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Kawistara AGUSTUS 2020.Indd ISSN 2088-5415 (Print) ISSN 2355-5777 (Online) https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/kawistara/index https://doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.58018 JURNAL KAWISTARA VOLUME 10 No. 2, 22 Agustus‑ 2020 Halaman 221—233 HYBRID INTERNAL MIGRATION: THE FACTORS OF MIGRATION FOR EDUCATION AMONG WANA TRIBE COMMUNITY IN CENTRAL SULAWESI MIGRASI INTERNAL HIBRID: FAKTOR-FAKTOR MIGRASI UNTUK PENDIDIKAN DI KALANGAN MASYARAKAT SUKU WANA, SULAWESI BARAT (1)Kim Yong Chan dan Titi Susilowati Prabawa (2)* Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Salatiga Submitted:22-07-2020; Revised: 29-09-2020; Accepted:29-09-2020 ABSTRAK Berdasarkan wawancara dengan warga desa yang bermigrasi dari suku Wana yang tinggal di Sulawesi Tengah di Indonesia, penelitian ini membahas tentang faktor yang mendorong migrasi ke kota untuk tujuan pendidikan. Kami menemukan bahwa orang tua mengarahkan anaknya pindah ke kota untuk mendapatkan pendidikan. Oleh karena itu, informasi, pengetahuan, dan pengalaman dari orang tua maupun generasi angkatan mereka secara langsung memengaruhi proses pengambilan keputusan untuk migrasi. Temuan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa migrasi generasi muda di daerah asal ditentukan oleh tiga faktor pendorong terkait dengan pengalaman migrasi orang tua di kota. Keputusan untuk migrasi suku Wana ke kota besar di wilayah Sulawesi Tengah tidak hanya untuk meningkatkan status sosial mereka, tetapi dalam rangka mengupayakan perubahan status ekonomi, peningkatan pendidikan, dan fasilitas di daerah asal. Secara umum, artikel ini menggambarkan alasan psikologis dan tantangan generasi orang tua suku Wana ketika berjuang mendorong anak-anak mereka untuk pergi ke kota besar dengan tujuan memperoleh pendidikan. Kata Kunci: Migrasi pendidikan; Pengambilan keputusan; Proses migrasi; Pengembangan masyarakat; Suku Wana. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Copyright© 2020 THE AUTHOR (S). This article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Jurnal Kawistara is published by the Graduate School of Universitas Gadjah Mada. 221 Kawistara, Vol. 10, No. 2, 22 Agustus 2020: 221-233 ABSTRACT guished from international migration. Sever- Based on interview with migrating villagers of al studies on migration in Indonesia reported the Wana tribes living in Central Sulawesi of the high incidence of rural to urban migra- Indonesia, this paper examines the drivers of tion (Tirtosudarmo,2009; Van Lottum and migration among tribal community for educational Marks,2010; Allo, 2016). The different types purposes. It found that Parents have the authority of internal migration, such as group migra- to decide whether they let their children move tion, individual, and occupation are largely to the urban area for their education. Therefore, parent generation’s information, knowledge, and due to the individual’s voluntary will. In ad- experience directly affect their motivating factors dition to this, migration may occur due to the in the decision-making process of educational desires of the parents or social groups, gov- migration. The finding of this research informs ernment policies, and social structures rather new motivation and the motivation influences than individual will. However, this country behaviour and performance of the decision. is currently facing challenges in its human Our finds suggest that migration of the young development related to the imbalanced dis- generation from the origin areas is determined by tribution of high-skilled youth population three stimulating factors related to their parent’s among regions. (Malamassam, 2016). Accord- migration experience in the cities. It shows that ing to Allo, migration may happen due to community development plays an essential role in educational migrants to the city in Central welfare difference between different region Indonesia, not only upward their social status in Indonesia (Allo, 2016). People tend to go to in the cities but also in improving the economy, a region with higher level of welfare. For this education, and facilities of the original areas. article, we explore the migration phenome- Ultimately, this paper illustrates the psychological non among the people of the Wana tribe who reasons and challenges of parent’s generation lived in the mountainous region of central in the Wana tribe’s why they are struggling to Indonesia and visited their homes to see their move their kids to the bigger town or cities for educational environment. The Wana tribe is education purposes. inland in the Mrowali forest, and this tribe Keywords: Decision making; Community- is also called Tau Taa Wana, it means “peo- development; Internal educational migration ple who live in the forest.” The Wana tribe Migration process in the tribe; Wana