DOCSLIB.ORG

5G Telecoms Serving Global Health Skynet

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
5G Telecoms Serving Global Health Skynet Skynet Catalyst 2019 – Digital Transformation World 2019 A global partnership 5G Telecoms serving global Each Service Provider is unique so, to create a realistic scenario, health we worked with a group of 11 operators and 6 vendors bringing different business and technology views and we aligned them As recent history has proven, epidemic outbreaks are still so that we could reach the interoperability required. happening frequently, even in well developed countries and We built 4 full stacks for Orchestration, Charging and swift, coordinated handling is crucial: pandemic influenza, bird Charging/Billing and we built the related integration across flu, swine flu, Nipah and Ebola still have a global impact. operators, so that we could achieve true interoperability. With Skynet, we propose to establish a global network of medical experts, eHealth solutions and advanced communication services that enables cooperation on a global scale to prevent epidemics and help doctors treat patients fast and safe. Modern networks are ushering in a new era of edge computing, unlimited data, 5G slicing, OTT services and IoT use cases including autonomous cars, robotic surgeries, immersive content, AI-enabled smart cities, smart industries... Moving on As a matter of fact, one of the key characteristics of an epidemic from the Phase 1 Catalyst, Blade Runner, focused on industrial is that we don’t know where it will start. The preparation is key maintenance, Skynet will showcase 5G-enabled remote to respond as fast and effectively as possible when it will occur. healthcare and drone management in a multi-operator orchestrated environment, including epidemic management Global business agreements support. A possible way to implement such a global collaboration would The objective is to enable a diverse ecosystem of partners be through a matching network of relationship among the including multiple operators from different geographies which WHO, the health ministries, the hospitals and the operators that seamlessly provide a set of end-to-end hybrid services. Skynet would enable its success. will highlight the importance of business assurance, monetization and the technical maturity of next-gen 5G enabled services and will use industry standards and initiatives such as TMF Frameworx, ODA and OpenAPI, ONAP, ODA, GSMA NEST, MEF and TOSCA service modelling. OSS and BSS are the technical enablers to unleash the Champions network power We also showcase the critical role of OSS and BSS, as the enabler for Service Providers for true zero-touch on demand product fruition. Orchestration We implemented the inter-carrier slice orchestration using 4 different technology stacks going from the access portal to the CRM, the network slice design and the VNF instantiation. This Vendors kind of interaction among different technologies enables the realisation of on demand network slices going across geographies, countries and continents. The common set of information (Catalogs, SLA, KPIs, etc. ) shared among operators allow the interaction. We believe this setup is the future way to manage customer dedicated Network slices, therefore not only applicable to the eHealth use case but potentially to every other business vertical (Automotive, Industry 4.0, IoT, etc.). It makes For any information you can reach out to: the solution presented extremely flexible and powerful. BT: Paul Jordan ([email protected]) Chunghwa Telecom: Tse-Han Wang 王則涵 ([email protected]) Deutsche Telekom: Georg Seul ([email protected]) Du: Devendar Jain ([email protected]) Orange France: Frédéric Desnoes ([email protected]) NTT: 中村 高之 ([email protected]) Telus: Andrei Ivanov ([email protected]) Telenet: Arthur Lian ([email protected]) TIM: Massimo Banzi ([email protected]) Assurance Verizon: Samita Chakrabarti ([email protected]) Vodafone: Emmanuel Sarris ([email protected]) In such a complex scenario the Assurance is crucial. We went a step further by using an on demand inter-carrier Service Amartus: Konrad Herba ([email protected]) Assurance model, that