Bulletin of Arunachal Forest Research, Vol. 32(1&2), 1-16: 2017 ISSN 0970-9487 MEDICINAL ORCHIDS OF : A REVIEW

Jambey Tsering*1, Ngilyang Tam2, Hui Tag3, Baikuntha Jyoti Gogoi4, Ona Apang2 1Orchid Research Centre, Tipi, Bhalukpong- 790114, Arunachal Pradesh, 2State Forest Research Institute, Van Vihar, Itanagar- 791113, Arunachal Pradesh 3Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh- 791112, Arunachal Pradesh, India 4Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No. 2, Tezpur- 784001, , India *Email: [email protected]

Abstract Orchids are one of the largest groups of Angiosperms belonging to the family . Orchids are extremely popular as ornamental and lesser is the known about their ethnomedicinal uses. Since from the primitive periods, medicinal including orchids have occupied a distinct place in human’s life for treatment of variety of ailments. The present review paper deals with the enumeration of such medicinal orchids found in Arunachal Pradesh. 112 orchid belonging to 53 genera are presented here with their references. This paper also discusses uses of orchids in traditional medicine, their threat status and in-situ conservation in Arunachal Pradesh. Keywords: Medicinal orchids, Arunachal Pradesh

INTRODUCTION there is a lack of phytochemical and pharmacological studies on medicinal orchids. The literal meaning of the term orchid Limited information on medicinal values of (orkhis) in Greek is testicles and it was orchids regarding their therapeutic properties in Theophrastus who first coined the term as the different parts of the world is available and anatomy of plant resembles testicles (Steward specifically corresponded to particular regions and Griffith, 1995). Orchids are one of the and community. Compilation of such largest and most diverse groups of angiosperms information is very important to provide the consisting of nearly 25,000 – 30,000 species reference for the drug development of many belonging to 750 – 800 genera (Dressler, 1993). problematic diseases at present. They are found in virtually all regions around the world except Antarctica, but their greatest In Himalaya region, large number of diversity occurs in tropical and sub-tropical orchids are reported to be used in regions. Orchids are the of most ethnomedicine. Some common Ayurvedic fascinating and gorgeous of all nature’s drugs like Jivanti and Rasna are of orchid’s ’s and exhibit a wide range of diversity in origin (Uniyal, 1975). However, Chinese were form, size, colour and texture that make them the first to present documentary evidence for unique among the ornamentals. They are medicinal uses of orchids. Some common generally cultivated for beautiful flowers and orchids used in Chinese Ancient System of are widely known for their economic medicine includes nobile, importance and very less for their medicinal use Gastrodia elata, Bletilla striata, etc., (Bulpitt et (Singh et al., 2012). al., 2007). India is the richest habitat of orchids. India comprise of about 2500 species in 167 In Himalaya region, studies on orchids are genera, out of which 550 species are reported mainly focused on their documentation but BULLETIN OF ARUNACHAL FOREST RESEARCH, 32(1&2): 2017 from Arunachal Pradesh which is highest in edgeworthii (Singh and Duggal, 2009). Also, number reported from any single state. In India, Dendrobium macraei is used as a source of an some orchids like Eulophia campestris, Orchis important Ayurveda drug called ‘Jivanti’ latifolia and roxburghii have drawn the (Kasera and Shukla, 2001). Dendrobium attention of scientific community because of fimbriatum, Papilionanthe teres, Eria their medicinal properties (Stuart, 1984; Singh musicucola, Eulophia compestris, Satyrium and Duggal, 2009). Arunachal Pradesh is the nepalense, Laparis odorata, Orchis latifolia, richest both in terms of diversity and abundance Vanda cristata, V. tessalata, V. coerula, V. of orchids, however, limited number of spathulata, Cymbidium gigantieum, C. medicinal orchids were reported till date. This aloifolium, C. williomsoni, Dendrobium nobile, review article deals with the ethnomedicinal D. moschatum, Phaius tancarvilleae are some uses of orchids native to Arunachal Pradesh. A of the important medicinal orchids used by list of 112 orchids are presented with their traditional healer in Indian subcontinent traditional uses in medicines. (Suresh et al., 2000; Kong et al., 2003; Hossain et al., 2009; Medhi and Chakrabarti, 2009). USE OF ORCHIDS IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE Orchids like Brachycorythis obcordata, cristata, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, In many countries, orchids have been used Otochilus porrectus, retusa, as traditional drugs for a very long time (Bulpit Satyrium nepalense and Vanda cristata are still et al., 2007). There is no doubt that the Chinese largely used in Trans-Himalayan region, while were the first to cultivate and describe orchids, orchids like Cypripedium himalaicum, and they were almost certainly the first to Dendrobium densiflorum, Gymnadenia describe orchids for medicinal use. The Chinese conopsea and G. orchidis are commonly used were also the first to write books devoted to in Sowa-Rigpa system of traditional medicine orchids (Jalal et al., 2008). Orchids particularly (Joshi and Joshi, 2006; Dakpa, 2007). Vanda Dendrobium species have been used as has a long history of use by the native medicinal herbs in different countries for population for anti-inflammatory properties centuries. About 40 Dendrobium species are (Kumar et al., 2005). Indian Vanda does indeed still used in traditional Chinese medicine. Other express anti-proliferative effects against genera of medicinal orchids which are heavily various types of cancers, including carcinoma, exploited includes , Aerides, lung and stomach (Ho and Chen, 2003). Some Coelogyne, Crepidium, Dactylorhiza, orchid species have been in use as an anti-dote Gastrodia, Eulophia, Flickingeria, Otochilus, against scorpion, snake and insect bites such as Pholidota, Satyrium and Vanda (Subedi, et al., Habenaria fusifera, Habenaria pantlingiana 2013). and Habenaria roxburghii (Jalal et al, 2008; Indian system of traditional medicine has Behera et al., 2013). also long history of orchid use. Ashtavarga Other Asian countries such as , known as the ‘herb of immortality’ is an , , , , Shri important ingredient of various classical Lanka, , , etc. have been Ayurvedic formulations like Chavyanprasa, using orchids in traditional medicine since the which consists drugs of orchid’s origin such as ancient time till date (Basu et al., 1971; Kumar Crepidium acuminatum, Malaxis muscifera, et al., 2000; Hernández-Romero et al., 2005; Habenaria intermedia and Platanthera Luo et al., 2007). Similarly, use of orchids in 2

