ISSN 2088-5415 (Print) ISSN 2355-5777 (Online) https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/kawistara/index https://doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.58018 JURNAL KAWISTARA VOLUME 10 No. 2, 22 Agustus‑ 2020 Halaman 221—233

HYBRID INTERNAL MIGRATION: THE FACTORS OF MIGRATION FOR EDUCATION AMONG WANA TRIBE COMMUNITY IN CENTRAL

MIGRASI INTERNAL HIBRID: FAKTOR-FAKTOR MIGRASI UNTUK PENDIDIKAN DI KALANGAN MASYARAKAT SUKU WANA, SULAWESI BARAT

(1)Kim Yong Chan dan Titi Susilowati Prabawa (2)* Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Salatiga

Submitted:22-07-2020; Revised: 29-09-2020; Accepted:29-09-2020

ABSTRAK Berdasarkan wawancara dengan warga desa yang bermigrasi dari suku Wana yang tinggal di Sulawesi Tengah di , penelitian ini membahas tentang faktor yang mendorong migrasi ke kota untuk tujuan pendidikan. Kami menemukan bahwa orang tua mengarahkan anaknya pindah ke kota untuk mendapatkan pendidikan. Oleh karena itu, informasi, pengetahuan, dan pengalaman dari orang tua maupun generasi angkatan mereka secara langsung memengaruhi proses pengambilan keputusan untuk migrasi. Temuan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa migrasi generasi muda di daerah asal ditentukan oleh tiga faktor pendorong terkait dengan pengalaman migrasi orang tua di kota. Keputusan untuk migrasi suku Wana ke kota besar di wilayah Sulawesi Tengah tidak hanya untuk meningkatkan status sosial mereka, tetapi dalam rangka mengupayakan perubahan status ekonomi, peningkatan pendidikan, dan fasilitas di daerah asal. Secara umum, artikel ini menggambarkan alasan psikologis dan tantangan generasi orang tua suku Wana ketika berjuang mendorong anak-anak mereka untuk pergi ke kota besar dengan tujuan memperoleh pendidikan.

Kata Kunci: Migrasi pendidikan; Pengambilan keputusan; Proses migrasi; Pengembangan masyarakat; Suku Wana.

*Corresponding author: [email protected] Copyright© 2020 THE AUTHOR (S). This article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. Jurnal Kawistara is published by the Graduate School of Universitas Gadjah Mada.

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ABSTRACT guished from international migration. Sever- Based on interview with migrating villagers of al studies on migration in Indonesia reported the Wana tribes living in of the high incidence of rural to urban migra- Indonesia, this paper examines the drivers of tion (Tirtosudarmo,2009; Van Lottum and migration among tribal community for educational Marks,2010; Allo, 2016). The different types purposes. It found that Parents have the authority of internal migration, such as group migra- to decide whether they let their children move tion, individual, and occupation are largely to the urban area for their education. Therefore, parent generation’s information, knowledge, and due to the individual’s voluntary will. In ad- experience directly affect their motivating factors dition to this, migration may occur due to the in the decision-making process of educational desires of the parents or social groups, gov- migration. The finding of this research informs ernment policies, and social structures rather new motivation and the motivation influences than individual will. However, this country behaviour and performance of the decision. is currently facing challenges in its human Our finds suggest that migration of the young development related to the imbalanced dis- generation from the origin areas is determined by tribution of high-skilled youth population three stimulating factors related to their parent’s among regions. (Malamassam, 2016). Accord- migration experience in the cities. It shows that ing to Allo, migration may happen due to community development plays an essential role in educational migrants to the city in Central welfare difference between different region Indonesia, not only upward their social status in Indonesia (Allo, 2016). People tend to go to in the cities but also in improving the economy, a region with higher level of welfare. For this education, and facilities of the original areas. article, we explore the migration phenome- Ultimately, this paper illustrates the psychological non among the people of the Wana tribe who reasons and challenges of parent’s generation lived in the mountainous region of central in the Wana tribe’s why they are struggling to Indonesia and visited their homes to see their move their kids to the bigger town or cities for educational environment. The Wana tribe is education purposes. inland in the Mrowali forest, and this tribe Keywords: Decision making; Community- is also called Tau Taa Wana, it means “peo- development; Internal educational migration ple who live in the forest.” The Wana tribe Migration process in the tribe; Wana tribe. is among the oldest tribes in Sulawesi, one of the first inhabit the mainland of Sulawesi INTRODUCTION (Pitopang, 2012). Colchester (2009) said that Internal migration in developing coun- most of the Wana tribe children gathered tries has received less attention than inter- in the village school for a lesson in reading, national migrants, despite the more compre- writing, and arithmetic led by a volunteered hensive and much more common situation teacher as unpaid because the government’s with local labor markets and poverty levels education still does not reach in the hills, overall (De Brauw et al., 2014; McMillan and only their logging, and mining programs. Harttgen,2014). Population change due to Colchester (2009) explains well about the real migration has a significant indicator of the situation of the education environment in the development process. Particularly in devel- Wana tribe. We had four questions: how do oping countries, migration can lead to ur- they acquire the information in an isolated ban overcrowding, unemployment, and ru- place? what kinds of information do they re- ral and urban imbalances. (United Nations, ceive from outside? how do they put value 2013). Internal migration is also driven by into the acquired data, and what factors are marriage purpose, especially rural areas and causing internal migration. One thing to note girls (IOM, 2015; Kudo,2015). is that parents have the right to decide on the In particular, it is a phenomenon that migration of children at an age that requires occurs in Indonesia’s geographical, linguis- school education. In other words, in the case tic, and cultural characteristics and distin- of internal migration aimed at education, it

