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Why Youtube Buffers: the Secret Deals That Make—And Break—Online Video When Isps and Video Providers Fight Over Money, Internet Users Suffer
Why YouTube buffers: The secret deals that make—and break—online video When ISPs and video providers fight over money, Internet users suffer. Lee Hutchinson has a problem. My fellow Ars writer is a man who loves to watch YouTube videos— mostly space rocket launches and gun demonstrations, I assume—but he never knows when his home Internet service will let him do so. "For at least the past year, I've suffered from ridiculously awful YouTube speeds," Hutchinson tells me. "Ads load quickly—there's never anything wrong with the ads!—but during peak times, HD videos have been almost universally unwatchable. I've found myself having to reduce the quality down to 480p and sometimes even down to 240p to watch things without buffering. More recently, videos would start to play and buffer without issue, then simply stop buffering at some point between a third and two-thirds in. When the playhead hit the end of the buffer—which might be at 1:30 of a six-minute video—the video would hang for several seconds, then simply end. The video's total time would change from six minutes to 1:30 minutes and I'd be presented with the standard 'related videos' view that you see when a video is over." Hutchinson, a Houston resident who pays Comcast for 16Mbps business-class cable, is far from alone. As one Ars reader recently complained, "YouTube is almost unusable on my [Verizon] FiOS connection during peak hours." Another reader responded, "To be fair, it's unusable with almost any ISP." Hutchinson's YouTube playback has actually gotten better in recent weeks. -
Milja Hofman Roamingwise Agenda
ITU Arab Regional Workshop on Mobile Roaming: National & International Practices Data Roaming / Protecting & Empowering Subscribers By Milja Hofman Roamingwise Agenda • Data Roaming (GPRS/UMTS/LTE) • Protecting and Empowering Subscribers 2 • Data Roaming (GPRS/UMTS/LTE) 3 Mobile phone usage is changing (Western Europe) 4 Evolution of Mobile Data Services LTE Advanced ≤1 Gbit/s LTE ≤173 Mbit/s HSPA 14.4≤ Mbit/s UMTS ★ Not compliant to ≤2 Mbit/s the ITU-R specs… EDGE ≤384 Kbit/s GPRS ≤171 Kbit/s HSCSD GSM ≤57.6 Kbit/s ≤9.6 Kbit/s 2.5G 3,5G 4G 2G 3G 3,9G 1993 1999 2000 2001 2002 2004 2008 2011 5 GPRS Network Architecture – new elements Authentication Centre Home Location Register Equipment Identity Register Switch SGSN GGSN Internet 6 GPRS Session – Data Flow Authentication Centre Home Location Register Equipment Identity Register Switch SGSN GGSN Internet 7 GPRS Roaming eXchange GRX A GRX B GRGRX C 8 Souce G. Heinzel - Swisscom GPRS Roaming - Dataflow VPMN HPMN Internet IP-Backbone APN Operator ID = MNC001.MCC228.GPRS BG BG SGSN GGSN (123.456.789.012) PDP Context IP address assigned to the handset APN NI + OP ID IP Address HGGSN DNS DNS APN NI + OP ID ROOT DNS APN Network Identifier = INTERNET.SWISSCOM.CH 9 UMTS • UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunication System • 3rd Generation GSM network • Higher download & upload speed • Core network structure nearly identical with 2G GSM networks 10 Network Architecture: Core AUC HLR Circuit Switched Packet Switched GMSC MSC VLR SGSN GGSN External networks External networks Basic core network elements identical to 2G 11 Network Architecture: Core + Radio AUC Radio network for 2G and 3G is different HLR Circuit Switched Packet Switched GMSC MSC VLR SGSN GGSN External networks External networks BSC RNC NODE B 2G BTS 3G 12 What is LTE? • A standard for wireless communication of high-speed data for mobile phones and data terminals • Pure packet based networks without traditional voice circuit capabilities • Voice services are provided via VoIP • Support for inter-operation and co-existence with legacy standards (e.g. -
Android (Operating System) 1 Android (Operating System)