Tsering et al., 2017: MEDICINAL ORCHIDS OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH Africa, America and Europe has a long history the energy of muscular systems since 15th and is being used even today in various century. In Europe significant medicinal preparations. In Africa, the Zulus used several orchids includes Ophrys apifera, O. muscifera, orchids for therapeutic purposes such as O. fuciflora, O. sphegodes, Orchis simia, O. Bulbophyllum maximum, Cyrtorchis arcuata, mascula, Himantoglossum hircinum, Serapias Eulophia flaccida, E. cucullata and Galeola vomeracea, S. lingua, Dactylorhiza majalis, D. foliate. In America, Vanilla planifolia was used majalis and foliosa. These species are mainly as useful herb for the treatment of hysteria, used as aphrodisiac and for healing properties fevers, impotence, rheumatism and to increase (Pant, 1568).

Figure 1: Medicinal - (a) D. chrysanthum; (b). D. moschatum; (c) D. fimbriatum; (d) D. densiflorum; (e) D. crepidatum; (f) D. devonianum; (g) D. nobile; (h) D. jenkinsii

ARUNACHAL PRADESH AND ITS global mega biodiversity hotspot (Myers et al., MEDICINAL ORCHID DIVERSITY 2000) and is among the 200 globally important Arunachal Pradesh lies between the 26°28' Eco-regions (Olson and Dinerstein, 1998). The N to 29°30' N latitude and 91°30' E to 97°30' E altitudinal range is wide starting from 130 m at longitude. It is situated in the transition zone foothills regions up to 6000 m and above in between the Himalaya and Indo-Burmese higher mountains. The state harbors the world’s regions surrounded by in the West, northernmost tropical rainforest and is in the North, Myanmar in the East and the estimated to have nearly 50 % of the total North East states of Assam and Nagaland in the species of India (Rao and Hajra, South (Mani, 1974; Rodgers and Panwar, 1988; 1986; Chowdhury, 1998; Procter et al., 1998; Singh et al., 2007). The state is located within Whitmore, 1998). More than 600 species of the Eastern Himalaya global biodiversity orchids were reported from the state so far. hotspot which is recognized as one of the 34 Most of the orchids are found in between sub- tropical to lower temperate regions. 3

BULLETIN OF ARUNACHAL FOREST RESEARCH, 32(1&2): 2017 At present the state have 550 confirmed species i.e. 53 %). Thirty-five medicinal species, of which 112 species belonging to 53 orchids were recorded only from west part, genera were found to be used in different eight only from eastern part and two only from traditional medicine system. These includes 71 central part of the state. Though Arunachal epiphytes, 40 terrestrials and 01 mycotroph. Pradesh has huge number of medicinal orchids, Dendrobium (18 spp.), Coelogyne (10 spp.), they were rarely used by the ethnic people of Cymbidium (07 spp.) and Calanthe (05 spp.) the state. Dactylorhiza hatagirea, a were the four most common medicinal orchid traditionally important medicinal orchid was genera found in Arunachal Pradesh. Some also reported to be existing in the state, but medicinal Dendrobiums are shown in figure 1. further research is required for its confirmation. The western part of Arunachal Pradesh harbors The traditional medicinal uses of each species highest medicinal orchids (101 species i.e. 90 compiled from various published literatures are %) followed by eastern part of the state (69 given in table 1. species i.e. 62 %) and least by central part (59