222 Kim Yong Chan dan Titi Susilowati Prabawa -- Hybrid Internal Migration: The Factors of Migration for Education among Wana Tribe Community in Central Sulawesi

is not determined by the student’s decision proved during those times. The school reg- but based on the expectations and decisions istration rates were increased in elementary of their parents. and middle school from 72% to 16% in 1972 Despite the various objectives of educa- to 92% and 76% in 2012 (Worldbank,2014). tion, one of the most important functions of There is some paper to exam the relationship education at the individual level is the main- between educational achievements and a tenance or ascension of the class (social sta- personal choice to move in developed areas, tus) through it. In this regard, education may use instrumental variables conditions, and be the most important means of social mo- found that education compounds population bility. Individuals have the desire to increase movements, especially for higher education their socio-economic status by obtaining levels (Malamud &Wozniak, 2012; Haapanen qualifications to demonstrate their abilities & Böckerman, 2013). In contrast, McHenry socially through educational achievement (2013) said that additional schooling at lower fully. On the other hand, in the social aspect, levels of education has a destructive conse- education can enhance social efficiency by quence on the decision to move urban area. allowing an individual to fully demonstrate In particular, several articles confirm his or her talents regardless of the social/eco- that population movement in Indonesia is nomic background. For this reason, parents related to educational purposes. Internal are more victims of their children’s education migration is a social behavior that migrates with the hope that their poverty may not be from a migrant’s mother culture and linguis- inherited from their children’s generations. tic background to a new cultural and linguis- In South Korea, education achievement tic environment. The recent census by Indo- more likely affects their socio-economic sta- nesian’s Statistics Bureau (BPS 2011) showed tus than their family background (Eugene the phenomenon of young generations mov- Yeo,2008). It means that the high educational ing to cities in Indonesia. Malamassam (2016) enthusiasm of Korean society and the gap said that 30 percent of Indonesia’s migrant between different levels of educational in- population belonged to the 15-24 age group vestment have a real impact on children’s population. The current situation in Indo- socio-economic status. It proves that the nesia is illustrated by the opposite trend of role of education in the rapid industrializa- young people’s growth in urban and rural ar- tion process has played an enormously social eas. From 1999 to 2000, the youth population and personal role. Indeed, people who did growth rate in urban area 0.3 percent in rural not have a social and economic foundation areas. Easthope and Gabriel (2008) found that have contributed to the achievement of iden- lack of educational facilities is generally sug- tity gain through educational opportunities gested as the primary reason that encourages open to anyone. As a result, the Republic of the youth population to migrate to the urban Korea entered the high-education society at area. Since Indonesia is geographically made the fastest rate among OECD countries, and up of numerous islands and mountains, it is one of the countries with a very high public a reality that the educational environment in education cost to GDP, and the private edu- an urban area is still better than a remote area cation cost to GDP is unmatched. (Eugene in mountains and islands. Megens (2015) Yeo, 2008). also showed that educational attainment The social change in Korea due to the as a determinant of internal migration evi- importance of education is also taking place dence from Indonesia and why educational in Indonesia. The Indonesia GDP Annual achievement is essential to find a high quality Growth Rate shows that the country has con- of job in the labor market in Indonesia. tinued to develop an approximately average However, existing studies conducted to of 5% in economics from 2010 to 2016 (Ch, identify the impacts of migration as follows. 2019). In the area of education also was im- Ananta and Arifin (2014) said that one of the

