resources and develop innovative strategies for financially profitable ventures; Strengthen local government bodies.
Urban land management Protect sensitive land resources; Manage hazard-prone lands Conserve open space; Provide greater opportunities for recreation and meet the minimum needs of aquifer recharge; Protect heritage structures, and archaeological and cultural sites; Control excessive urban sprawl and manage prime agricultural land; Formulation of land information system, land market assessment regulations, efficient and transparent land record and registration system etc.; Increasing the supply of land for the poor; Land use zoning; Special schemes to develop land for housing the LIG and the poor.
27 Relevant Policies, Plans & Programmes
Urban housing Creating efficient housing market; Facilitating community-based production of housing; Mobilizing sources of finance; Facilitating rental housing.
Urban poverty and slum improvement Develop appropriate building materials and technologies; Housing for the poor and slum improvement. Upgrading/Improvement of slums and resettlement of slum dweller; Ensuring tenure security; Creating special zones for low income settlement and regularization of tenable informal settlements; Improving access to infrastructure services.
Urban environmental management Provision of complimentary services. A combination of safe and sufficient water supply, sanitation, and storm drainage with the provision of primary healthcare and emergency services Recycling through imposing user fees for waste disposal, and formalizing the function of scavengers, to reduce the cost of solid waste management.
Infrastructure and services
Provision of urban infrastructure and services, infrastructure investment,
Urban transportation Provision of transport services; including for the informal sector; Developing public transport alternatives. Strengthening linkages with cities and towns around metropolitan areas.
Health and education Ensure implementation of universal free and compulsory education at primary level and free secondary education for girls; Arrangement for primary, non-formal and vocational education with special programmes for women; Provision of free primary healthcare for the underserved population. Designate zones/areas for clinics, hospitals and health sector related infrastructure. Organize awareness and advocacy programmes for education expansion.
Social structure Protection of rights of all social and religious groups within the urban administrative boundaries.
Gender concerns Formulation of gender sensitive urban planning and management strategies. Involve women in government local bodies, employment opportunities for women.
28 Relevant Policies, Plans & Programmes
Urban children, aged, the disabled and the scavengers Improve social, educational, and health services and housing for children. Physical planning of cities and buildings for the disabled. Provide shelter for street children, scavengers, aged and the disabled.
Urban recreation, playground, park, open spaces and graveyards Ensure planned and equitable distribution of playgrounds and parks. Plan for adequate number, size and location of graveyards and provision for burning ghats in all urban areas.
Cultural and aesthetic development Physical improvement and beautification programmes; Measures to reflect the inherent culture and tradition of city people and preserve them from extinction.
Rural-urban linkage
Provide better infrastructure, regional planning for integrated urban and rural development.
Law and order Review existing laws for combating social unrest and enact law and adopt prevention measures through police and special system for crime prevention and personal safety in urban areas. Legislation Enact proper laws for town and country management; Implement Acts and Codes and timely update of the mechanism.
Urban governance Capacity building of Local Government Services, reformation of urban governance, restructuring the Local Government Ministry Urban Research, Training and Information: Support Support urban research and relevant institutes by providing fund and facilities.
Impact The activates that the policy mentioned will certainly improve urban area with better facilities, increase employment opportunities, but it may trigger rural to urban migration, mass pollution may result in as consequences of infrastructure development, create pressure on utility facilities. In addition, it will change land use and wetland degradation may occur due to infrastructure development that might put the cities at the risk of flood and water logging.