Table 1: Ethnomedicinal uses of orchids

Part Refere SN Botanical name Traditional Uses used nces 1. Acampe carinata (Griff.) Rt, Lf Root used in acute rheumatism, sciatica, 1, 2, 3 Panigrahi neuralgia, secondary syphilis and uterine diseases. Paste applied externally to treat scorpion and snakebites. Leaf decoction administered orally to get relief chest pain, stomach disorders and acidity 2. Acampe praemorsa (Rox Rt Crushed root used as tonic. Paste applied 4, 5 b.) Blatt. & McCann externally to treat rheumatism and pains. Paste taken orally to cure arthritis 3. Acampe rigida (Buch.- Rt, Lf Relieves muscle pain, joint pain and promote 6 Ham. ex Sm.) P.F.Hunt blood circulation 4. Aerides multiflora Roxb. Lf Paste applied to treat cuts, wounds and earache. 7, 8, 9, Also used in tonic preparation 10 5. Aerides odorata Lour. Wh Leaf is antibacterial. Leaf paste used to treat cuts, 3, 4, 5, wounds, to heal boils in ears and noses. Whole 7, 8, 9 plant used in tuberculosis, joint pain and swellings. Seed used as wound healing 6. Argostophyllum brevipes Tb Powder used in preparation of jaundice medicine 11 King & Pantl. 7. Agrostophyllum callosum Tb Powder used in inflammation, diabetes, wound 11 Rchb.f. and skin disorders 8. Anoectochilus roxburghii Wh Infusion consumed to control fever, lung disease, 8, 12 (Wall.) Lindl. hypertension and to treat tuberculosis

9. Anthogonium gracile Tb Grounded tuber applied to the cracking heels for 13, 14 Wall. ex Lindl. quick relief from pain. Paste used to treat bone fracture, dislocation and boils

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Tsering et al., 2017: MEDICINAL ORCHIDS OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH Part Refere SN Botanical name Traditional Uses used nces 10. Arundina graminifolia Rt, St Root used to relieve body ache. Scrapped bulbous 3, 15 (D.Don) Hochr. stem applied on foot-heels to treat the cracks 11. Brachycorythis Tb Tuber is expectorant, astringent and nutritious. 7, 8, 9, obcordata (Lindl.) Powder taken with milk as tonic and to overcome 16, 17 Summerh. dysentery 12. Bulbophyllum careyanum Lf, Pb Decoction of leaf powder consumed to get fast 9 (Hook.) Spreng. recovery after childbirth and to cause abortion. Fresh pulp of pseudobulb used in burns 13. Bulbophyllum Lf, Pb Fresh pulp or juice used in burns 10 leopardinum (Wall.) Lindl. ex Wall. 14. Bulbophyllum Wh Infusion or decoction used to treat tuberculosis, 10, 18 odoratissimum (Sm.) chronic inflammation and fracture Lindl. ex Wall. 15. Bulbophyllum sterile Pb Pseudobulb used in rheumatism and swellings 19 (Lam.) Suresh 16. Calanthe plantaginea Rz Dry powder with milk taken as tonic and 9 Lindl. aphrodisiac 17. Calanthe puberula Lindl. Rz Dry powder with milk taken as tonic 9 18. Calanthe sylvatica Fl, Lf Flower juice used to stop nose or gum bleedings. 3, 7, 9, (Thouars) Lindl. Leaves used to treat cold and cough 11 19. Calanthe tricarinata Lf, Pb Leaf paste applied on sores and eczema. Leaf and 7, 15 Lindl. pseudobulb are aphrodisiac 20. Calanthe triplicata Rt, Fl, Root and flower used as analgesic during diarrhea 3, 20 (Willemet) Ames Pb and teeth cavities problems. Pseudobulb used in treatment of gastrointestinal disorders 21. Cephalanthera longifolia Rz Used as appetizer, tonic and wound healer. 3, 7, (L.) Fritsch Powder used to increase vigour, vitality and to 11, 17 alleviate impotency 22. Cleisostoma williamsonii Lf, St Used to heal fractured bones and also consumed 3, 21 (Rchb.f.) Garay during diarrhoea 23. Pb Juice applied in wounds and burns as analgesic. 20, 22 Lindl. Paste applied on forehead to relieve headache 24. Lindl. Pb Used as aphrodisiac and to overcome 16, 22 constipation. Juice applied in wounds and boils. Gums exuded from pseudobulbs used to treat sores 25. Pb Paste or juice consumed to relieve headache, 10, 15 Lindl. fever and indigestion. Pulp applied over burnt skin. Powder form used as ingredients in tonic preparation 26. Lindl. Pb Paste applied externally to relieve frontal 8, 9, headache and fever. Juice taken during 15 indigestion 27. Pb Juice or paste used to reduce abdominal pain and 7, 8, 9 Lindl. to heal burns