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critical changes in the type of population mo- the decision of younger generations to move bility is the rising migration from rural to ur- to cities. Moreover, Crivello [2011] explained ban areas accompanying economic growth. that migration is considered a response by in- The research of Farré and Fasani (2013) said, dividuals, families, and communities to sur- “the expectation of internal migrants in In- mount the gap between their life aspirations donesia is higher than the reality of their net and limited facilities in their areas of origin. gain, as a result of imperfect information from If migration decisions are not based on ac- various media”. Indigenous people group in curate information, they will directly impact Papua could not settle down in urban cities the quality of life in the destination and satis- due to a lack of education and fewer employ- faction in the settlement after migration. ment opportunities (Upton, 2009). Valeria The role of information on migration (2014) provided the danger of internal migra- decisions with educational purposes can tion that internal migrants use domestic mo- be presented in many ways. The paper will bility as a bridge for long-term movement in examine motivating factors and the imped- a different country without knowing the con- ing factors facilitating such migration by a sequences of internal migration (Valeria and method of an interview with those related Mariapia, 2014). Besides, other researchers to the migration behavior. Increasing the ac- focused on an external factor to analyze the curacy of pre-migration information can be phenomena of internal migration. Farré and interpreted as a decisive or facilitating fac- Fasani (2013) studied the influences of me- tor of the immigration decision. Specifically, dia exposure in the decision-making process. this paper intends to conduct exploratory re- The real works of literature, mainly discuss search on the exploit positive promotion fac- the external effects and numerical changes tors of migration decisions. We examine the such as population distribution, job market, relationship between information and migra- gender migration status, and effect of age mi- tion decisions in indigenous people groups gration on the migration phenomenon. to analyze hybrid internal migration for edu- Those studies have analyzed internal cational purposes. The article has academic migration behavior based on statistical data, implications that add value to the study on physical resources, and economic effects. the motivation of immigration phenomenon There is no literature studying positive and from the general model of motivation and inhibitory factors that promote internal mi- performance in organizational and social my- gration decisions. For this reason, this paper thology (Campell and Pritchard, 1976). The aims to clarify the parents’ motivation to fi- factors that promote the migration phenom- nally decide on their children’s migration. enon found in this study have implications What is essential in this migration is to find for policymakers, educators, and community out what information the Wana parents are developers to solve the problem of migration making based on. The importance of informa- problems. Therefore, it is expected that this tion in the migration phenomenon has been study will make a very positive contribution proved through several papers. The infor- in both academic and practical aspects in mation they obtained has a significant influ- resolving problems after the migration phe- ence on migrants’ lives after migration in the nomenon. internal migration of the younger the stage This study aims to understand the phe- of an immigration decision, “information nomenon of parental generation migrating makes individuals better able to predict the children for educational purposes as an ex- benefits and costs associated with geographi- ploratory study on a new research context cal movements.” (Farré and Fasani,2013). and to understand the phenomenon. Besides, The development of communications facili- this study also examines the internal factors ties and digital media such as video, photos, that were not found in studies related to the and voice, especially across Indonesia, affects migration phenomenon of educational pur-