Android (operating system) 1 Android (operating system) Android Home screen displayed by Samsung Nexus S with Google running Android 2.3 "Gingerbread" Company / developer Google Inc., Open Handset Alliance [1] Programmed in C (core), C++ (some third-party libraries), Java (UI) Working state Current [2] Source model Free and open source software (3.0 is currently in closed development) Initial release 21 October 2008 Latest stable release Tablets: [3] 3.0.1 (Honeycomb) Phones: [3] 2.3.3 (Gingerbread) / 24 February 2011 [4] Supported platforms ARM, MIPS, Power, x86 Kernel type Monolithic, modified Linux kernel Default user interface Graphical [5] License Apache 2.0, Linux kernel patches are under GPL v2 Official website [www.android.com www.android.com] Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications.[6] [7] Google Inc. purchased the initial developer of the software, Android Inc., in 2005.[8] Android's mobile operating system is based on a modified version of the Linux kernel. Google and other members of the Open Handset Alliance collaborated on Android's development and release.[9] [10] The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android.[11] The Android operating system is the world's best-selling Smartphone platform.[12] [13] Android has a large community of developers writing applications ("apps") that extend the functionality of the devices. There are currently over 150,000 apps available for Android.[14] [15] Android Market is the online app store run by Google, though apps can also be downloaded from third-party sites. -
Energy Efficient Wifi Tethering on a Smartphone
Energy Efficient Wifi Tethering on a Smartphone Kyoung-Hak Jung†, Yuepeng Qi†, Chansu Yu†‡, and Young-Joo Suh† †Department of Computer Science and Engineering & Division of IT Convergence Engineering Pohang Univ. of Science and Tech., Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea Email: {yeopki81, yuepengqi, yjsuh}@postech.ac.kr ‡Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115 Email: [email protected] Abstract—While numerous efforts have been made to save energy of “client” devices but it has not been addressed for access points (APs) as they are assumed to be supported by AC power. This paper proposes E-MAP, which is an energy saving algorithm for a tethering smartphone that plays a role of mobile AP (MAP) temporarily. It saves MAP’s energy by introducing the sleep cycle as in power save mode (PSM) in 802.11 but successfully keeps clients from transmitting while it sleeps. One (a) Nexus One with traffic (b) iPhone 4 with traffic important design goal of E-MAP is backward compatibility, i.e., it requires no modification on the client side and supports PSM and adaptive PSM (A-PSM) as well as normal constant awake mode (CAM) clients. Experiments show that E-MAP reduces the energy consumption of a Wifi tethering smartphone by up to 54% with a little impact on packet delay under various traffic patterns derived from real-life traces. (c) Nexus One without traffic (d) iPhone 4 without traffic Fig. 1: Power consumption measurements using Monsoon Power I. INTRODUCTION Monitor [11]. (Each figure compares power consumption of a smart- While the coverage of cellular networks is much larger phone when it is used as a 3G client, a Wifi client, and a MAP with than that of Wifi networks in the US (99% vs. -
LTE-M Deployment Guide to Basic Feature Set Requirements
LTE-M DEPLOYMENT GUIDE TO BASIC FEATURE SET REQUIREMENTS JUNE 2019 LTE-M DEPLOYMENT GUIDE TO BASIC FEATURE SET REQUIREMENTS Table of Contents 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 2 INTRODUCTION 5 2.1 Overview 5 2.2 Scope 5 2.3 Definitions 6 2.4 Abbreviations 6 2.5 References 9 3 GSMA MINIMUM BAseLINE FOR LTE-M INTEROPERABILITY - PROBLEM STATEMENT 10 3.1 Problem Statement 10 3.2 Minimum Baseline for LTE-M Interoperability: Risks and Benefits 10 4 LTE-M DATA ARCHITECTURE 11 5 LTE-M DePLOYMENT BANDS 13 6 LTE-M FeATURE DePLOYMENT GUIDE 14 7 LTE-M ReLEAse 13 FeATURes 15 7.1 PSM Standalone Timers 15 7.2 eDRX Standalone 18 7.3 PSM and eDRX Combined Implementation 19 7.4 High Latency Communication 19 7.5 GTP-IDLE Timer on IPX Firewall 20 7.6 Long Periodic TAU 20 7.7 Support of category M1 20 7.7.1 Support of Half Duplex Mode in LTE-M 21 7.7.2 Extension of coverage features (CE Mode A / B) 21 7.8 SCEF 22 7.9 VoLTE 22 7.10 Connected Mode Mobility 23 7.11 SMS Support 23 7.12 Non-IP Data Delivery (NIDD) 24 7.13 Connected-Mode (Extended) DRX Support 24 7.14 Control Plane CIoT Optimisations 25 7.15 User Plane CIoT Optimisations 25 7.16 UICC Deactivation During eDRX 25 7.17 Power Class 26 LTE-M DEPLOYMENT GUIDE TO BASIC FEATURE SET REQUIREMENTS 8 LTE-M ReLEAse 14 FeATURes 27 8.1 Positioning: E-CID and OTDOA 27 8.2 Higher data rate support 28 8.3 Improvements of VoLTE and other real-time services 29 8.4 Mobility enhancement in Connected Mode 29 8.5 Multicast transmission/Group messaging 29 8.6 Relaxed monitoring for cell reselection 30 8.7 Release Assistance Indication -