4.5 National Sanitation Strategy 2005 Sanitation has received international attention in recent times. The linkage in between sanitation and poverty is often overlooked. However, Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives in 2005 has taken the initiative of National Sanitation Strategy. Having the basic objectives of providing an affordable and sustainable sanitation and hygiene service to all communities through inter-agency collaboration and community participation with special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations. The Nation Sanitation Strategy is to achieve 100% sanitation coverage by 2010. The challenging target is much ahead of the MDGs. The government has already taken the initiatives to achieve the national sanitation target in collaboration with development partners and NGOs. To achieve
29 Relevant Policies, Plans & Programmes the goal of 100% sanitation by the year 2010, the focus of strategies shall be on the following 6 major areas of concern:
Open defecation Hardcore poor remaining unserved Use of unhygienic (hanging/open) latrines Lack of hygiene practice Urban sanitation Solid waste and household wastewater disposal not duly addressed
4.5.1 Strategies for Large Cities One of the major problems in large cities is lack of services to slum dwellers. This leaves a large section of urban population without sanitation services. To extend sanitation service to slums the following strategies will be adopted: Service provision should be delinked from land tenureship to allow the utilities to extend their services to the slums. Public-private-community partnership be promoted for effective sanitation service delivery to slums. It is proposed that partnership be forged between public utilities/LGIs, NGOs/private sector and slum dwellers to set up and manage community sanitation solutions in all slums. Effective coordination between city planning authorities, city corporations and public utilities must be established in order to ensure appropriate sanitation service delivery. Adequate public toilet facilities be constructed at places where people congregate such as railway stations, bus stations, river stations, parks, markets and other public places. City Corporations should build these facilities and be leased out to NGOs/private sector for better operation under a public-private partnership arrangement.
4.5.2 Strategies for Small and Medium Towns New service delivery mechanism needs to be established through effective partnership among communities, municipalities, private sector and NGOs. A sanitation cell within each municipality will take the initiative to plan, monitor and coordinate all the sanitation programmes including solid waste and wastewater disposal facilities in respective municipal service area. Private sector investment be encouraged for installation, operation, and management of public/community sanitation facilities.
4.5.3 Technologies for Urban Sanitation Low cost technology options are much better than long absence of high cost sophisticated solutions. Sewage treatment technologies with greater emphasis on resources recovery and recycling must be given top priority in improving urban sanitation situation. Emphasis should be on less energy intensive technologies e.g. constructed wetland, oxidation ditch, extended aeration, stabilization ponds, etc. Appropriate desludging of septic tanks and pit latrines must be enforced and effluent disposed of in a proper manner. Sludge emptying services by City Corporations and Paurashavas must be in place. Multiple technology options must be considered including decentralized wastewater management option. Medium cost sewerage technologies should be developed based on simplified or modified conventional sewerage technology, particularly for small and medium townships.
30 Relevant Policies, Plans & Programmes
Low-cost appropriate technology (e.g. twin pit, eco-sanitation) should be promoted in peri- urban areas as well as in other small to medium sized urban centers where feasible. Institutional arrangement for urban sanitation All city corporations must establish a full-fledged Sanitation Division to plan, implement, and monitor sanitation programmes in cities. All Pourashavas in small and medium towns must establish Sanitation Cells/Units for planning, implementing, and monitoring sanitation programmes. Respective public agencies like WASAs, DPHE, LGED will provide technical assistance to the LGis in urban areas.
Impact of Strategy The strategy covers almost every aspect of urban sanitation to get 100% coverage. it certainly gives positive impact on the environment and society if implemented properly such as reduced water pollution due to fecal sludge and solid waste management; spread of water borne disease and reduced the infant mortality rate; increased community participation in all stages of development projects, such as, in planning, implementation, operation, monitoring and creating awareness and reduced air pollution and improved roadside conditions due to more effective waste management system.