224 Kim Yong Chan dan Titi Susilowati Prabawa -- Hybrid Internal Migration: The Factors of Migration for Education among Wana Tribe Community in Central Sulawesi

poses. This article is based on empirical re- writing the thesis. We could collect many search conducted in the village of Wana tribe, facts through the interviews. However, we in Central Sulawesi. We used in depth inter- would like to have more interviews to under- views and also observation to collect data to stand their views on the inner side. Therefore, obtain the detailed and rich understanding of the previous interviewee arranged to have a the phenomenon and offers new results that group interview with the Wana tribal leaders have not been found before (Adams et al., in so that the group meeting could sup- 1998; Hyun Kyung-Taek et al., 2010; Ha sung port the previous investigation through the wook, 2009; Jeon byeong ho, 2008). One-on-One interview. Besides, these meth- We followed procedures of ethnographic ods resulted in interpretations of the same interview research suggested [Kwon sang jib phenomenon or event from different per- et al. 2013] which start formulation the plan spectives. We also conducted four interviews for conducting interviews and the followed in groups of three to five people; all others with finding contact and connection with were individual interviews. We informed interviewees. We the then conducted the in- interviewees about the interview’s goal, the terviews, made notes of detailed records and meeting process, and the ways of using the made observations to ensure the study’s reli- data. Those who helped us in the interview ability and validity. At this time, we wanted asked him not to give their names, so we to record the accuracy of the interview and decided to replace their names with initials. the ease of information transmission, and the We conducted interviews with over twelve work was carried out after obtaining the in- people from indigenous communities, teach- terviewee’s permission. At the final stage of ers, and dorm parents in Palu. However, we the interview, the interview results are ana- would like to introduce two key informants lyzed. Participants were asked to give their in this research, Mr. T and Mr. L. opinions on the interviews that required Mr. T finished middle and high school some confirmation for improving the accu- in Palu and studied theology in Manado. The racy and credibility of analyzing the results Wana tribes run dormitory for the Wana kids of the interviews, (Creswell and Tashakkori, who are schooling in Palu, so he works there 2007). Lincoln and Guba emphasize that the as the role of dorm parents to help them com- technique is “the most important technique to plete their studies. He has been doing that build credibility.” The subjects interviewed work for over ten years, so we could hear were those who decided to migrate for the from him how the Wana tribe’s views on ed- educational purpose of the study and related ucation changed. Mr. L is a pastor who is cur- persons. Based on these interviews’ results, rently working in church on an island called we will systematically analyze and present Banggai. After graduating from middle the motivating factors influencing the deci- school high school. Through Mr. L, we were sion to migrate ( Lincoln and Guba, 1985). able to listen to the philosophy of his parent’s For this research we visited the village generation to education. we could hear from of the Wana tribe in Palu in March 2015 and him about the past generations’ hardships met with the leaders. After this initial visit, a due to a lack of educational background. few months later, we met Mr. A who grew up in the Wana tribe in Palu. The Wana people DISCUSSION gave him more detailed information of the About Wanna People Wana tribe, such as the history of the Wana The Wana tribe is an inland tribe that tribe, the current state of the tribe, and what lives in the Morowali forest region of central parents expect of their children in education Sulawesi, Indonesia. This tribe is also called through one-on-one interviews. However, Tau Taa Wana, which means “people in the the information in the one-to-one interviews forest.” However, they also like to call them- was not enough to be used as the basis for selves Tau Taa or “Taa people.” The Wana