highlighted new set of functionalities BearingPoint: Franz Ferk ([email protected]) required for a successful cooperation. Ericsson: Marco Gatti ([email protected]) EXFO: Ihab Mahna ([email protected]) Infosys: Nishi Mathur ([email protected]) We showcase the assurance on two of the Service Providers part Rift: Rene Tio ([email protected]) of the catalyst. Charging and Intercarrier Billing Settlement Dedicated Charging capabilities able to cope with the on- demand network slice model are mandatory to monetize this new network features. Intercarrier Billing Settlement using Blockchain will enable reliable and trustworthy financial relations among the Service Providers that will participate. We showcase the Charging and Intercarrier Billing Settlement on two of the Service Providers part of the catalyst. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Why Youtube Buffers: the Secret Deals That Make—And Break—Online Video When Isps and Video Providers Fight Over Money, Internet Users Suffer
    Why YouTube buffers: The secret deals that make—and break—online video When ISPs and video providers fight over money, Internet users suffer. Lee Hutchinson has a problem. My fellow Ars writer is a man who loves to watch YouTube videos— mostly space rocket launches and gun demonstrations, I assume—but he never knows when his home Internet service will let him do so. "For at least the past year, I've suffered from ridiculously awful YouTube speeds," Hutchinson tells me. "Ads load quickly—there's never anything wrong with the ads!—but during peak times, HD videos have been almost universally unwatchable. I've found myself having to reduce the quality down to 480p and sometimes even down to 240p to watch things without buffering. More recently, videos would start to play and buffer without issue, then simply stop buffering at some point between a third and two-thirds in. When the playhead hit the end of the buffer—which might be at 1:30 of a six-minute video—the video would hang for several seconds, then simply end. The video's total time would change from six minutes to 1:30 minutes and I'd be presented with the standard 'related videos' view that you see when a video is over." Hutchinson, a Houston resident who pays Comcast for 16Mbps business-class cable, is far from alone. As one Ars reader recently complained, "YouTube is almost unusable on my [Verizon] FiOS connection during peak hours." Another reader responded, "To be fair, it's unusable with almost any ISP." Hutchinson's YouTube playback has actually gotten better in recent weeks.
    [Show full text]
  • Separation of Telstra: Economic Considerations, International Experience
    WIK-Consult Report Study for the Competitive Carriers‟ Coalition Separation of Telstra: Economic considerations, international experience Authors: J. Scott Marcus Dr. Christian Wernick Kenneth R. Carter WIK-Consult GmbH Rhöndorfer Str. 68 53604 Bad Honnef Germany Bad Honnef, 2 June 2009 Functional Separation of Telstra I Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Economic and policy background on various forms of separation 4 3 Case studies on different separation regimes 8 3.1 The Establishment of Openreach in the UK 8 3.2 Functional separation in the context of the European Framework for Electronic Communication 12 3.3 Experiences in the U.S. 15 3.3.1 The Computer Inquiries 15 3.3.2 Separate affiliate requirements under Section 272 17 3.3.3 Cellular separation 18 3.3.4 Observations 20 4 Concentration and cross-ownership in the Australian marketplace 21 4.1 Characteristics of the Australian telecommunications market 22 4.2 Cross-ownership of fixed, mobile, and cable television networks 27 4.3 The dominant position of Telstra on the Australian market 28 5 An assessment of Australian market and regulatory characteristics based on Three Criteria Test 32 5.1 High barriers to entry 33 5.2 Likely persistence of those barriers 35 5.3 Inability of other procompetitive instruments to address the likely harm 38 5.4 Conclusion 38 6 The way forward 39 6.1 Regulation or separation? 40 6.2 Structural separation, or functional separation? 42 6.3 What kind of functional separation? 44 6.3.1 Overview of the functional separation 44 6.3.2 What services and assets should be assigned to the separated entity? 47 6.3.3 How should the separation be implemented? 49 Bibliography 52 II Functional Separation of Telstra Recommendations Recommendation 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Stellungnahme Der Deutsche Telekom AG Zum Entwurf Einer Neuen Förderrichtlinie „Mobilfunkförderung“ Des Bundes Vom 22.07.2020