Separation of Telstra: Economic Considerations, International Experience
WIK-Consult Report Study for the Competitive Carriers‟ Coalition Separation of Telstra: Economic considerations, international experience Authors: J. Scott Marcus Dr. Christian Wernick Kenneth R. Carter WIK-Consult GmbH Rhöndorfer Str. 68 53604 Bad Honnef Germany Bad Honnef, 2 June 2009 Functional Separation of Telstra I Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Economic and policy background on various forms of separation 4 3 Case studies on different separation regimes 8 3.1 The Establishment of Openreach in the UK 8 3.2 Functional separation in the context of the European Framework for Electronic Communication 12 3.3 Experiences in the U.S. 15 3.3.1 The Computer Inquiries 15 3.3.2 Separate affiliate requirements under Section 272 17 3.3.3 Cellular separation 18 3.3.4 Observations 20 4 Concentration and cross-ownership in the Australian marketplace 21 4.1 Characteristics of the Australian telecommunications market 22 4.2 Cross-ownership of fixed, mobile, and cable television networks 27 4.3 The dominant position of Telstra on the Australian market 28 5 An assessment of Australian market and regulatory characteristics based on Three Criteria Test 32 5.1 High barriers to entry 33 5.2 Likely persistence of those barriers 35 5.3 Inability of other procompetitive instruments to address the likely harm 38 5.4 Conclusion 38 6 The way forward 39 6.1 Regulation or separation? 40 6.2 Structural separation, or functional separation? 42 6.3 What kind of functional separation? 44 6.3.1 Overview of the functional separation 44 6.3.2 What services and assets should be assigned to the separated entity? 47 6.3.3 How should the separation be implemented? 49 Bibliography 52 II Functional Separation of Telstra Recommendations Recommendation 1. -
Stellungnahme Der Deutsche Telekom AG Zum Entwurf Einer Neuen Förderrichtlinie „Mobilfunkförderung“ Des Bundes Vom 22.07.2020
Stellungnahme der Deutsche Telekom AG zum Entwurf einer neuen Förderrichtlinie „Mobilfunkförderung“ des Bundes vom 22.07.2020 Der Mobilfunkausbau in Deutschland wird von den privatwirtschaftlichen Ausbauplänen der Mobilfunkbetreiber getragen. Die Telekom ist einer der wesentlichen Akteure dieses Ausbaus. Die Telekom investiert jedes Jahr über EUR 5 Mrd. in den Netzausbau in Deutsch- land – deutlich mehr als alle Wettbewerber. Dazu gehört der Bau von tausenden neuer Mobilfunkstandorte pro Jahr und Upgrades bestehender Masten. Zur Verbesserung der Netzabdeckung auch gerade in weißen Flecken kooperiert die Telekom auch mit den ande- ren beiden Mobilfunknetzbetreibern Vodafone und Telefónica. Hinzu kommt der bundes- weite Ausbau von Glasfasernetzen im Festnetz. Dieser privatwirtschaftliche Netzausbau ist im Kern wettbewerblich getrieben. Die Tele- kom betreibt bereits heute ein hochleistungsfähiges Mobilfunknetz, mit ausgezeichneter Übertragungsqualität und einer Netzabdeckung der Bevölkerung mit LTE von bundesweit über 98 %. Die ambitionierte Ausbaupläne der Telekom verfolgen unter der Maßgabe „5G bis 2025“ das Ziel, diese Spitzenposition im deutschen Mobilfunkmarkt zu halten und 99% der Haushalte und 90% der Fläche mit 5G zu versorgen und so sowohl die Coverage unseres Netzes zu erhöhen als auch den stetig steigenden Erwartungen unserer Kunden an mobile Datenmengen und Übertragungsqualitäten zu genügen.1 Zusätzlich zu diesen wettbewerblichen Anreizen hat sich die Telekom, wie die anderen Mo- bilfunknetzbetreiber, zu hohen Versorgungsauflagen verpflichtet, die der Frequenzauktion 2019 zugrunde lagen. Im Mobilfunkgipfel 2018 haben sich die Mobilfunknetzbetreiber zu- dem zu einem Netzausbau verpflichtet, der sogar noch über diese Auflagen hinausgeht: Die TDG wird zusammen mit Vodafone und Telefónica bis Ende 2020 99% der Haushalte bun- desweit und bis Ende 2021 99% der Haushalte in jedem Bundesland erschließen. -
Dozyap: Power-Efficient Wi-Fi Tethering
