Universidad De Guayaquil Facultad De Ciencias Naturales Escuela De Biología

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Universidad De Guayaquil Facultad De Ciencias Naturales Escuela De Biología UNIVERSIDAD DE GUAYAQUIL FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES ESCUELA DE BIOLOGÍA TESIS DE GRADO PREVIA A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE BIÓLOGO. POTENCIALIDADES DEL USO DE QUITOSANO Y AGUA DE COCO COMO PROMOTORES DEL CRECIMIENTO IN VITRO DE LA ORQUÍDEA Cattleya sp. JULIA ESTHER VALENCIA PACHO GUAYAQUIL-ECUADOR 2016 © Derecho de autor Julia Esther Valencia Pacho ii DIRECTOR DE TESIS ---------------------------------------------- MSc. Xavier Cornejo iii UNIVERSIDAD DE GUAYAQUIL FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES ESCUELA DE BIOLOGÍA CALIFICACIÓN QUE OTORGA EL TRIBUNAL QUE RECIBE LA SUSTENTACIÓN Y DEFENSA DEL TRABAJO INDIVIDUAL DE TITULACIÓN: TESIS POTENCIALIDADES DEL USO DE QUITOSANO Y AGUA DE COCO COMO PROMOTORES DEL CRECIMIENTO IN VITRO DE LA ORQUÍDEA CATTLEYA SP. Autora: Julia Esther Valencia Pacho PREVIO A OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE BIOLÓGA Miembros del tribunal CALIFICACIÓN (Números y Letras) Blga. Mónica Armas Soto MSc. PRESIDENTE DEL TRIBUNAL --------------------------- Blga. Shirley Moncayo Baño MIEMBRO DEL TRIBUNAL --------------------------- Lcdo. José Suarez, MSc. MIEMBRO DEL TRIBUNAL --------------------------- SUSTENTACIÓN Y DEFENSA DEL TRABAJO INDIVIDUAL DE TITULACIÓN REALIZADA EN LA SALA DE MAESTRÍA DE LA FACULTAD. FECHA: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CERTIFICO Abg. José Solórzano Cabezas SECRETARIO DE LA FACULTAD iv DEDICATORIA Con humildad y sencillez dedico esta tesis a mi adorada hija Scarlet Lara, quien me prestó el tiempo que le pertenecía para terminar y me motivó siempre para nunca rendirme y poder ser un ejemplo para ella, a mi padre Sr. Galo Valencia y mi madre Domitila Pacho, quienes me enseñaron desde pequeña a luchar para alcanzar mis metas. A mi familia, por brindarme su confianza y por el tiempo dedicado, a mis amigos y compañeros que de una u otra manera aportaron con sus conocimientos. v AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco a mi Dios, quien me dio la fe, fortaleza, la salud y la esperanza para realizar esta tesis. Ayer, hoy y siempre agradezco eternamente a mis padres, que me han dado su apoyo incondicional para realizar mis estudios. A la empresa AGROVITROPARIS, Ing. Agr. Laura Paris Moreno Rivas, por permitir realizar esta investigación en sus laboratorios. A los docentes, los cuales nos han ido capacitando arduamente profesionalmente para la elaboración de este trabajo. A mis amigas Diana Rojas y Shirley Moncayo, que de una u otra manera aportaron con sus conocimientos. Al MSc. Xavier Cornejo que con su paciencia tiempo y dedicación contribuyó a culminar con éxito este proyecto. vi RESUMEN El presente estudio se realizó en los meses de junio a diciembre del 2015, en el cantón Daule, Provincia del Guayas, en el laboratorio de cultivos de tejidos in vitro de la empresa AGROVITROPARIS. Donde se determinó la dosis apropiada de quitosano y agua de coco para el desarrollo de la orquídea Cattleya sp. Como material vegetal de inicio se utilizó explantes protocormos de la orquídea Cattleya sp. se evaluaron 5 variables: número de brotes, tallas de las vitroplantas, ancho central de la hoja, longitud de raíces e índice de mortalidad. Para el cultivo se utilizó el medio Murashige y Skoog, suplementado con quitosano y agua de coco. Se realizó un diseño completamente al azar en forma grupal usando cinco tratamientos con distintas dosis de quitosano ** y agua de coco * (T1: 50 mg**50 mL*; T2: 80 mg**100 mL*; T3: 100 mg**150 mL*; T4: 125 mg**200 mL*; T5: 150 mg**250 mL*). Los mejores resultados en las variables evaluadas se obtuvieron con el empleo de 150 mg de quitosano y 250 mL de agua de coco. Las vitroplántulas obtenidas tuvieron 3 brotes, con una altura de 3.30 cm, diámetro de la hoja 1.40 cm y raíces vigorosas de 4.50 cm aproximadamente. vii ABSTRACT The present study was conducted between June to December 2015, in the laboratory of AGROVITROPARIS Company, located in Parish Daule, Province of Guayas, Ecuador. The proper dose of quitosan and coconut water for the optimum development of Cattleya sp. orchid was determined. As starting plant material explant protocorms of Cattleya sp. were used, and five parameters were measured number of sprouts, size of vitro plantlets, central width of blades, length of roots, and mortality rate. For the culture, Murashige and Skoog media supplemented with quitosan and coconut water were used. It was conducted completely randomized design in groups using five treatments with different doses of quitosan and coconut water (T1: 50 mg**50 mL*; T2: 80 mg**100 mL*; T3: 100 mg**150 mL*; T4: 125 mg**200 mL*; T5: 150 mg**250 mL*). The best results among the evaluated variables were obtained with the use of 150 mg of quitosan and 250 mL of coconut water. The vitro plantlets were three outbreaks, the highest sprout measures 3.30 cm; the leaf measures 1.40 cm and the strong roots 4.50 cm approximately. viii ÍNDICE GENERAL Contenido RESUMEN .......................