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BULLETIN OF ARUNACHAL FOREST RESEARCH, 32(1&2): 2017 Part Refere SN Botanical name Traditional Uses used nces 28. (Wall. Pb Juice or juice used to overcome headache, fever 9 ex D.Don) Lindl. and burns 29. Lindl. Wh Pseudobulb is aphrodisiac. Whole plant effective 3, 8, against cough, urinary infections and eye 15, 20 disorders 30. Coelogyne prolifera Pb Paste used to relieve fever, headache, backache, 8, 9, Lindl. burn and boil 15 31. Coelogyne punctulata Pb Used in burn injuries and wound 3, 20 Lindl. 32. Coelogyne stricta Pb Paste applied externally to relieve headache and 7, 8, 9, (D.Don) Schltr. fever 17 33. muscicola Wh Used in cardiac, respiratory and nervous disorders 8, 17 (Lindl.) Rauschert 34. Corymborkis veratrifolia Lf Leaf juice used as emetic. Also used during 11 (Reinw.) Blume constipation and fever in children 35. Cremastra appendiculata Rt, St Root powder used in snakebite. Stem used in 3, 11 (D.Don) Makino dental caries 36. Crepidium acuminatum Rt, Pb Root powder used in burns. Pseudobulb used to 3, 7, 8, (D.Don) Szlach. treat bronchitis, cold, cough, fever, tuberculosis 9, 11, and weakness. Pseudobulb also used as tonic and 17 male aphrodisiac 37. Cymbidium aloifolium Wh is purgative, also used in bone fracture. 1, 3, 7, (L.) Sw. Powdered rhizome consumed as tonic. Root paste 8, 9, used to cure rheumatism and nervous disorders. 15, 17, Pseudobulb used as demulcent agent. Seed 20, 21, powder used for healing wounds. Leaf used in 22, 23, boils and fever. Whole plant used in weakness of 24 eye, burns and sores 38. Cymbidium devonianum Wh Concentrated decoction used in cough and cold. 8, 15 Paxton Root paste used in boils 39. Cymbidium elegans Wh Fresh juice is coagulating and used to treat deep 6, 8, 9 Lindl. wounds. Also used in nervous disorders [Syn. Cymbidium longifolium D.Don] 40. Cymbidium ensifolium Rt, Fl Root decoction used to treat gonorrhoea. Flower 3, 12, var. munronianum (King decoction used in eye sore disorders 20 & Pantl.) T. Tang & F.T. Wang 41. Cymbidium hookerianum Sd Seeds are applied to cuts and injuries as 3 Rchb.f. haemostatic 42. Cymbidium iridioides Lf, Fresh juice of leaf used as blood clotting in fresh 7, 8, 9, D.Don Pb, Rt wounds. Pseudobulb and root powder used as 20, 21 tonic and eaten during diarrhoea 43. Cymbidium macrorhizon Rz Decoction used as diaphoretic and in treatment of 25 Lindl. boils 44. Dendrobium amoenum Pb Fresh paste applied to cure burnt skin and 9 Wall. ex Lindl. dislocated bones