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tribe can speak Taa. The tribe is one of the cational purposes or economic reasons. They oldest tribes in Sulawesi, and one of the first also use two methods to check the reliability tribes inhabiting the Sulawesi mainland that or accuracy of new information. Firstly, they existed thousands of years ago. Before liv- make sure whether the person who deliv- ing in the current Tokala region, the Wana ers the information is trustworthy or not. people’s ancestors believed that they came Respecting the teachers from outside is one from the bone. The word “Lipu” is the small- of their cultural aspects in the Wana tribe. est social unit vocabulary in the Wana tribe, They recognized that most of those teachers usually composed of several families with an came from outside, and they received much average blood relationship (direct descent). attention from the information because the There are many Lipu scattered in the Tokala knowledge or information they conveyed Mountains, and it is not easy to know how was mostly unfamiliar to them. However, the many they are. Their settlements are com- data itself did not have the power to give mo- monly found in Mamosolato, Petasia, and tivation for changing their lifestyle or their Soyojaya Subdistricts and rural areas of the perspective. Luwuk Banggai District. They live in forest Secondly, they have to experience the products, shifts, and hunting. The population information they heard. The Wana tribe’s of the Wana tribe is estimated at hundreds experiential knowledge occurred when trib- of people in Morowali, Central Sulawesi. al people went to a nearby small town or a The Indonesian government knew about the seaside town to barter their necessities. They Wana tribe but did not have accurate infor- saw the development of their lifestyle living mation about the tribe. Because they were in different ways than Wana people in the vigilant toward people coming from other mountains. This practical knowledge they cultures and tribes and did not want to adopt have seen and experienced has changed their the new culture and lifestyle, their livelihood way of thinking and lifestyle. was closed and conservative because they were long isolated from the outside. The Wana Family Lineage In the past, the Wana tribes have main- A Way of Gaining New Information tained a tribal society through blood rela- As a result of the interviews, the role of tions, without being married to other tribal information in the decision-making process people. In the 1970s, due to marriage with the can be classified into acquiring knowledge people the surrounding tribes, changes began and checking process the information, wheth- to appear in the blood-centered tribal society. er it is true or not. The role of information in Also, as the Wana tribes moved to the city for the Wana tribe’s decision-making process is educational purposes, they began to marry essential to examine the path through which the people they met there; therefore, the new they acquire knowledge and how the re- couples made changes to the Wana people’s ceived information influences their decision. unique lifestyle, culture, and tribal language The method of obtaining data from the Wana back to the Wana tribe. Besides, while living tribes could be divided into information in a tribe through marriage or moving out- transmission through outsider and informa- side, they experienced a new culture. tion acquisition through the direct or indirect experience of tribal people. We assessed two The Changes in The Wana People’s information transmission paths by outsiders: Perspective about Education teachers, government officers, and commer- The people of the Wana tribe were sat- cial purposes. On the other way is to acquire isfied with what they have every day. How- new information from the next generation of ever, the cropland decreased, and the harvest the Wana tribe who lived in neighboring cit- decreased due to a lack of soil ingredients. ies such as Palu, Poso, and Luwuk for edu- Every year under the weather’s influence,

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even if they worked hard, they could not Wanna people. The factors cover the values get the proper economic benefit. Therefore, that promote migration decisions and those they began to look more closely at the lives that decrease it. of people in nearby cities. Besides, a govern- Firstly, the Wana tribal parents let their ment-led regional development project was children move to the city for educational conducted. However, people from the Wana purposes, expecting that their children will tribe who did not have a proper educational live a better life. Most of the interviewees al- background for those jobs did not benefit ready attended a school in the city when they from local development projects due to their were young, but some of them did not fin- low educational background. In the 1990s, ish their school and returned home. As a re- the Wana children graduated from elemen- sult, they thought that their current difficult tary school and left school whey they just life was conducted by a lack of educational could to read and write Indonesian, helped background that they did not finish the edu- with household chores. These events once cation process in the city. Therefore, the par- again reminded the people of the Wana peo- ents want their children to receive a higher ple of the importance of education. Due to a level of education in the urban. Megens et al. series of events, parents did not want their (2007) find that young migrants with a bache- children to live in the mountains like them. lor’s degree have a higher propensity to have They expected their kids to move to nearby greater inside mobility. It can be seen that cities for educational purposes, and the par- migrants with high educational achivements ents wanted their kids to get a better good job background have more options in deciding and a better life than themselves. their destination areas. This is because highly educated people already have the knowl- Hybrid Internal Migration edge, skills, and degree to help them access The values of the Wana people’s educa- various career possibilities (Megens and Her- tion and the way of life of the Wana people ing 2015). Magnan and Gauthier (2007) also began to change through those experiences. believe that education in the city can help im- The phenomenon of early migration was that prove their children’s the family went to the city together, where and gain more practical knowledge for their parents found a job, and children studied future, as well as educational successes, will at school. However, parents who had a low conduct enrich their future career choices and educational background had a hard time economic lives. They compare their life with getting a job. Even if they had a job, it was a those who completed school at the same time daily labor work, not a full-time worker. The as their lives in the past. Therefore, they are whole family could not survive with the sal- more active in educating migration for their ary in the city context. Consequently, parents children. During the interview, we find that returned to the tribe to support their kids the parents of the Wana tribe do not want in the city by farming and selling harvested their children to live in the same social status crops in their fields. They expect their kids to and economic context. They also convinced come back home to develop their community that education is a significant opportunity to by their children, so they did not leave the change the lives of their children. These fac- tribe even if it was tough to maintain their tors may differ from those discussed in pre- business. vious studies, young people to pursue better opportunities to improve their quality of life Factors Motivating Educational (Malamassam, 2016). Moreover, the deci- Internal Migration sion to migrate can be attributed to life-cycle Based on the interview and observation, events related to their adolescent age, such this research found three factors that moti- as attending higher education, entering the vated educational internal migration among