    Stellungnahme der Deutsche Telekom AG zum Entwurf einer neuen Förderrichtlinie „Mobilfunkförderung“ des Bundes vom 22.07.2020 Der Mobilfunkausbau in Deutschland wird von den privatwirtschaftlichen Ausbauplänen der Mobilfunkbetreiber getragen. Die Telekom ist einer der wesentlichen Akteure dieses Ausbaus. Die Telekom investiert jedes Jahr über EUR 5 Mrd. in den Netzausbau in Deutsch- land – deutlich mehr als alle Wettbewerber. Dazu gehört der Bau von tausenden neuer Mobilfunkstandorte pro Jahr und Upgrades bestehender Masten. Zur Verbesserung der Netzabdeckung auch gerade in weißen Flecken kooperiert die Telekom auch mit den ande- ren beiden Mobilfunknetzbetreibern Vodafone und Telefónica. Hinzu kommt der bundes- weite Ausbau von Glasfasernetzen im Festnetz. Dieser privatwirtschaftliche Netzausbau ist im Kern wettbewerblich getrieben. Die Tele- kom betreibt bereits heute ein hochleistungsfähiges Mobilfunknetz, mit ausgezeichneter Übertragungsqualität und einer Netzabdeckung der Bevölkerung mit LTE von bundesweit über 98 %. Die ambitionierte Ausbaupläne der Telekom verfolgen unter der Maßgabe „5G bis 2025“ das Ziel, diese Spitzenposition im deutschen Mobilfunkmarkt zu halten und 99% der Haushalte und 90% der Fläche mit 5G zu versorgen und so sowohl die Coverage unseres Netzes zu erhöhen als auch den stetig steigenden Erwartungen unserer Kunden an mobile Datenmengen und Übertragungsqualitäten zu genügen.1 Zusätzlich zu diesen wettbewerblichen Anreizen hat sich die Telekom, wie die anderen Mo- bilfunknetzbetreiber, zu hohen Versorgungsauflagen verpflichtet, die der Frequenzauktion 2019 zugrunde lagen. Im Mobilfunkgipfel 2018 haben sich die Mobilfunknetzbetreiber zu- dem zu einem Netzausbau verpflichtet, der sogar noch über diese Auflagen hinausgeht: Die TDG wird zusammen mit Vodafone und Telefónica bis Ende 2020 99% der Haushalte bun- desweit und bis Ende 2021 99% der Haushalte in jedem Bundesland erschließen.
    [Show full text]
  • US and Plaintiff States V. Deutsche Telekom AG, Et
    Case 1:19-cv-02232 Document 1 Filed 07/26/19 Page 1 of 13 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Department of Justice, Antitrust Division 450 5th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20530 STATE OF KANSAS, 120 S.W. 10th Avenue, 2nd Floor Topeka, Kansas 66612-1597 STATE OF NEBRASKA, Case No. 2115 State Capitol Lincoln, Nebraska 68509 Filed: STATE OF OHIO, 150 East Gay Street, 22nd Floor Columbus, Ohio 43215 STATE OF OKLAHOMA, 313 N.E. 21st Street Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73105-4894 and STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA, 1302 E. Highway 14, Suite 1 Pierre, South Dakota 57501-8501 Plaintiffs, v. DEUTSCHE TELEKOM AG, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 140 Bonn, Germany 53113 T-MOBILE US, INC., 12920 SE 38th Street Bellevue, Washington 98006 SOFTBANK GROUP CORP. 1-9-1 Higashi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan 105-7303 Case 1:19-cv-02232 Document 1 Filed 07/26/19 Page 2 of 13 and SPRINT CORPORATION 6200 Sprint Parkway, Overland Park, Kansas 66251-4300 Defendants. COMPLAINT The United States of America and the States of Kansas, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, and South Dakota (“Plaintiff States”) bring this civil antitrust action to prevent the merger of T- Mobile and Sprint, two of the four national facilities-based mobile wireless carriers in the United States. The United States and Plaintiff States allege as follows: I. NATURE OF THE ACTION 1. Mobile wireless service is an integral part of modern American life. The average American household spends over $1,000 a year on mobile wireless service, not including the additional costs of wireless devices, applications, media content, and accessories.