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Tsering et al., 2017: MEDICINAL ORCHIDS OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH Part Refere SN Botanical name Traditional Uses used nces 45. Dendrobium St, Lf Stem used as tonic to nourish stomach, enhance 12, 26, chrysanthum Wall. ex immune system, promote the production of body 27 Lindl. fluid and reduce fever. Leaf used as antipyretic and mild skin diseases 46. Dendrobium chrysotoxum St, Fl, Extract of stem and flower used as tonic. Leaf 12, 28 Lindl. Lf extract used as antipyretic 47. Dendrobium crepidatum Pb, St Pseudobulbs paste used in fractured and 28, 29 Lindl. & Paxton dislocated bones. Stem used as tonic, in arthritis and rheumatism 48. Dendrobium densiflorum Pb, Lf Pseudobulb cures vomiting and quenches thirst. 3, 8, 9, Lindl. Lowers fever of phlegm. Rejuvenates degenerated 11, 15, power of the digestive system caused due to lack 30 of digestive fluids and loss of appetite. Pulps of the pseudobulbs used in boils, pimples and other skin eruptions. Leaf paste used in fractures bones, sprains and inflammations 49. Dendrobium denudans St Used to treat cough, cold, nasal block and 11 D.Don tonsillitis. Also used as tonic for age-old and children 50. Dendrobium devonianum St Dried stems used as an immune system enhancer 31 Paxton 51. Dendrobium eriiflorum Pb Paste used to treat fractured and dislocated bones. 9 Griff. Dried powder used as tonic 52. Dendrobium falconeri St Consumed as tonic and used in lung cancer 28 Hook. 53. Dendrobium fimbriatum Wh, Whole plant used in liver upset and nervous 2, 3, 7, Hook. Pb debility. Pseudobulb considered as aphrodisiac, 8, 12, stimulant and demulcents. Pseudobulb used in 21, 28 liver upsets, nervous debility, fever and as tonic. Leaf used in fractured bones 54. Dendrobium fugax Wh Powder used as a tonic and general debility 9 Rchb.f. stimulant 55. Dendrobium jenkinsii St Used in gastritis, dehydration during fever, thrush 11 Wall. ex Lindl. and dried eyes like ailments 56. Dendrobium longicornu Wh, Plant juice used to relieve fever. Boiled roots used 9, 15 Lindl. Rt to feed livestock suffering from cough 57. Dendrobium moniliforme Pb Used as anti-inflammatory 32 (L.) Sw. 58. Dendrobium monticola Pb Pulps of the pseudobulbs used in boils, pimples 7, 8, P.F.Hunt & Summerh. and other skin eruptions 17 59. Dendrobium moschatum Pb, Lf Pseudobulb decoction consumed during general 3, 11, (Buch.-Ham.) Sw. body weakness. Pseudobulb paste used to treat 28, 30, fractured and dislocated bones. Leaf juice used 33 during earache

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BULLETIN OF ARUNACHAL FOREST RESEARCH, 32(1&2): 2017 Part Refere SN Botanical name Traditional Uses used nces 60. Dendrobium nobile Wh Stem is considered as tonic, vigour, aphrodisiac, 3, 11, Lindl. stomachic, analgesic and anti-ageing. Decoction 20, 21, of stem used to reduce salivation, thirst, tongue 28, 34 dryness, night sweating, menstrual pain and nightfall. Powdered stem used in dyspepsia, parched and thirsty mouth, fever, anorexia, pulmonary tuberculosis and lumbago. Whole plant used in nervous disorders. Seeds applied to the freshly cut wounds for quick healing 61. Dendrobium transparens Pb Paste used to treat fractured and dislocated bones 9 Wall. ex Lindl. 62. Dienia cylindrostachya Pb Powder used as tonic 9 Lindl. 63. Epipactis helleborine (L.) Wh Tuber used to treat insanity, gouts, headache and 7, 8, 9, Crantz stomachache. Whole plant used in nervous 17, 20 disorders 64. Eulophia dabia (D.Don) Rh Used as appetizer, tonic and aphrodisiac. Used in 7, 8, 9, Hochr. treatment of purulent cough and heart trouble. 20 Infusion given to infants to reduce cough, cold and as blood purifier 65. Eulophia spectabilis Tb, Lf Tuber is appetizer, aphrodisiac and used as tonic 3, 8, (Dennst.) Suresh and blood-purifier. Also useful in tuberculosis 10, 11, glands on neck, tumors and bronchitis. Decoction 33 of tuber used to treat pinworm and roundworm infections. Leaf paste used in skin diseases 66. Galeola falconeri Hook.f. Tb Paste used externally in treatment of STDs like This syphilis study 67. Geodorum densiflorum Tb Used as poultice in wounds, skin diseases, 20, 35, (Lam.) Schltr. carbuncles and insect bites. Also used to cure 36 dysentery, diabetes, improving fertility in men and to regularize menstrual cycle in women 68. Goodyera repens (L.) Wh Tuber paste externally applied to treat syphilis. 11, 20, R.Br. Extract taken as blood purifier during irregular 37, 38 menstruation. Whole plant used against eye disorders and snake bites 69. Goodyera Wh Leaf and stem used as blood purifier, in acne, 3, 11, schlechtendaliana pruritus, psoriasis and fungal infections on skin. 39 Rchb.f. Extract of whole plant used as tonic for curing internal injuries and to improve blood circulation 70. Gymnadenia orchidis Tb Powered form used to treat cuts, wounds, 3, 7, 8, Lindl. gastritis, diarrhea, liver and urinary disorders. 9, 11, Milk decoction taken as aphrodisiac and tonic. 15, 20, Rejuvenates bodily strength, increases sperm 30 count and restores diminished kidney heat 71. Habenaria dentata (Sw.) Wh Whole plant considered as analgesic, aphrodisiac, 40, 41 Schltr. disinfectant and anti-rheumatic. Used to treat urinary and orthopedic problems