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labor force, or changing marital status (Pard- their education in the city even if they have ede and Muhidin,2006). economic difficulties. This psychological ex- One of the interviewees said, “I can only pectation is related to the socio-economic get money by planting corn and vegetables development around the Wana tribe. Several from my garden in the mountain. My income government-led programs have created op- is getting less due to a lousy market, even portunities for new jobs that were not previ- though I work hard to attain a better harvest. ously available in nearby villages. However, One of the hopes that I have is that my chil- people from outside of the Wana areas took dren can have a different lifestyle from mine. that opportunity because they have a better Maybe they will succeed in education and academic career than Wana people. For this become like teachers or critical nurses; they reason, the parent generations of the Wana do not like me a farmer. The hope that en- tribe expected that their children could have courages me to guarantee the education of better jobs in their communities, such as my children.” In the past, the Wana people government officials, teachers, soldiers, and went down to a near-town market for ex- office workers with a university degree or changing clothes, salts, machetes, and other higher. materials with their crops such as honey, to- We find that the importance of educa- bacco, rice, and cotton. However, there were tion is rising in the Wana tribe. One of the many fraudsters because the Wana people Wana tribe’ leaders said, “Over the past few didn’t know how to read and write in trad- years, those government programs aston- ing. It was one of the reasons why parents ishingly developed the Wana tribe. When expect their children to have format educa- government-led development program is in tion. Some of the Wana students could not progress, younger generations who want to finish school in the city because of different work in government agencies must pass the cultures, discrimination, and lack of ability. official exam. We saw that the applicants’ They returned to their home in the Wana tribe academic background had a high impact on and helped their parents. However, those passing the exam. Sometimes people with a parents encourage their children to have a high school diploma did not pass the exam. better educational background because they They may able to work at a government saw different social lives. “They often said to agency with a high school diploma without their kids, “You have to go to school and do examinations. not be like us, if you don’t go to school, you However, their salaries and benefits are will be the same as us.” significantly lower than those of government Secondly, exceeding factor for kids edu- agencies”. If they have a better academic cational is the expectation that successful background, they can work in a public office education can be a social change ladder. The or in a place where they get many salaries. Wana tribal parents have a psychological ex- They can get two benefits througheducation. pectation that the higher their children’s edu- Firstly, they might have a better social and cation, the better the job. A study by Crivello economic perspective after being educated in (2011) on youth aspiration on migration in the city. Secondly, they can support their fam- rural areas shows that good academic perfor- ilies in the tribe with a better job and salary. mance increases change for seeking educa- This is a story from one of the interviewees: tion and employment opportunities in urban “In my case, I did not get paid every month areas. The Wana tribal parents also see that because I was a farmer in the mountain. I had other children who had completed a certain to plant vegetables in my field to make mon- level of education returned to the area where ey and wait until I harvest them. It was tough they lived to get a better job. Because of these to live with this unstable income. However, psychological expectations and realistic expe- I see their lives after they became a school riences, the parents help their children finish