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ viii LISTA DE TABLAS ............................................................................................. xi LISTA DE FIGURAS ........................................................................................... xii 1.INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 GENERO CATTLEYA SP. ........................................................................................ 2 1.2 QUITOSANO ............................................................................................................ 5 1.3 AGUA DE COCO ...................................................................................................... 7 1.3.1. COMPOSICIÓN DE AMINOÁCIDOS EN EL AGUA DE COCO: ........................... 7 1.4. PRINCIPALES COMPONENTES DEL MEDIO DE CULTIVO .................................. 8 2. ANTECEDENTES .............................................................................................9 3. HIPÓTESIS ..................................................................................................... 11 4. OBJETIVOS .................................................................................................... 12 4.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL ........................................................................................... 12 4.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS .................................................................................. 12 5. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ........................................................................... 13 5.1. ÁREA DE ESTUDIO .............................................................................................. 13 5.1.1. Datos geográficos: ........................................................................................... 14 5.1.2. Datos climáticos: .............................................................................................. 14 5.1.3. Duración del experimento ................................................................................ 14 5.2. DISEÑO EXPERIMENTAL ..................................................................................... 14 5.3. ETAPA DE CULTIVO ............................................................................................. 15 5.4. MEDIO DE CULTIVO ............................................................................................. 15 5.5. MATERIAL VEGETAL............................................................................................ 15 5.6. CONDICIONES AMBIENTALES ............................................................................ 16 5.7. METODOLOGÍA DE LA SIEMBRA ........................................................................ 16 5.8. VARIABLES A MEDIRSE. ..................................................................................... 17 5.8.1. Número de brotes de las vitroplantas ............................................................. 17 5.8.2. Tallas de las Vitroplantas ................................................................................. 17 5.8.3. Ancho en la parte central de la hoja y longitud de raíces .............................. 18 5.8.4. Aclimatación...................................................................................................... 18 ix 5.9. ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO MEDIANTE LA PRUEBA DE TUKEY 5% .................... 18 6. RESULTADOS ................................................................................................ 19 6.1. ENSAYOS PREVIOS ................................................................................... 19 6.1.1 Medio de cultivo estándar sin agua de coco ni quitosano. .................. 19 6.1.2 Medio de cultivo estándar con agua de coco. ....................................... 19 6.1.3 Medio de cultivo estándar con quitosano. ............................................. 19 6.2. ÍNDICES DE MORTALIDAD ........................................................................ 20 6.3. NÚMEROS DE BROTES ....................................................................................... 21 6.4. TALLAS DE LAS VITROPLANTAS ........................................................................ 22 6.5. ANCHO DE LAS HOJAS ....................................................................................... 24 6.6. LONGITUD DE RAÍCES ........................................................................................ 25 7. DISCUSIÓN ...................................................................................................
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