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Tsering et al., 2017: MEDICINAL ORCHIDS OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH Part Refere SN Botanical name Traditional Uses used nces 72. Habenaria furcifera Tb Paste applied on cuts, wounds and insect bites. 42 Lindl. Also used as tonic to improve body fluid 73. Habenaria pantlingiana Tb Extract is used in snake and snake bites 22 Kraenzl. 74. Habenaria pectinata Tb, Lf Tuber used in arthritis. Leaf juice applied in 9, 43, D.Don snakebite 44 75. Herminium lanceum Wh Extract of plant given in suppressed urination 37 (Thunb. ex Sw.) Vuijk 76. Liparis nervosa (Thunb.) Tb Used to treat stomachache, malignant ulcers 8, 17 Lindl. 77. Liparis odorata (Willd.) Lf, St Leaf juice used to treat cancerous ulcer, gangrene 3, 11, Lindl. and burns. Stem used to cure throat cancer 21 78. trichorrhiza Wh Paste applied externally to cure muscular pain and 4, 8, 9, (Hook.) Blume orally consumed to treat jaundice 17, 20 79. (G.Forst.) Lf Juice is used to treat chronic wounds, boils and 7, 9, Hook.f. burns 15, 17 80. Malaxis muscifera Pb Useful in sterility, seminal weakness, dysentery, 3, 8, 9, (Lindl.) Kuntze fever and general debility as a tonic. Powdered 11 form used to treat male infertility and decoction in fever and burning limbs 81. Monomeria barbata Tb Used in treating coughs, pulmonary tuberculosis 45 Lindl. and trauma 82. pannea Rt, Lf Decoction of root is used in washing chicken pox 6 (Lindl.) S.C.Chen & and also used in malaria. Leaf poultice applied to J.J.Wood fractured bones and muscle swellings 83. Nervilia macroglossa Tb Used to increase male impotency 46 (Hook.f.) Schltr. 84. Oberonia caulescens Tb Used in liver ailments 7, 8, Lindl. 20 85. Oberonia falconeri Wh Used in bone fractures 47 Hook.f. 86. Otochilus albus Lindl. Wh Powder is used as tonic 9 87. Otochilus porrectus Wh Used as tonic and also in the treatment of sinusitis 8, 19, Lindl. and rheumatism 48 88. Papilionanthe teres Wh Paste applied externally to treat high fevers and 3, 8, 9, (Roxb.) Schltr. dislocated bones. Juice used in burning sensation 11, 15, and to reduce fever, cough and cold 21

89. Peristylus constrictus Rt Fresh extract are applied on boils 36 (Lindl.) Lindl. 90. Phaius tankervilleae Tb, Tuber is tonic. Tuber paste used to reduce 3, 6, (Banks) Blume Lf, swelling of gout, to reduce pain of fractured 11, 20, FL bones, redness and swelling. Also eaten during 21, 29, dysentery. Poultice made of tubers and leaves 36 used to heal infected wounds and boils

