BELA KRAJINA – SUSTAINABILITY in a KARST LANDSCAPE Daniela Ribeiro
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CAPACities5-NSL_idrija_nsl.qxd 31.8.2020 10:02 Page 1 CAPACities 5 5 BELA KRAJINA – SUSTAINABILITY IN A KARST LANDSCAPE Daniela Ribeiro ISBN 978-961-05-0461-0 LANDSCAPE IN A KARST – SUSTAINABILITY BELA KRAJINA € 19 9 789610 504610 uvodne5_idrija.qxd 31.8.2020 9:52 Page 1 1 uvodne5_idrija.qxd 31.8.2020 9:52 Page 2 2 uvodne5_idrija.qxd 31.8.2020 9:52 Page 3 CAPACities 5 BELA KRAJINA – SUSTAINABILITY IN A KARST LANDSCAPE Daniela Ribeiro uvodne5_idrija.qxd 31.8.2020 9:52 Page 4 4 uvodne5_idrija.qxd 31.8.2020 9:52 Page 5 CAPACities 5 BELA KRAJINA – SUSTAINABILITY IN A KARST LANDSCAPE Daniela Ribeiro LjubLjAnA 2020 uvodne5_idrija.qxd 1.9.2020 10:27 Page 6 Knjižna zbirka CAPACities, ISSN 2232-2477, UDK 91 CAPACities 5 BELA KRAJINA – SUSTAINABILITY IN A KARST LANDSCAPE Daniela Ribeiro © 2020, ZRC SAZU, Geografski inštitut Antona Melika, Založba ZRC Editors: Nika Razpotnik Visković, Mateja Šmid Hribar Series Editors: Janez Nared, Drago Perko Reviewers: Andraž Čarni, Matija Zorn Cartographers: Daniela Ribeiro, Manca Volk Bahun Photographers: Daniela Ribeiro, Jure Tičar Translation of abstract: Živa Malovrh Translation of preface: Deks d. o. o. Proofreading: Alexander Jordan Issued by: ZRC SAZU, Geografski inštitut Antona Melika For the issuer: Matija Zorn Published by: Založba ZRC For the publisher: Oto Luthar Editor-in-chief: Aleš Pogačnik Cover design: Jerneja Fridl Cover photographies: Daniela Ribeiro DTP: SYNCOMP d. o. o., Ljubljana Printed by: Collegium Graphicum Print run: 250 copies First edition, first printing. First e-edition of the book is published under terms of Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.: DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/9789610504627 The CAPACities book series is being produced as a part of the research program, Geography of Slovenia (P6-0101), funded by the Slovenian Research Agency. The research is also a result of a postdoctoral project (Z7-1885) also funded by the Slovenian Research Agency. CIP – Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 911.2:551.44(497.4Bela krajina) 711.14(497.4Bela krajina) 502.131.1(497.4Bela krajina) RIBEIRO, Daniela Bela krajina – sustainability in a karst landscape / Daniela Ribeiro ; [cartographers Daniela Ribeiro, Manca Volk Bahun ; photographers Daniela Ribeiro, Jure Tičar ; translation of abstract Živa Malovrh, translation of preface Deks]. – 1st ed., 1st printing. – Ljubljana : Založba ZRC, 2020. – (Knjižna zbirka Capacities, ISSN 2232-2477 ; 5) ISBN 978-961-05-0461-0 COBISS.SI-ID 22518787 COBISS.SI -ID= 22523907 ISBN 978-961-05-0462-7 (pdf) uvodne5_idrija.qxd 31.8.2020 9:52 Page 7 bela krajina – Sustainability in a karst landscape CAPACities 5 BELA KRAJINA – SUSTAINABILITY IN A KARST LANDSCAPE Daniela Ribeiro uDC: 913:551.44(497.434bela krajina) 711.14(497.434bela krajina) 502.131.1(497.434bela krajina) CObISS: 2.01 AbSTRACT Bela krajina – Sustainability in a karst landscape Sustainable development in karst areas should be adapted to its specificities and take into account its vulnerability. Since the assessment of the development po tential and management of karst areas is of great importance in Slovenia, the author analysed the impact of landscape features on the land use and sustainable development in bela krajina, as a study region. The monograph is divided into three main parts, essentially based on the approaches used to analyse the selected karst landscape. Firstly, an assess- ment of the degree of human disturbance to the karst environment in bela krajina was done, using an environmental index specific for karst areas, referred to as the ‘Karst Disturbance Index’. The Karst Disturbance Index classified the degree of disturbance in bela krajina as low. In the second part, two case studies were selected (the settlements of Adlešiči and bojanci) for an in-depth study of landscape changes, through land use changes, over the previous 200 years. The results of these analyses confirmed the land abandonment and overgrowth of agricultural land in both case studies, however at different rates. Socio-economic aspects were found to be the most important drivers of land use changes in these case studies. In the third part, quantitative analysis (through the use of sustainable development indi- cators) and qualitative analysis ( through structured interviews) of the landscape features for sustainable development was performed. by means of a comparative approach the reasons for the differences in landscape structure and development in bela krajina were discussed. According to the