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Institutions/Administrative Bodies of this Region
5.1 Khulna Development Authority Khulna Development Authority is an autonomous service organization under the control of the Ministry of Housing and Public Works. The Organization was created on January 21, 1961 with the promise of planned urbanization and modern Khulna. Since its inception the KDA ordinance 1961 participated in urban planning and development of Khulna Division. Since the beginning of the KDA, this organization has completed 34 projects under government finance and 19 self-finance projects. Moreover, they have total six on-going projects alongside of 12 future project plans. The major functions undertaken by the Khulna Development Authority are: 1. Control of land use and development as enacted in the master plan 2. To enrich in economic growth oriented commercial as well as industries 3. To develop the urban sector as environmentally friendly 4. To coordinate the role in planned urbanization with safe civic amenities as well as implementation of development projects
5.2 Khulna City Corporation In the study area, there is only one city corporation that is Khulna City Corporation which does major activities and implement various plan policies so that the urban area can excel in development. Khulna City Corporation established in 1984. Khulna was declared as a Municipality by The Calcutta Gazette on 8th September 1884. Khulna City Corporation consists with 31 wards. In the context of the new vision of local government institutions, the government plans to entrust the municipalities and city corporations with enhanced development role in their respective areas of jurisdiction. In their existing role of providing civic amenities to the citizen, these bodies mostly depend on other agencies for building up infrastructural facilities and generation of utilities and other services. The major responsibilities of Khulna City Corporation are: 1. Giving the access to the major human rights such as education, health, food facilities, household etc. 2. Planning family and sanitation including drainage 3. planning city with necessary development along with drainage facilities 4. supply of proper city water and electricity 5. Improvement of social welfare and community centres 6. Creating the strength of community awareness and institutional capacity
5.3 Khulna WASA (Water Supply & Sewerage Authority) KWASA was established in the year 2008 as an independent organization from Khulna City Corporation. KWASA committed to ensure service to all customers through the supply of a sufficient amount of potable water and proper sewerage solutions. The vision of KWASA is to be the Pioneer agency in the water supply and sewerage sector in Bangladesh ensuring safe and sustainable water supply and environment friendly sewerage management for Khulna City according to the satisfaction of its' consumers.
5.4 UDD (Urban Development Directorate) Urban Development Directorate (UDD) was created by a Government Order (GO) on 17th July 1965. From the very beginning, UDD is preparing Land Use Plan (LUP)/Master Plan (MP) for small/medium/large town, port and industrial areas. The objectives of the plan were to make a direction for the planned land
32 Institutions/ Administrative Bodies of this region use of these areas which has a direct/indirect effect on upgrading the living standard of the people living in urban region. Urban Development Directorate (UDD), under Ministry of Housing and Public works (MoHPW), prepares and coordinates regional plans, urban plans and site plans for new and existing urban centers. UDD is the prime government agency in Bangladesh for national level physical/land use plan preparation. The major functions of UDD undertaken for the development of urban sector are listed below:
i. To advise the Government on matters of policy relating to urbanization, land use and land development. ii. To prepare and co-ordinate regional plans, master plans and detailed layout and site plans for the existing as well as the new urban centres excluding the areas covered by the present town development authorities of Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna and Rajshahi. iii. To undertake socio-economic research and collection of data for determination of the location and pattern of future urban development. iv. To prepare programmes for urban development for execution by the sectoral agencies and secure approval of those from the National Council and assist the agencies in selection of sites for implementation of those programmes. v. To act as a counterpart organization and focal point in the Government for all internationally aided physical planning and human settlement programmes in the country. vi. To organize seminars/workshops for creating better physical planning awareness and to disseminate information through regular publication of the research and planning materials on urbanization and human settlement planning and development. vii. To conduct training for the officers and staff of organisations involved in spatial planning and development. viii. To advise the existing urban development authorities on their operations at their request.
5.5 Ongoing and Proposed Projects Related to Urbanization under LGED Urban living offers many benefits to residents including more job opportunities and higher incomes, and to businesses including lower input costs, greater collaboration and innovation opportunities. But urbanisation – especially if it is rapid – also brings challenges. For proper urbanisation various kind of projects are needed for the improvement of urban dwellers. City governments and policymakers must plan for and manage the impacts of urbanisation on poverty, inequality, employment, services, transport, climate change and politics.
5.5.1 Khulna Development Authority Since 1961 KDA is undertaking some major projects for the development of the urban sector. They are at the verge of finishing two projects and already approved few other projects last year which will soon start and end in 2021 and 2022. The major projects are:
1. Khulna Ship Yard Road Widening and Development: The project started in July, 2013 and will end in December, 2020 2. Construction of three link roads including connecting roads which connects Satkhira Road and City Bypass Road: The project started in July, 2018 and will end in December, 2020
5.5.2 Khulna City Corporation Construction of Linear Park on the banks of Mayur River. Purchase of vehicles and equipment for waste management and installation of asphalt plants.