    [Show full text]
  • Anticipated Acquisition by BT Group Plc of EE Limited
    Anticipated acquisition by BT Group plc of EE Limited Appendices and glossary Appendix A: Terms of reference and conduct of the inquiry Appendix B: Industry background Appendix C: Financial performance of companies Appendix D: Regulation Appendix E: Transaction and merger rationale Appendix F: Retail mobile Appendix G: Spectrum, capacity, and speed Appendix H: Fixed-mobile bundles Appendix I: Wholesale mobile: total foreclosure analysis Appendix J: Wholesale mobile: partial foreclosure analysis Appendix K: Mobile backhaul: input foreclosure Appendix L: Retail fixed broadband: Market A Appendix M: Retail broadband: superfast broadband Glossary APPENDIX A Terms of reference and conduct of the inquiry Terms of reference 1. In exercise of its duty under section 33(1) of the Enterprise Act 2002 (the Act) the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) believes that it is or may be the case that: (a) arrangements are in progress or in contemplation which, if carried into effect, will result in the creation of a relevant merger situation in that: (i) enterprises carried on by, or under the control of, BT Group plc will cease to be distinct from enterprises currently carried on by, or under the control of, EE Limited; and (ii) section 23(1)(b) of the Act is satisfied; and (b) the creation of that situation may be expected to result in a substantial lessening of competition within a market or markets in the United Kingdom (the UK) for goods or services, including the supply of: (i) wholesale access and call origination services to mobile virtual network operators; and (ii) fibre mobile backhaul services to mobile network operators.
    [Show full text]
  • Narrowband-Iot: Pushing the Boundaries of Iot
    Narrowband-IoT: pushing the boundaries of IoT Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT) is a new standard connecting internet of things projects. vodafone.com/iot/nb-iot The future is exciting. Ready? Executive summary This paper gives technical decision-makers an overview of NB-IoT, the communications technology that will underpin industrial-grade internet of things deployments. Introducing LPWA and NB-IoT Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) describes a category of wireless communication technologies designed to support internet of things (IoT) deployments. LPWA technologies are designed to deliver: Strong coverage over large areas, Great power efficiency, so devices Massive scale, connecting even when devices are underground can run on batteries for 10 years or potentially millions of devices at once or deep within buildings more without a charge in a single deployment Low cost communications Low bandwidth, with most use cases hardware, enabling data collection requiring just a few bytes of data to be devices to be built for less than $10 transmitted per device per day A number of different technologies have been developed to fulfil LPWA requirements, and we believe Narrowband For more detail about LPWA, NB-IoT and its IoT (NB-IoT) not only offers enterprise-grade technical competition, see page 5. specifications, but is also the practical choice for carriers, device manufacturers and ultimately enterprise users. To understand why NB-IoT is uniquely suited to business IoT deployments, we compare NB-IoT against two LPWA alternatives, LoRa and Sigfox. Narrowband-IoT 2 2017 Key findings The evolution of the Internet of Things means that there is an urgent need for a low- power way to connect thousands of devices in field.
    [Show full text]
  • 19Q3 Deutsche Telekom ISP EN.Indd
    CUSTOMER CASE STUDY DEUTSCHE TELEKOM ISP GENERATES GREAT DEMAND WITH NEW APPROACH FOR DIGITAL WORKPLACES IT landscapes and processes for ordering and delivering apps tailored to local requirements and not designed to be as easy to use and quick to deploy as possible: This is how the IT structure CUSTOMER for digital workspaces at Deutsche Telekom's subsidiaries looked DEUTSCHE TELEKOM INDIVIDUAL in the past. The aim of the initially small IT team at Deutsche SOLUTIONS & PRODUCTS GMBH Telekom Individual Solutions & Products (ISP) GmbH was to WEB SITE make this landscape more fl exible, agile and consistent. A WWW.TELEKOM.COM/DE paradigm shift was the fi rst step: the focus should be on the INDUSTRY employee, not the IT architecture. An exceptionally close TELCO & SERVICE PROVIDER collaboration between Deutsche Telekom ISP and VMware LOCATION resulted in a multifaceted, yet modern and fresh solution. Today, BONN, GERMANY employees can download applications individually through a self- service app catalog on any device from any location. The solution KEY CHALLENGES • Deutsche Telekom's subsidiaries did has proven to be a great success: many of Telekom's external use di erent platforms for digital customers with partly more than 50,000 employees are now on workplaces a waiting list to implement the innovative solution. • The workplace environment of the various Deutsche Telekom Deutsche Telekom Individual Solutions & Products (ISP) GmbH is part of subsidiaries has grown historically Deutsche Telekom AG - one of the world's leading telecommunications and has been optimized for local companies with approximately 178 million mobile communications customers, requirements and e ciency.