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teacher or a public officer; they can live on a effects of internal migration, but it is more monthly salary”. critical for educated Wana people to come Another reason for promoting the mi- back and develop the community because gration phenomenon that we learn from now there have been many developments by interview results is the development of the people who came from outside of the Wana local economy. Some parents of the Wana tribe. Over the years, the village’s develop- tribe expect their children to help develop ment has initially been small, but it is get- the community of the Wana after they fin- ting more crowded and more crowded. The ish their school. Easthope and Gabriel (2008) parents expect outsiders not to control the found that a community views those who mi- progress of the Wana tribe, but their edu- grate as ‘the best and brightest’ among their cated children can do it. For this reason, the peers. Many young people from the commu- young generation in the Wana tribe must go nity think that migration is something they to school in the city. If they succeed in their have to do to fulfill the community expecta- education, they can return to the village to tions and gain upward social mobility. develop the village from the Wana. Several The factors that promote the Wana trib- Wana tribes already graduated from high al people’s decision to move their children school work as teachers at Wontowu, Param- for educational purposes could be derived ba, and Padalaempe. They get salaries and from social-psychological aspects as well as benefits from the government. The local gov- “better quality of life” and “Job opportunity ernment is very supportive if children from guarantee”. Most parents respond that their the interior can teach because they have seen children can return to their hometown after the situation in the interior that the teachers their school and make a positive contribution from outside are often on holiday and are to their society, economy, and education. not passionate about teaching tribal kids in Migrating children for them to contribute to the school. The government knows that the their home society is a new motivating fac- teachers must be consistent and faithful to tor that has not been clarified in the previous their jobs. The young generation of the Wana studies on migration phenomena. Therefore, tribe already knew the benefits of their edu- it can be said that the factor is vital as mo- cation for their future, so they have a stron- tivation for promoting the migration in the ger willingness to be educated themselves decision-making process. Pollard et al. (1990) than their parents’ generation. McKenzie emphasize the consequence of getting the (2009) presented that some graduate mi- young educated migrants to move to unde- grants might be attracted to the lifestyle of- veloped areas since the presence of well-edu- fered in big cities or metropolitan areas. The cated inhabitants would accelerate economic young generation also knows that it is now development. The migrant status, however, difficult for them to get a good job with only can help youth migrants gain social mobility an elementary school diploma in their home- upward, especially in their communities of town and at least a high school diploma or origin (Easthope and Gabriel,2008; Morrison university diploma. Consequently, lack of and Clark,2011). The Wana people think that education and employment is generally sug- education is necessary now so that there is gested as the primary reasons that encourage also progress in education, knowledge, and the youth population to move away from schools in rural areas. The parents sending their original hebitants (Easthope and Gabri- their kids to the city for educational purposes el, 2008; Elder et al.,1996). In the past, parent hope that they can finish their school and go generation had been able to live with their back to the village and help develop the vil- parent’ farming if they gave up their school- lage. ing in the city and returned home. However, Parents and other leaders in the Wana they now know that they cannot do that in tribe have thought about the adverse side their generation so that they are eager to suc-

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ceed in their education. Easthope and Gabriel in preventing children from migrating to the (2008) revealed that young people who had city for educational purposes. parents with migration experience are more Hence, migration for educational pur- likely to migrate. poses could also represent the deceleration The first factor that inhibits the deci- of economic development in the areas of ori- sion to move children generation to the city gin since they lost their skilled and educated for educational purposes is social maladjust- youth people (Pollard et al. 1990). Sweeney ment such as culture shock, linguistic differ- Research (2009) suggests that salary differ- ence, and fear of separate life with children. ences between areas of origin and destination The reasons for returning home without become the primary in deciding their work graduation of their school were lonely life areas. This is why some Wana tribe parents apart from parents, living alone in a different do not want to send their children to school living environment, economic deprivation, because they have to work harder to support and sexual temptation. Their motivation to their kids who do not want to come back to overcome these challenges lacks even though their home area. they know the benefits of education. How- At the beginning of the research phe- ever, the young generation can see that they nomenon of the internal migration of indig- have a stronger willingness to be educated enous people in Indonesia, we assumed that themselves than their parents’ generation. whole family members would migrate to cit- They learn about the abundant life in the ies. However, during the investigation, the city through the opportunities available from migration patterns of the Wana tribe people educational success and the lives of friends differed from the original migration patterns. around them. Among them, the fear that chil- Rather than relocating to the city, parents dren will not settle in urban after the migra- continued to do economic activities in the tion is analyzed as having a significant influ- tribe to support their children’s education in ence. This anxiety about social adaptation urban areas. This hybrid type migration pat- has been emphasized in previous research on tern was formed for economic reasons. The internal migration as a leading factor inhibit- ultimate purpose of hybrid internal migra- ing the decision to migrate. tion was to develop a tribal society in a bal- Through analyzing the interviews, living anced way through their children who have separately with their kids is the second rea- completed their studies. son to inhibit their decision to migrate their kids to the city. Parents are afraid that their CONCLUSION children would live independently after fin- This study adds on the body of literature ishing their education in a nearby town. Par- on migration studies that have given much ents in the Wana tribe sacrifice their lives for attention on the concepts and definitions their children’s education despite economic (Sjaastad,1962), types and classification (Mal- difficulties because they hoped that their amassam, 2016; Corcoran et al., 2010), under- children would be able to finish their educa- standing of traditional migration phenomena tion, return home, and live together with a (McKenzie et al., 2009). Although there were better job. However, young generations from some studies on the migration phenomenon the tribe who have already benefited from from the statistical point of view, there is a urban life have hoped to have a job in the lack of academic discussion on how to acti- city rather than return to their hometown. It vate the positive factors of people fundamen- is different from the wishes of their parents. tally. This study of the factors motivating Many younger generations in the Wana tribe the educational migration among the Wanna move to the city for educational purposes, people offers examples of the drivers of mi- but very few return to the Wana tribe after gration for education. school. These phenomena are another factor