Development of various roads and infrastructure of Khulna City Corporation Urban Area Development Project (in Khulna City Corporation Sector) (Asian Development Bank, German Development Corporation and GoB)
33 Institutions/ Administrative Bodies of this region
5.5.3 Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority Development and Expansion of Water Supply System of Khulna City
5.5.4 Faridpur Municipality Livelihoods Improvement of Urban Poor Communities Project (LIUPCP) Integrated Urban Infrastructure Development Program/Project Urban Governance & Infrastructure Improvement Project (phase-3)
5.5.5 Satkhira Municipality Satkhira municipality has successfully completed some projects to improve the urban sector. Such as: Important Urban Infrastructure Development Program (Phase 2) IUIDP-2 Development activities from revenue fund Important Urban Infrastructure Development Program (Phase 3,5,6,7)
5.5.6 Meherpur Municipality The major project that is going under this municipality is: UGIIP-III: Third Urban Governance & Infrastructure Improvement Project that is ongoing project donated by ADB and for this project partners GOB & OFID.
5.5.7 Other Projects
Bangladesh: Khulna Sewerage System Development Project ADB has approved a $160 million loan to establish a sustainable and inclusive sewerage system in Khulna, Bangladesh’s third-largest city and center of south–west economic corridor. The project aims to establish a sustainable and inclusive sewerage system in Khulna, the third largest city in Bangladesh. Khulna's residents have been experiencing persistent urban service limitations, particularly in sewage management. As there is no sewerage system in Khulna, vast quantities of sewage and fecal sludge enter groundwater or surface drains causing clogging and serious environmental problems as well as public health risks. The proposed Khulna Sewerage System Development Project (KSSDP) will develop a new sewerage system in Khulna, covering commercial and densely populated areas with about 850,000 population by 2027. The project will specifically support (i) establishment of two sewage treatment plants with a capacity of 80,000 cubic meter (m3) per day and one fecal sludge treatment plant of 160 m3 per day; (ii) construction of 269 kilometers of sewer network; (iii) around 27,000 property level sewer connections; (iv) capacity development of the Khulna Water Supply and Sewerage Authority; and (v) awareness-raising on sanitation and hygiene.
Climate change adapted urban development in Khulna (ongoing project) This project is co-financed by KfW and the Asian Development Bank ("ADB") under "City Region Development Project" ("CRDP"). The German financial contribution (EUR 10.5 million) is used for the financing of improvements in transport related urban infrastructure in Khulna, with a focus on poverty reduction and adaption to climate change. The project includes investments in road rehabilitation and drainage systems. Slums in particular benefit from these investments; they are now connected year around to the transport network with paved roads. The expansion and rehabilitation of roads includes the construction of bridges, drainage systems, sidewalks, and streetlights while also making roads safer for pedestrians and cyclists. In future, the city center is connected to the bus system and other transport options. Residents of previously marginalized suburbs can then take a bus into the city-center. The project will be implemented by Local Government Engineering Department.
34 Institutions/ Administrative Bodies of this region
Sustainable Medical Waste Management Program in KCC by Prodipan (March 2017 to February 2022)
Goal of the Project To contribute for ensuring safe and pollution free environment in Bangladesh and modeling scientific Clinical Waste management.
Major activities Regular clinical waste collection Collected waste transported to disposal site Collected clinical waste separated instantly Sharp Waste is put in underground Concrete Chamber Gauge/Bandages are dried after Chlorine Treatment Burnable waste is burnt in an especially designed Burning pit with above 35 ft height Chimney. After Chlorine Wash, Saline/Blood Bag etc. are manually cut into pieces to prevent re-use.
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Reference
Ahmed A, Chakrabarti SD 2018, Scenario of Existing Solid Waste Management Practices And Integrated Solid Waste Management Model for Developing Country with Reference to Jhenaidah Municipality, Bangladesh, 4th International Conference on Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development (ICCESD 2018) Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) 2015, Bangladesh Population and housing Census 2011, Zilla Report, Ministry of Planning, Government of People’s Republic of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) 2014, Urban Area Report, National Report Volume- 3, Ministry of Planning, Government of People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
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