    [Show full text]
  • Dl-Studiemoodys-Data.Pdf
    CORPORATES CREDIT OPINION Deutsche Telekom AG 21 June 2021 Update following outlook change to stable Update Summary Deutsche Telekom AG's (Deutsche Telekom) Baa1 rating primarily reflects the company's large size and scale; its geographical diversification in Germany, the US, and Central and Eastern Europe; its strong market positions across its geographical footprint, despite the potential for increased competition; its high capital spending requirements, given the low fibre coverage in RATINGS Germany; and the marginal impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the company's operating Deutsche Telekom AG performance. Domicile Bonn, Germany Long Term Rating Baa1 Deutsche Telekom’s rating also factors in management’s financial policy that includes a Type Senior Unsecured - Fgn leverage comfort zone of net debt/EBITDA (as reported by the company) between 2.25x and Curr 2.75x (equivalent to Moody’s-adjusted net leverage of around 3.0x); its continued commitment Outlook Stable towards the net leverage corridor and deleveraging after the consolidation of T-Mobile USA, Please see the ratings section at the end of this report Inc. (T-Mobile USA, Ba2 stable); the strong evolution of the company's US subsidiary, the for more information. The ratings and outlook shown group's key growth engine; and its excellent liquidity management, with a minimum two-year reflect information as of the publication date. pre-funding policy. Given Deutsche Telekom's status as a government-related issuer (GRI), the Baa1 rating benefits Contacts from a one-notch uplift stemming from our expectation of support from the Government of Carlos Winzer +34.91.768.8238 Germany (Aaa stable).
    [Show full text]
  • Itu-T List of Mobile Country Or Geographical Area Codes
    Annex to ITU Operational Bulletin No. 1117 – 1.II.2017 INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION ITU-T TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU COMPLEMENT TO RECOMMENDATION ITU-T E.212 (09/2016) _________________________________________________________________ LIST OF MOBILE COUNTRY OR GEOGRAPHICAL AREA CODES (POSITION ON 1 FEBRUARY 2017) _________________________________________________________________ Geneva, 2017 List of Mobile Country or Geographical Area Codes Note from TSB 1. This List of mobile country or geographical area codes replaces the previous one published as Annex to ITU Operational Bulletin No. 1005 of 1 June 2012. Since then, various new assignments have been made, and they have been published in the ITU Operational Bulletin. 2. This List includes : - a list of mobile country or geographical area codes - in numerical order; - a list of mobile country or geographical area codes - in alphabetical order. 3. This List will be updated by numbered series of amendments published in the ITU Operational Bulletin. Furthermore, the information contained in this Annex is also available on the ITU website www.itu.int/itu-t/bulletin/annex.html. 4. Please address any comments concerning this publication to the Director of TSB: Tel: +41 22 730 5887 Fax: +41 22 730 5853 Email: [email protected] 5. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this List do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ITU concerning the legal status of any country or geographical area, or of its authorities. Annex
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced Info Services (AIS), 155 Advanced Wireless Research Initiative (AWRI), 35 Africa, 161-162 AIR 6468, 23 Alaskan Telco GC
    Index Advanced Info Services (AIS), 155 Belgium Competition Authority Advanced Wireless Research Initiative (BCA), 73 (AWRI), 35 Bharti Airtel, 144, 162 Africa, 161–162 Bite,´ 88 AIR 6468, 23 Bouygues, 79 Alaskan telco GCI, 134 Brazil, 125 Altice USA, 132 Broadband Radio Services (BRS), America´ Movil,´ 125, 129 137–138 Android, 184 BT Plus, 105 Antel, 139 BT/EE, 185 Apple, 186–190 Bulgaria, 74 Asia Pacific Telecom (APT), 154 Asia-Pacific Telecommunity (APT), 6, C-band, 26 25–26 Cableco/MVNO CJ Hello, 153 AT&T, 129, 131 Canada, 125–127 Auction Carrier aggregation (CA), 5, 22 coverage obligation, 10 CAT Telecom, 155 plans, 137–139 Cellular IoT (CIoT), 31 reserve prices, 9 Centimetre wave (cmWave), 34–35 Auction