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BULLETIN OF ARUNACHAL FOREST RESEARCH, 32(1&2): 2017 Part Refere SN Botanical name Traditional Uses used nces 91. Pholidota articulata Wh Whole plant used as tonic. Root powder used to 7, 8, 9, Lindl. treat cancer. Fruit juice used to treat skin ulcers 15, 22, and skin eruptions. Pseudobulb applied to treat 49 dislocated bones 92. Pholidota chinensis Pb Extract used in toothache, stomachache and 3, 50 Lindl. inflammation 93. Pholidota imbricata Pb Juice applied to relieve pain of nasal, abdominal 3, 7, 8, Lindl. and rheumatic. Paste used to reduce fever, pain 10, 11, and swelling during arthritis. Powder used as 17 tonic 94. Pholidota pallida Lindl. Rt, Pb Juice applied to relieve nasal, abdominal and 3, 7, 8, rheumatic pains. Powder used to treat insomnia 9, 17 95. spicata (D.Don) St Paste consumed to reduce stomachache and 7, 8, 9 S.C.Chen & J.J.Wood applied externally to reduce headache 96. Platanthera latilabris Pb Used as blood purifier 20 Lindl. 97. humilis (Sm.) Pb Dried powder is tonic. Paste used in cut and 8, 9 , D.Don wounds 15 98. Pleione maculata (Lindl.) Rz Used in liver complaints and stomach ailments 3, 7, 8, Lindl. & Paxton 17, 20 99. Pleione praecox (Sm.) Pb Dried powder is tonic. Paste used in cut and 8, 9, D.Don wounds 15 100. Polystachya concreta Pb Used in treatment of arthritis 20 (Jacq.) Garay & H.R.Sweet 101. Ponerorchis chusua Tb Used in treatment of diarrhea, dysentery and 3 (D.Don) Soo chronic fever 102. Renanthera imschootiana Lf Paste used in skin diseases 5 Rolfe 103. (L.) Lf, Paste of leaves and roots used in rheumatism. 8, 10, Blume Rt, Fl Leaf juice used in constipation, gastritis, acidity 11, 15, and as emollient. Root juice used in cuts and 16, 17, wounds. Decoction of root used in menstrual 48 pain, arthritis, cuts and wounds. Dry flower used as emetic 104. Satyrium nepalense Tb Used in diarrhea, dysentery and malaria. Tubers 3, 7, 8, D.Don eaten as aphrodisiac and growth supplement of 9, 11, children. Juice used externally in cut and wounds. 15, 16, Powder is tonic and used to reduce cold, cough 17, 21 and fever. 105. Smitinandia micrantha Rt, St Root powder used as tonic. Stem has antibacterial 7, 8 (Lindl.) Holttum property 106. Spiranthes sinensis Wh Decoction used during intermittent fever. Soup 7, 8, 9, (Pers.) Ames made of tubers used to cure fatigue, hemoptysis, 51 kidney diseases and as tonic. Root and stem paste used in sores

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Tsering et al., 2017: MEDICINAL ORCHIDS OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH Part Refere SN Botanical name Traditional Uses used nces 107. Thunia alba (Lindl.) Wh Paste applied to treat dislocated bones 8, 9, Rchb.f. 15 108. Tropidia curculigoides Tb, St Decoction given in diarrhoea and malaria 3, 11, Lindl. 20 109. Vanda coerulea Griff. ex Lf Leaf juice is expectorant and used in eye diseases, 3, 5, Lindl. diarrhoea, loose motion, dysentery and external 11, 21 skin diseases 110. Vanda cristata Wall. ex Lf, Rt Leaf juice is expectorant and used in tonsillitis, 3, 8, Lindl. bronchitis, dry cough and general weakness as 10, 11, tonic. Leaf paste applied to cuts and wounds. 15, 16, Root paste used in cuts, wounds, boils and 21, 22, dislocated bones 48 111. Zeuxine longilabris Wh Used to treat whooping cough 52 (Lindl.) Trimen 112. Zeuxine strateumatica Rt, Tb Dry powder used as tonic 9, 22, (L.) Schltr. 33 [Rt: Root; St: Stem; Wh: Whole plant; Tb: Tuber; Lf: Leaf; Rz: Rhizome; Pb; Pseudobulb; 1: Ramesh et al., 2012; 2: Dey, 1984; 3: Yonzone, et al., 2012; 4: Dash et al., 2008; 5: Deorani and Sharma, 2007; 6: Toeh, 2016; 7: Vaidya et al., 2000; 8: Baral and Kurmi, 2006; 9: Subedi 2011; 10: Subedi et al., 2013; 11: Panda and Mandal, 2013; 12: Nongdam, 2014; 13: Bantawa and Rai, 2009; 14: Lokho, 2012; 15: Manandhar, 2002; 16: Joshi and Joshi, 2006;17: Shrestha, 2000; 18: Gutierrez, 2010; 19: Shanavaskhan et al., 2012; 20: Jalal et al., 2010; 21: Medhi and Chakrabarti, 2009; 22: Behera et al., 2013; 23: Chowdhery, 2001; 24: Nongdam and Chongtham, 2011; 25: Dudgal, 1972; 26: Anonymous, 1986; 27: Li et al., 2001; 28: San and Myint, 2009; 29: Pant, 2013; 30: Dakpa, 2007; 31: Zi, 2016; 32: Lin et al., 2001; 33: Kirtikar and Basu, 1935; 34: Anonymous, 1997; 35: Keerthiga and Anand, 2014; 36: Hossain, 2009; 37: Joshi et al., 2009; 38: Paul and Hegde, 1998; 39: Du et al, 2002; 40: Sood, 2006; 41: Yonzone et al., 2011; 42: Jalal et al, 2008; 43: Chauhan, 1999; 44: Singh and Duggal, 2009; 45: Yang et al., 2010; 46: Pankaj, 2013; 47: Kumar, 2008; 48: Joshi and Joshi, 2000; 49: Bhattacharjee, 1998; 50: Wang et al., 2006; 51: Wiart, 2012; 52: Rajendran et al., 1997]