230 Kim Yong Chan dan Titi Susilowati Prabawa -- Hybrid Internal Migration: The Factors of Migration for Education among Wana Tribe Community in Central Sulawesi

This study focuses on the migration phe- sides that, given the significant role of the nomenon from the tribe to the city, becom- information shown in this study, not only ing a social issue from an educational point its role to facilitate Wana parent’s decision- of view and identifying the motivating fac- making process but also its influence on the tors influencing the migration decision. As a hybrid internal migration pattern. Future result of the interviews, three factors such as research also needs to be conducted on the better quality of life, a guarantee of job op- result of migration behavior as educational portunities, education as a ladder for higher migration and its effect on the development social position. Also, this study finds a new of the origin region in Indonesia. Relevant variable called migration for community de- ministries can provide more realistic insight velopment for social contribution variables. into educational migration through effective On the other hand, motivation factors that collaboration to contribute to community de- impeded the migration of education purpos- velopment after they finish their school in the es were fear of social maladjustment, anxiety city. that it would not return, and social bias and loneliness. BIBLIOGRAPY We focus on the motivation of the edu- Allo, A.G., 2016. Perkiraan Pola Migrasi Antar cational migration of the Wana people group. Provinsi di Indonesia: Pendekatan There are various academic and practical im- Demografi-Ekonomi. Kawistara 6(1), plications; there is a limitation of the study in pp. 62-75. the following three aspects. Firstly, this study Adams, M.E., Day, G.S. and Dougherty, has limitations with the lack of transcripts D. (1998). Enhancing New Product through the interviews. The interview meth- Development Performance: An odology is to enable a deep understanding Organizational Learning Perspective. of the new phenomenon. However, it some- Journal of Product Innovation what lacks in securing the objectivity of the Management, 15(5), pp.403–422. research results. Therefore, in future stud- ies, it is necessary to try various approaches, Ananta, A. and Arifin, E. (2014). Emerging such as conducting a survey, a quantitative patterns of Indonesia’s international research method, or analyzing existing sta- migration. Malaysian Journal of tistical data, to increase the objectivity of re- Economic Studies, 51(2), pp.29–41. search results and to prove generalization. Ch, C. (2019). Indonesia Q4 GDP Annual Secondly, this paper has limitations be- Growth Above Expectations. [online] cause it is an exploratory study that examines Tradingeconomics.com. Available the motivating factors that promote the deci- at: https://tradingeconomics.com/ sion to migrate children to educational goals indonesia/gdp-growth-annual. through interviews without specific theoreti- Colchester, M. (2009). Visit to the land of the cal background. Therefore, it is necessary to Wana: a forest people of Indonesia. carry out a more systematic analysis based on the solid theoretical background, such as CORCORAN, J., FAGGIAN, A. and social exchange theory (Molm, 1997; Kankan- MCCANN, P. (2010). Human Capital halli,2005). in Remote and Rural Australia: The Finally, this study has identified three Role of Graduate Migration. Growth factors that promote educational migra- and Change, 41(2), pp.192–220. tion and two factors that inhibit migration Creswell, J.W. and Tashakkori, A. (2007). through Wana tribal people who have mi- Editorial: Differing Perspectives on grated to urban areas. These limitations on Mixed Methods Research. Journal the sample suggest that the analysis of the of Mixed Methods Research, 1(4), interview content cannot be generalized. Be- pp.303–308.

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