methods, 8–9 Centuria, 88 combinatorial clock, 8 Ceragon Networks, 93 simultaneous multi-round Channel Islands Competition and ascending, 8 Regulatory Authorities Augmented reality, 195 (CICRA), 83, 88 Australia, 139–140 Chief Technology Officer (CTO), 185 Austria, 71–73 Chile, 127–128 Autonomous transport, 195 Chile, private networks, 127–128 Average revenue per user (ARPU), China, 141–142 165–166, 197 China Broadcasting Network (CBN), Axtel, 129 141 China Mobile, 141 Backhaul, 24–25 China Telecom, 141 Bahrain, 156 China Unicom, 39, 141–142 Batelco, 156 Chipsets, 186–190 Beamforming, 24, 29 Chunghwa Telecom, 154 Beauty contest, 8 Citizens Broadband Radio Service Belgacom, 73 (CBRS), 130–131 Belgium, 73–74 CK Hutchison, 145 210 Index Cloud computing, 24 Eir Group, 85 Co-operative MIMO. See Coordinated Electromagnetic fields (EMFs), 38–39
    [Show full text]
  • Asia Mobile Operators
    A BUDDECOMM REPORT ASIA MOBILE OPERATORS 7th Edition Researchers: Peter Evans, Lisa Hulme-Jones Copyright 2010 Published in March 2010 Paul Budde Communication Pty Ltd Tel 02 4998 8144 – Int: 61 2 4998 8144 5385 George Downes Drive Fax 02 4998 8247 – Int: 61 2 4998 8247 BUCKETTY NSW 2250 Email: [email protected] AUSTRALIA Website: www.budde.com.au Asia Mobile Operators Disclaimer: The r eader a ccepts a ll r isks a nd responsibility f or l osses, da mages, costs a nd other c onsequences resulting directly o r i ndirectly f rom u sing this r eport or f rom reliance on any information, opinions, estimates a nd forecasts c ontained herein. T he i nformation c ontained herein ha s been obtained f rom sources believed to be reliable. Paul Budde Communication Pty Ltd disclaims all warranties as to the accuracy, co mpleteness or a dequacy of s uch inf ormation a nd s hall have no lia bility f or e rrors, omissions or inadequacies in the information, opinions, estimates and forecasts contained herein. The materials in this report are for informational purposes only. Prior to making any investment decision, it is recommended that the reader consult directly with a qualified investment advisor. Forecasts: The following provides some background to our scenario forecasting methodology: • This report i ncludes w hat we t erm s cenario forecasts. B y de scribing l ong-range s cenarios w e identify a band within which we expect market growth to occur. The associated text describes what we see as the most likely growth trend within this band.
    [Show full text]
  • Letter to Shareholders
    Letter to Shareholders To all of our shareholders, We are both excited to report to you in our new management roles as the Chairman/Chief Executive Officer and President. After many years at Chunghwa Telecom, beginning in the early days when Chunghwa was still a state-owned enterprise, we have witnessed many changes in our industry and at our company. However, some things have remained the same: We are still the number one telecom player in Taiwan and our commitment to long-term value creation for our shareholders is unwavering. We continue to lead the market for each of the services that we provide, including fixed line, mobile telecommunications and Internet and data businesses. Increasingly, new and exciting devices and services, such as Apple’s iPhone, are being launched in the market, which will continue to drive our network usage and service demand. Our recent partnership with Apple on the iPhone has enhanced our user experience, and consequently our customers’ loyalty, and it is because of Chunghwa Telecom’s strong brand, dominant market leadership and operational scale that we are able to draw partnerships with manufacturers of world-class devices. 83.8% of broadband users in Taiwan subscribed to our broadband access service in 2008, and the average bandwidth per user has reached 4.32Mbps for 2008. Such strong bandwidth demand demonstrates consumers’ increasing dependence on fast and reliable connections as their internet usage tendencies become more frequent and sophisticated. Total wireless penetration continues to exceed 100% in Taiwan, and Chunghwa commands 35.2% of subscriber market share. Wireless data applications, such as Internet access, photo sharing and messaging, continued to drive demand for value-added services (VAS).
    [Show full text]