DozyAP: Power-Efficient Wi-Fi Tethering Hao Han1,2, Yunxin Liu1, Guobin Shen1, Yongguang Zhang1, Qun Li2 1Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing, China 2College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA ABSTRACT Wi-Fi tethering (i.e., sharing the Internet connection of a mobile phone via its Wi-Fi interface) is a useful functionali- ty and is widely supported on commercial smartphones. Yet existing Wi-Fi tethering schemes consume excessive power: they keep the Wi-Fi interface in a high power state regard- less if there is ongoing traffic or not. In this paper we pro- pose DozyAP to improve the power efficiency of Wi-Fi tethering. Based on measurements in typical applications, we identify many opportunities that a tethering phone could sleep to save power. We design a simple yet reliable sleep Figure 1: Wi-Fi tethering. protocol to coordinate the sleep schedule of the tethering phone with its clients without requiring tight time synchro- vices can connect to the mobile SoftAP through their Wi-Fi nization. Furthermore, we develop a two-stage, sleep inter- interfaces. The mobile SoftAP routes the data packets be- val adaptation algorithm to automatically adapt the sleep tween its 3G interface and its Wi-Fi interface. Consequent- intervals to ongoing traffic patterns of various applications. ly, all the devices connected to the mobile SoftAP are able DozyAP does not require any changes to the 802.11 proto- to access the Internet. col and is incrementally deployable through software up- Wi-Fi tethering is highly desired. For example, even be- dates. We have implemented DozyAP on commercial fore the Android platform provided built-in support on Wi- smartphones. -
Information Technology Services Travel Tips for Smartphones
Information Technology Services Travel Tips for Smartphones Reducing charges on your smartphone when travelling outside Canada You can use data services when travelling outside Canada; however cellular data usage is not included by default in plans while roaming and it comes at a premium. Without a travel bundle, when you are outside of Canada, you could incur significant data roaming charges when you use services such as email, web browing and app downloads and services. When you are outside of your Canadian carrier network: . Your smartphone will display a service provider name other than your carrier. You will receive a text message welcoming you abroad. Read the rates sent in a free text message for voice, text and data roaming so there are no surprises on your bill. The advertised rates will be higher than rates of a travel bundle. You will also receive this same message when you have added travel bundle(s), the message will not reflect the lower rates you will have in place. Tips to reduce charges Disable roaming To prevent roaming charges completely when travelling, put your smartphone on Airplane or Flight mode. If you still want your device available for voice calls or texts, turn data roaming off. Email, web browsing and other functions requiring data services will only be available when you are connected to wi-fi. Please note wi-fi may not always function as a substitute for data roaming. Ensure data roaming is disabled if you want to use wi-fi only. If you do not, your smartphone may switch to a mobile network if the wi-fi signal becomes weak or you leave the coverage area, thus potentially incurring excessive data roaming charges. -
US and Plaintiff States V. Deutsche Telekom AG, Et
Case 1:19-cv-02232 Document 1 Filed 07/26/19 Page 1 of 13 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Department of Justice, Antitrust Division 450 5th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20530 STATE OF KANSAS, 120 S.W. 10th Avenue, 2nd Floor Topeka, Kansas 66612-1597 STATE OF NEBRASKA, Case No. 2115 State Capitol Lincoln, Nebraska 68509 Filed: STATE OF OHIO, 150 East Gay Street, 22nd Floor Columbus, Ohio 43215 STATE OF OKLAHOMA, 313 N.E. 21st Street Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73105-4894 and STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA, 1302 E. Highway 14, Suite 1 Pierre, South Dakota 57501-8501 Plaintiffs, v. DEUTSCHE TELEKOM AG, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 140 Bonn, Germany 53113 T-MOBILE US, INC., 12920 SE 38th Street Bellevue, Washington 98006 SOFTBANK GROUP CORP. 1-9-1 