quantitative analysis, Semič is the most sustainably developed municipality, whilst Črnomelj was identified as the least sus- tainably developed muni cipality in the study region. The results from qualitative analysis of landscape features using interviews didn’t show many differences among the municipalities. However, some dif- ferences among different stakeholders were perceived. The ways in which the karst landscape influences local development mentioned by local stakeholders were that: it hampers agriculture, hampers the build- ing of houses an d other infrastructure, and it is vulnerable to pollution. Karst landscape features affect sustainable development positively and negatively, according to local stakeholders. The positive effects were mainly connected with tourism, and the negative effects were mainly connected with hampered agriculture. Thus karst landscape features cannot only be seen as limiting factors, but also as having their ow n development potential. KEY WORDS karst landscapes, sustainable development, land use, bela krajina, Slovenia 7 uvodne5_idrija.qxd 31.8.2020 9:52 Page 8 Daniela Ribeiro CAPACities 5 BELA KRAJINA – TRAJNOST V KRAŠKI POKRAJINI Daniela Ribeiro uDK: 913:551.44(497.434bela krajina) 711.14(497.434bela krajina) 502.131.1(497.434bela krajina) CObISS: 2.01 IZVLEČEK Trajnostni razvoj na kraških območjih bi moral biti prilagojen posebnostim te pokrajine, posebej njeni ranljivosti. Ker je pravilno vrednotenje razvojnega potenciala in upravljanje s kraškimi območji zelo pomembno za Slovenij o, smo na primeru bele krajine analizirali vpliv pokrajinskih prvin na rabo zem- ljišč in trajnostni razvoj. Raziskava je razdeljena na tri sklope, ki hkrati predstavljajo tri pristope k preučevanju pokrajine. najprej smo s posebnim indeksom za kraške pokrajine ocenili stopnjo člo- vekovega vpliva na kraško pokrajino (indeks obremenjenosti kraškega okolja zaradi vpliva človeka). na njegovi podlag i smo belo krajino opredelili kot nekoliko človeško obremenjeno, zato smo ocenili, da je raven obremenjenosti v beli krajini nizka. V drugem sklopu smo preučili dve študiji primerov (naselji Adlešiči in bojanci), kjer smo podrobno analizirali pokrajinske spremembe s poudarkom na rabi tal v zadnjih dveh stoletjih. Rezultati so potrdili opuščanje obdelovalnih zemljišč in zaraščanje pokra- jine. na preuč evanih primerih se je pokazalo, da so najpomembnejša gonila sprememb rabe zemljišč družbeno-gospodarski vzroki. V tretjem sklopu smo opravili kvantitativno (z uporabo kazalnikov traj- nostnega razvoja) in kvalitativno analizo (s strukturiranimi intervjuji) pokrajinskih prvin za trajnostni razvoj. S primerjalnim pristopom smo razpravljali o razlogih za razlike v pokrajinski strukturi in raz- voju bele krajine. Rezultati kvantitativne analize kažejo, da je Semič najbolj trajnostno razvita občina, medtem ko je bil Črnomelj opredeljen kot najmanj trajnostno razvita občina. Rezultati kvalitativne ana- lize pokrajinskih prvin niso pokazali večjih razlik med občinami, a smo zaznali določene razlike med različnimi skupinami deležnikov. načini, kako kraškost vpliva na lokalni razvoj so: zaviranje kmetij- stva, zaviranje gradnje hiš in infrastrukture ter ranljivost na onesnaževanje. Lokalni deležniki so izpostavili, da kraški pojavi na trajnostni razvoj lahko vplivajo pozitivno ali negativno. Pozitivni so večinoma pove- zani s turizmom, negativni pa s kmetijstvom. Delo sklenemo s pozitivno ugotovitvijo, da kraškost ni le omejitveni dejavnik, temveč ima tudi razvojni potencial. KLjuČnE bESEDE kraške pokrajine, trajnosti razvoj, raba zemljišč, bela krajina, Slovenija 8 uvodne5_idrija.qxd 31.8.2020 9:52 Page 9 bela krajina – Sustainability in a karst landscape CONTENT Preface .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 2 Theoretical background and methodology ............................................................................................................................ 14 2.1 Theoretical background ............................................................................................................................................................ 14 2.1.1 Approaches for measuring sustainable development .............................................................................. 16 2.1.1.1 Worldwide .......................................................................................................................................................... 16 2.1.1.2 In Slovenia .......................................................................................................................................................... 19 2.1.2 Landscapes as pivotal areas for sustainable