THREAT STATUS even included in appendix I of CITES to control illegal trade of such species which includes Globally, orchids are the most threatened Aerangis ellisii, Dendrobium cruentum, Laelia species among the flowering plants. Orchids are jongheana, Laelia lobata, Paphiopedilum spp., depleting at an alarming rate due to over- Peristeria elata, Phragmipedium spp. and exploitation, onslaught habitat destruction by Renanthera imschootiana. urbanization and shifting cultivation, loss of , destructive diseases, climate IUCN have evaluated threat status of 880 changes and unauthorized trade (Gopinath orchid species, of which 162 (18.41 %) are 1994; Suseela and Thomas, 2000). Orchids categorized as Critically Endangered (CE), 242 which are used for medicine and as ornament (27.61 %) as Endangered (EN), 113 (12.84 %) are under considerable threat due to over as Vulnerable (VU), 49 (5.57 %) as Near collection (Pant et al., 2002). Most of the orchid Threatened (NT), 01 species (Oeceoclades species has been categorized as rare and seychellarum) as Extinct and rest under Least endangered, and are listed under appendix II of Concern (Anonymous, 2016). Out of 880 CITES (Anonymous, 2017). Few species were orchid species evaluated by IUCN, 19 are found

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BULLETIN OF ARUNACHAL FOREST RESEARCH, 32(1&2): 2017 in Arunachal Pradesh which includes Dendrobium hookerianum, D. nobile and D. Gastrochilus calceolaris (CE), Paphiopedilum gibsonii are considered sacred by the tribal fairrieanum (CE), Bulleyia yunnanensis (EN), people (Hegde, 1984) but multiple use-values Paphiopedilum venustum (EN), Paphiopedilum exacerbate the threat of overexploitation for wardii (EN), Malaxis muscifera (VU), these species. Pholidota chinensis (NT), Bulbophyllum cauliflorum (LC), Bulbophyllum delitescens CONCLUSION (LC), Bulbophyllum leopardinum (LC), Arunachal Pradesh is blessed with 112 Coelogyne rigida (LC), Conchidium pusillum species of medicinal orchids. These orchids are (LC), Cypripedium tibeticum (LC), still widely used in traditional system of Dendrobium aphyllum (LC), Erythrodes blumei medicines, but it is sad that necessary scientific (LC), Erythrorchis altissima (LC), Podochilus studies on the medicinal properties of these khasianus (LC), Spiranthes sinensis (LC) and orchids are still on the bottom of the agenda. Zeuxine strateumatica (LC). These 19 species Thus extensive research is necessary to be able also includes 5 medicinal orchids. to fully recommend the orchid species for their There are many more orchids which are medicinal uses. native to Indo-Burma hotspot region and are Also, the rich natural gene pool of orchid is facing high degree of habitat threat due to over depleting at an alarming rate particularly due to harvesting accompanied by their slow growth over-exploitation for medicinal and ornamental rate such as Calanthe plantaginea, purposes. Species like Liparis olivacea have Cephalanthera longifolia, Crepidium already become extinct from the wild and many acuminatum, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, more are on the verge of extinction (Subedi, Gymnadenia orchidis, etc. Such orchids also 2011). Recent advances in conservation needs to be evaluated and categorized under biology with biotechnological approaches have ‘The Red List of Threatened Species’ both at paved the safeguard for plant biodiversity, regional and global level. however, very little effort has been made to cultivate the medicinal orchids for commercial IN-SITU CONSERVATION OF ORCHIDS scale, which have put further stress. Thus, IN ARUNACHAL PRADESH besides promoting artificial propagation, The Department of Environment and collection of any orchids from wild should be Forests, Government of Arunachal Pradesh has totally banned at every level and awareness established a sanctuary (Sessa Orchid should be created for effective conservation. Sanctuary) particularly for orchid conservation in . The sanctuary having ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2 geographical area of 100 km is the richest area The authors acknowledges PCCF cum Principle in terms of orchid diversity with around 183 Secretary, Department of Environment and species in 55 genera (Anonymous, 2016). Forests, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh for Besides this, sacred groves play an important encouragement and facilities. role in conservation of orchids. Sacred groves are rich in biodiversity and the local REFERENCES communities conserve each and every species in a sustainable manner with their socio-cultural Anonymous, 1986. Dictionary of Chinese and religious practice. Some orchids like Materia Medica, Revised edition. Jiangsu 12

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