Higashi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan 105-7303 Case 1:19-cv-02232 Document 1 Filed 07/26/19 Page 2 of 13 and SPRINT CORPORATION 6200 Sprint Parkway, Overland Park, Kansas 66251-4300 Defendants. COMPLAINT The United States of America and the States of Kansas, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, and South Dakota (“Plaintiff States”) bring this civil antitrust action to prevent the merger of T- Mobile and Sprint, two of the four national facilities-based mobile wireless carriers in the United States. The United States and Plaintiff States allege as follows: I. NATURE OF THE ACTION 1. Mobile wireless service is an integral part of modern American life. The average American household spends over $1,000 a year on mobile wireless service, not including the additional costs of wireless devices, applications, media content, and accessories. -
T-Mobile Wireless Service Checklist
T-MOBILE WIRELESS SERVICE CHECKLIST Based in Bellevue, Washington, T-Mobile USA, Inc. operates America's first nationwide 4G network, and is delivering a compelling 4G experience across a broad lineup of leading devices. T-Mobile USA’s wireless products and services empower and enable people to stay connected and productive while mobile. For more information, please visit http://www.T-Mobile.com. T-Mobile USA offers a wide variety of wireless service plans available to meet your specific needs and wants. We know how important it is for our customers to understand the details of our wireless service plans. Below are frequently asked questions about our general service and device offerings. When you find a particular plan that fulfills your needs, make sure that you get specific information from a store associate or online at T-Mobile.com regarding that plan’s service allowances (e.g., amount of minutes/text/data included), charges, device costs and features, and contract terms (if applicable). Devices: Can I bring my own compatible phone? Yes, customers may use a compatible phone on the T-Mobile network, with a T-Mobile SIM card, and are not required to purchase a device from T-Mobile or a T-Mobile retailer to take advantage of T-Mobile’s great rates and services. However, some T-Mobile features may be available only on certain T-Mobile devices. In addition, our ability to remotely update software, systems, applications, features, or programming may be impacted if you are not using a T-Mobile device. Do you use device locks or software protection applications on your devices? T-Mobile devices are specifically designed and tested to be used with T-Mobile service. -
Anticipated Acquisition by BT Group Plc of EE Limited
Anticipated acquisition by BT Group plc of EE Limited Appendices and glossary Appendix A: Terms of reference and conduct of the inquiry Appendix B: Industry background Appendix C: Financial performance of companies Appendix D: Regulation Appendix E: Transaction and merger rationale Appendix F: Retail mobile Appendix G: Spectrum, capacity, and speed Appendix H: Fixed-mobile bundles Appendix I: Wholesale mobile: total foreclosure analysis Appendix J: Wholesale mobile: partial foreclosure analysis Appendix K: Mobile backhaul: input foreclosure Appendix L: Retail fixed broadband: Market A Appendix M: Retail broadband: superfast broadband Glossary APPENDIX A Terms of reference and conduct of the inquiry Terms of reference 1. In exercise of its duty under section 33(1) of the Enterprise Act 2002 (the Act) the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) believes that it is or may be the case that: (a) arrangements are in progress or in contemplation which, if carried into effect, will result in the creation of a relevant merger situation in that: (i) enterprises carried on by, or under the control of, BT Group plc will cease to be distinct from enterprises currently carried on by, or under the control of, EE Limited; and (ii) section 23(1)(b) of the Act is satisfied; and (b) the creation of that situation may be expected to result in a substantial lessening of competition within a market or markets in the United Kingdom (the UK) for goods or services, including the supply of: (i) wholesale access and call origination services to mobile virtual network operators; and (ii) fibre mobile backhaul services to mobile network operators.