tribe. is among the oldest tribes in Sulawesi, one of the first inhabit the mainland of Sulawesi INTRODUCTION (Pitopang, 2012). Colchester (2009) said that Internal migration in developing coun- most of the Wana tribe children gathered tries has received less attention than inter- in the village school for a lesson in reading, national migrants, despite the more compre- writing, and arithmetic led by a volunteered hensive and much more common situation teacher as unpaid because the government’s with local labor markets and poverty levels education still does not reach in the hills, overall (De Brauw et al., 2014; McMillan and only their logging, and mining programs. Harttgen,2014). Population change due to Colchester (2009) explains well about the real migration has a significant indicator of the situation of the education environment in the development process. Particularly in devel- Wana tribe. We had four questions: how do oping countries, migration can lead to ur- they acquire the information in an isolated ban overcrowding, unemployment, and ru- place? what kinds of information do they re- ral and urban imbalances. (United Nations, ceive from outside? how do they put value 2013). Internal migration is also driven by into the acquired data, and what factors are marriage purpose, especially rural areas and causing internal migration. One thing to note girls (IOM, 2015; Kudo,2015). is that parents have the right to decide on the In particular, it is a phenomenon that migration of children at an age that requires occurs in Indonesia’s geographical, linguis- school education. In other words, in the case tic, and cultural characteristics and distin- of internal migration aimed at education, it 222 Kim Yong Chan dan Titi Susilowati Prabawa -- Hybrid Internal Migration: The Factors of Migration for Education among Wana Tribe Community in Central Sulawesi is not determined by the student’s decision proved during those times. The school reg- but based on the expectations and decisions istration rates were increased in elementary of their parents. and middle school from 72% to 16% in 1972 Despite the various objectives of educa- to 92% and 76% in 2012 (Worldbank,2014). tion, one of the most important functions of There is some paper to exam the relationship education at the individual level is the main- between educational achievements and a tenance or ascension of the class (social sta- personal choice to move in developed areas, tus) through it. In this regard, education may use instrumental variables conditions, and be the most important means of social mo- found that education compounds population bility. Individuals have the desire to increase movements, especially for higher education their socio-economic status by obtaining levels (Malamud &Wozniak, 2012; Haapanen qualifications to demonstrate their abilities & Böckerman, 2013). In contrast, McHenry socially through educational achievement (2013) said that additional schooling at lower fully. On the other hand, in the social aspect, levels of education has a destructive conse- education can enhance social efficiency by quence on the decision to move urban area. allowing an individual to fully demonstrate In particular, several articles confirm his or her talents regardless of the social/eco- that population movement in Indonesia is nomic background. For this reason, parents related to educational purposes. Internal are more victims of their children’s education migration is a social behavior that migrates with the hope that their poverty may not be from a migrant’s mother culture and linguis- inherited from their children’s generations. tic background to a new cultural and linguis- In South Korea, education achievement tic environment. The recent census by Indo- more likely affects their socio-economic sta- nesian’s Statistics Bureau (BPS 2011) showed tus than their family background (Eugene the phenomenon of young generations mov- Yeo,2008). It means that the high educational ing to cities in Indonesia. Malamassam (2016) enthusiasm of Korean society and the gap said that 30 percent of Indonesia’s migrant between different levels of educational in- population belonged to the 15-24 age group vestment have a real impact on children’s population. The current situation in Indo- socio-economic status. It proves that the nesia is illustrated by the opposite trend of role of education in the rapid industrializa- young people’s growth in urban and rural ar- tion process has played an enormously social eas. From 1999 to 2000, the youth population and personal role. Indeed, people who did growth rate in urban area 0.3 percent in rural not have a social and economic foundation areas. Easthope and Gabriel (2008) found that have contributed to the achievement of iden- lack of educational facilities is generally
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